Institute of Educational

Entrepreneurial has been considered as an approach and also as a third mission of universities and higher education in recent years. So the present study investigated the role of education for creating spirit of entrepreneurial among the students of Allameh Tabatabai, at the end of this paper offered some strategies of solution for improving it. The method that was used in this research was mixed of (quantitative-qualitative) method. For quantitative data the researcher used a self-made questionnaire and the validity of that was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the instrument have been reported 92 %( Cronbach's alpha), and for collecting qualitative data it was used participant observation and semi structured then they combined by Triangulation method.  The sampling method was cluster sampling witch was used for selecting 300 students of Allameh Tabatabai University they were enrolled in 1394-1393.  Target qualitative sampling method with Theoretical saturation index was used for sampling so 15 Professors were selected. Attitudes and views of academic entrepreneurship promotion strategies were examined. All components of entrepreneurship, such as Achievement, Ambiguity tolerance, confidence, risk-taking and creativity have been reported less than mediocrity. The overall conclusion of the students’ training courses of Allameh Tabatabai don’t have an effect on the   developing of the spirit of entrepreneurial which was held for them .The researchers who had an interview with experts for improving the entrepreneurial of university offered five main categories as: changes in the role of universities (acceptance of new), infrastructure, networking, promotion of academic activities and management changes.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between Distributed Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness of high schools in Hamadan city. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all high school teachers of Hamadan in the academic year of 2015. Based on classical random sampling, using Krejcie and Morgan chart, 335 teachers were chosen. Two questionnaires were used for data collection, Distributed Leadership Questionnaire and Organizational Effectiveness Questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated by Cronbach’s Alph Coefficient which was acceptable (%91 and %99). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test for the independent groups, ANOVA and stepwise regression. Regression Analysis indicated the following results. The status quo Distributed Leadership Style and Organizational Effectiveness were above average. There were significant positive correlations between Distributed Leadership Style and Organizational Effectiveness advantage. Moreover, professional development component had greatest impact on Organizational Effectiveness.

The main purpose of present study was to comparing of educational-learning environment and academic locus of control between students of Tizhooshan, Nemooneh and Shahed schools. This research was a correlation study that accomplished in a sample of 506 students who selected by randomly sampling. Data were collected by Dundee ready learning-education environment measure (DREEM) and academic locus of control scale (ALCS) and analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test. The results show that the significantly difference between students of Tizhooshan and Shahed was only in students’ perception of learning (in favor of Shahed students). In the other dimensions of educational-learning environment and academic locus of control, there was no difference between schools. With regarding of the results can conclude that Tizhooshan schools cannot establish any difference in educational-learning environment and academic locus of control of students.

»Basic principles of curriculum and instruction« book by Ralph Tyler is the most challengeable work in the field of curriculum that has been criticized with various groups. Some of them believe it is a plagiarism and others view it’s questions as a basic for curriculum engineering. Exploring divers ideas toward the Rational and reappraise by comparing it and it's revision are two main purposes of the study in order to answer to appraise with writer. So, researcher as a appraiser, comparator and providing alternative has used philosophical inquiry (ampliative criticism) method to clarify goal based curriculum introduced by Tyler. Findings show Tyler Rational present advantages such as, emphasizing on values and individual differences .Educating on reflective teacher and reflective student, accenting on students interesting, coincidently attention on specialized training and public education, Integrating theory and practice, affirming problem solving and disadvantages as, neglecting process based evaluation, unconcern to student participating in learning strategies selection, accenting on prescriptive goals. Consequently, Rational is as a guide line for curriculum development That It’s framework components is either rigorous or flexible.

This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of Merrill instructional design model and ADDIE in learning and retention epidemiology of medical Science University of Tehran in academic year 2013-2014. The study method is experimental. The total population is 98 as divided randomly to three classes 30 people to do three instructional methods (Merrill, ADDIE and traditional). A researcher-built academic progress test is used in the study. The data are analyzed by descriptive statistics and inference statistics (t-test) and the results of study were as follows: The learning and retention of the studies receiving Merrill and ADDIE instructional design models were more than the students trained by common classroom method. Deterioration of retention in instruction via two experiment group models is less than traditional method. There was no significant difference between learning and retention with two design models.

