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This article engages the reader with a critical and challenging issue in teacher education domain. The issue chosen is the structure of the program which extends itself quite naturally to the issue of implementation in terms of institutions involved. The author argues that although there is no definite answer to the question of which pre-service teacher education program assures training of effective teachers, a viable teacher education curriculum should consist of four elements, together forming an image of a square. The four elements are described as: content (disciplinary) knowledge component, general educational knowledge component, content specific professional knowledge coupled with practicum and induction, which refers to a one year monitoring and coaching of novice teachers. The four-sided program needs to be implemented in a cooperative spirit which involves the higher education sector and public education sector, thus depicting a cross-sectoral picture of the task of teacher education. The first two components come naturally under the expertise of universities and the last two are components for which the public education sector is better prepared. The implementation scheme discussed in the article presents a serious challenge to the current thinking and policy direction in Iran which has recently rested the case for teacher education by awarding all the responsibilities to the public education sector and exempting the higher education from performing any meaningful role in this respect. The policy has manifested itself in the 2012 enactment of a legislature authorizing the establishment of a single university run by ministry of education to assume the full responsibility for teacher education.

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The aim of study was to explore teachers’ lived experiences about implementing work and technology curriculum. Phenomenology research was used. Fifteen participants were selected through purposeful sampling. They were teachers of the seventh and eighth grades of lower secondary schools in Karaj. Data colledted through semi structured interviews and tape recordings. The results show Officials’ ignorance of the teacher’s practical knowledge, lack of the appropriate strategy for evaluation, a limited time frame and inadequate equipment that make teachers less motivated and for some of them a withdrawal from training programs. Improving teachers' attitudes towards new curriculum will be possible, considering professional and continual training service, providing an appropriate teaching context, exchange of experiences among teachers and ongoing teachers relationship with officials. Research findings indicate that administrators and parent’s knowledge in the new curriculum need for revision and culture promotion through increased knowledge and using the curriculum in student’s life activities.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the process of primary school teachers resistance to implementation of the formal curriculum. The approach of the present study was qualitative and the Grounded theory method was used in this research. The statistical population included primary school teachers in East Azerbaijan province. The process of sampling and selection of participants continued until data saturation was achieved and Finally, 18 elementary school teachers were selected using available sampling method. The results showed that "rational resistance" as a central phenomenon, "Lack of teacher empowerment, lack of student participation and lack of facilities in education" as background conditions, "Curriculum deviations, teacher personality, textbook deficiencies and teacher weakness" as causal conditions, "Teacher beliefs and cultural conditions" as intervening conditions, "Consequences of the curriculum and the self-actualization of teachers" as a consequence And "Educational Strategies, Paying Attention to Student Needs, and Curriculum Optimization" were identified as strategies.