As has been indicated in some documents, the higher education as an institution has been large history-more than eight century- and in this large history, important event has been happened. Higher education in modern era follows the modernity as encompass movement by the components such as scientism, individualism, mass production, technicism. Arising such tendencies in higher education has encounter to ancient higher education values. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche-19^th German Philosopher- is one of the major philosophers that critique such modernity values. In current paper there has been explained his views on mass culture and authenticity, and mentioned their sins in modern higher education. Philosopher as medic and philosopher as sculptor are tow metaphors that used as tow task of diagnostic and prognostic for philosopher. At the first level there were diagnose the sins of illness in higher education on nietzche’s perspective (mass reception of candidates for being student in university, dominant of quantity in all aspects of higher education, dominant of scientific methods as the legal methods, absence of aesthetic realm and etc. and at the second level the task of prognosis evolution in the mentioned component were explained.

The present study aims to understand the effects of rhythmic movement and group play to improve the performance of the accuracy and audio sequences among children approach was performed.The research method was experimental and statistical. Population were all students of Yazd city, 100 normal students, after the diagnostic test (the Raven Intelligence Test for Children, Saif Naraqi’s test and Andre Rey) the multi-stage cluster sampling method randomly selectedby the random assignment and control groups divided tested. The experimental group received 12 sessions (each session 60 minutes - twice a week), received trained in play group therapy and Rhythmic movements, received no intervention. The control group received no intervention. The data and the methods of descriptive, and inferential statistics (mean and t-test for dependent samples and standard deviation and ANCOVA) of degrees of freedom (p <.05) were used for data analysis. The results showed that the students' attention and auditory sequences in the experimental group compared with the control group were significantly improved. Therefore, it can be concluded that the strategy of group play therapy and rhythmic movements can improve the attention and Auditory sequences in male students. Based on the results, Educators are engaged in learning disorders.

This study examined the effects of Philosophy for Children Program (P4C) on the problem solving abilities and Moral Judgment of nurturance in the third Grade Primary Students of east Eslam Abad. The Population of this research was all the girl students in the third Grade in 2014- 2015 academic year. The research method a pre-test post-test design with control group was used. To this end, we chose 80 students to random cluster sampling in two groups experimental (n=40) and control (n=40) through randomized placement technique. For data gathering in this research the Long and Cassidy problem-solving questionnaire (1996) and Moral Judgment Test (MJT) were used. After this, the philosophy for children program was performed in 12 sessions for the experimental group. At the end of this intervention, post-tests was performed on participates of both groups. The results of analysis of covariance showed that the difference between the means of the two groups was significant (p<0.001), In other words of teaching philosophy to children to enhance students' problem solving ability and moral judgment had a positive effect. Also, the effect of the increase in problem-solving and moral judgment teaching philosophy to children by gender were not significant.

The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between work ethic on organizational commitment of public boys' high schools' teachers in Tehran in 2015-2016. The research was descriptive according to its goal and correlation method was used, statistical population was selected from the public boys' high school teachers in Tehran. With multistage cluster random sampling, 384 teachers were selected with statistical sample size according to Krejcie and Morgan table. Data collection tools were work ethic questionnaire (Costa & Mac 1998) which contains 47 items and organizational commitment questionnaire (Allan & Meyer 1992) which contains 24 items with the reliability of 85% and 89% respectively.  In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and to conclude the data Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and ANOVA were used. The results of the evaluations show that there is a Significant positive correlation among work ethic and  teachers' organizational commitment in reliability level of 99% (error rate equal to 0.001) with correlation coefficient of 0.429; components of efficiency, discipline, conscientious, and attempt to succeed correlated more  and components of continence and caution in decision-making correlated less. No significant difference was found in the relationship between work ethics in different regions of the study area.

The main purpose of present study was to comparing of temperament character and distraction between students deaf and normal. This research was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population consisted of all students studying deaf and normal in the second half of 2014, the city was Gilan- Gharb (20 = N). Due to the limited population size were chosen as the deaf And 20 normal students are also given the demographic characteristics of age and sex matched groups of deaf and as a comparison group in the study. Data were collected by Temperament Character Inventory (TCI) and attention Control Scale (ACS) and analyzed by variance analysis (MANOVA). The results show that the mean scores for the deaf in distraction variables (P<0/01;F=7/05) And the components to avoid damage (P<0/001;F=37/71) and innovation (P<0/05;F=5/01) higher, but in self-directed components (P<0/001;F=9/26) and cooperation (P<0/001;18/97) was significantly lower than normal subjects. These results reveal that distraction deaf children are higher than normal and they also have properties different from ordinary people is the nature.

One of the main objectives of the ICT-based education is training of critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is essential for a thouthful way of living and compatability to rapid social changes. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship betweeen usage of ICT tools and critical thinking desposition among distance education students. The research was done through descriptive (Survey) method. The study population consisted of all students of Isfahan Payam-Noor university (distance education) from which a sample of 100 students was selected by using random sampling method. In order to collect data, ICT Questionnaire and California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDE) were used. The Results showed that the mean of total score of critical thinking disposition was 276.31 indicating an ambivalence desposition. Also there were significant relationships between the amount of familiarity to ICT tools, scientific-scholarly objectives and awareness of news and information objectives and critical thinking desposition.

The challenges facing education system today require that schools be able to continuously transform into flexible and agile organization which respond to environment driven opportunities. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to study the investigation the relationship between human capital and organizational agility in high schools of Tehran city. Descriptive-correlation method was used. Population of this study consisted of all private­ and public high schools of Tehran city (­411 school). According to Cochrane formula, 79 schools were selected as samples. Multiple cluster sampling method was used in this research.­ schools agility questionnaire (Researcher-Made) and human capital assessment scale )­­Naderi, 2015) was used for data collection.­ The questionnaire reliability was evaluated based on Cronbach’s alpha (organizational agility =α­0.804 and human capital =α0.853). Data was analyzed through Pearson coefficient of correlation & structural equation model technique. The main findings are: A positive relationship was found between general indicator of human capital and organizational agility high schools in of Tehran city. The result indicated that human capital enhances the influences an school agility capabilities.

The aim of the study was to investigate predicting of critical thinking based on emotional creativity and its components in university students. One hundred fifty six Shiraz university students were selected using convenient sampling method. Emotional Creativity and Critical Thinking Questionnaires were used for collecting data. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that emotional creativity was positively related to critical thinking. Also, critical thinking was significantly associated with components of effectiveness/authenticity and preparedness, but there was not significantly association with component of novelty. In additional, emotional creativity was positively correlated with all if components of critical thinking: engagement, maturity, and innovativeness. Simple regression analysis indicated emotional creation significantly predicted critical thinking. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that among of components of emotional creativity, effectiveness/authenticity component only significantly predicted critical thinking. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that emotional creativity plays an important role in critical thinking.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of internet addiction and religious orientation with students' academic procrastination according to sex. The study was descriptive and correlational. The study population included all campus students in Azarbayjan Shahid Madani university at the academic year 2015-2016 that based on Morgan table, 200 of them were selected by Cluster sampling. For data gathering of the Internet Addiction Questionnaire of Young (IAT)  (1988), religious orientation Questionnaire of Allport (1950) and procrastination Questionnaire of Solomon & Rothblum (1989) were used. Data using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were analyzed. The results showed that was a positive significant relationship between all the components of Academic Procrastination and Internet addiction and almost the middle of the variance in scores of academic procrastinations based on Internet addiction and intrinsic religious orientation explained. According to the results can be said that internet addiction and religious orientation are important factors that could contribute Academic Procrastination. To Parents and all educational planners recommended that with proper training, the beneficial use of the Internet and increase internal religious orientation to teaching students.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of group training based on schnyder hope theory on level academic engagement and hardiness girl students in first grade. The present study was method of sup-experimental with pre-test - post-test and follow-up design with control group. This study population included all high school girl students in first grade of Khorramabad city the academic 2015-16. Sample size of 50 individuals (25individuals' experimentation and 25 individuals 'control group) using multi-stage random cluster were selected. The only experimental group was group training based on schnyder hope theory, after the training Meetings, from both the experimental and control groups post-test and again two months later, both groups were followed up. In this study measuring tool, questionnaire academic engagement Schafeli et al (2001) and academic hardiness Khobasa et al (1982) . Analysis of the data was done using SPSS-19 and descriptive and inferential tests such as covariance analysis were conducted. The results study showed that training of group training based on schnyder hope theory had a significant effect on academic engagement (P<0/001) and academic hardiness (P<0/01). Findings were also preserved in the follow up Phase.

This paper, titled "Question and its place in philosophical counseling" is about to answer the following questions: 1- What is  a question?2- What is philosophical counseling? 3- Where does question’s stand in philosophical counseling? 4- How will questioning and philosophical counseling change educational researches? Dialectic and qualitative content analysis will be used to answer the questions that were mentioned. Results of this research have concluded that: philosophical counseling is a creation of the new era although its roots seem to be towards Socrates. Philosophical counseling guides clients towards asking fundamental questions thus arranging their minds and finding the false roots of their thoughts. Not only does questioning have a fundamental role in philosophizing, but a role as important in philosophical counseling. Philosophical counseling being the bright new idea that it is, will play a serious role in educational research and it will answer some fundamental questions; should a change be made in education? And should philosophy and philosophizing effect other fields of education?

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of sixth grade curriculum in encouraging students to study. Qualitative research method is in the form of analyzing qualitative content and basic theory as process, not as a product. The population of the study was all sixth grade elementary school textbooks in 2012-2013 and sixth grade elementary school teachers in Karaj. The informants were 9 textbooks by census method and 19 teachers from the sixth grade by purposeful sampling and observing theoretical saturation. The research tool is a semi-structured content analysis checklist and interview. The findings suggest that sixth-grade textbooks encourage students to directly and indirectly study. There are concepts in the textbook that asks students to study and collect information from a variety of sources. Teachers sometimes encourage students to study but they do not consider the process. Varied resources and materials that encourage students to study in elementary schools.

In recent years, the use of modern technologies has grown Strongly in the teaching process. Today, one of the key challenges in using ICT in schools is the level of ICDL teachers' knowledge and skills in the teaching process.The present study was conducted to examine the level of ICDL teachers' knowledge and skills in the teaching process in the academic year of 94-95. The statistical population of this research is all teachers of high school in qeydar city that 70 people were selected according to Morgan table with random cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Its validity was estimated by a group of professors, educational specialists and some teachers, and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In general, the results of this study showed that the computer skills and knowledge of teachers in the teaching process are moderate. Also, inferential statistics analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the gender variable and the level of knowledge and computer skills of teachers in the teaching process. And also inferential statistics analysis has shown that there are meaningful statistics differences between gender variables, age, education and level of knowledge and skills computer of teachers in teaching process.

The current study aims to peruse the effectiveness of teaching communicative skills through multimedia on the self-esteem of girl students with hearing problem. The research methodology is of semi empirical type and statistical population encompassed the whole girl students with hearing problem at sixth grade in Tehran city. With sampling method, thirty students were selected and randomly were divided into two groups: control and experiment. The tool for collecting data in this study was Kupper smith's self-esteem questionnaire. This scale has fifty eight questions in which fifty questions are evaluating the self-esteem and eight questions are lie detectors. Totally the fifty questions are divided into four subscales naming: total self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem and educational self-esteem. the grades are one and zero and the answers are whether yes or no. the experiment group was trained through multimedia software which is built by the researcher , and the control group was kept  away from the independent variable . For checking the changes, first a pre-test was conducted on both groups. After the pre-test was conducted, the experiment group was exposed to independent variable and post test was conducted on both groups. Statistical approaches in two levels of descriptive (central and  dispersal indexes) and deductive ( covariance' s single variable analysis )were used for analyzing the research's data. Generally the results showed that students' self esteem increased by teaching communicative skills by using multimedia. 

Abstract

Internship is the apex of teacher training which converts learning situations into pportunities for the student-teacher's success.The present paper aims at identifying the problems concerning the internship (teaching practice) course in Farhangian University and finding appropriate solutions to overcome them in order to improve the quality of the internship course to prepare student teachers to get into the profession of teaching. Questionnaires were used to collect data for the present descriptive research. The participants in the research are the same as the whole statistical population. For data analysis, frequency and frequency percentage in descriptive statistics were used. Findings show that the most important problems regarding the internship course are observing teachers in urban schools while having their initial employment in rural ones, teachers' lack of time for discussion with the students  on reviewing and criticizing teaching methods and on overcoming the potential problems, school teachers' insufficient skills in using media and new educational technologies,  school teachers' low understanding of  the educational theories, developmental psychology,  and learning theories, and finally  school teachers' insufficient mastering on using appropriate teaching methods and models.