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The Impact of Corruption on Military Burden in Selected Developing Countries
Hassan Khodavaisi, Abolgasem Golkhandan, Majid Babaei Agh Esmaili,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (6-2019)
Abstract 
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of corruption on the military burden of developing countries during the 2000-2015 period. To achieve this goal, a general model of military expenditures , two indexes of corruption including corruption perceptions and control of corruption, Panel Co-integration analysis and two-stage system generalized method of moment estimator (SGMM), has been used. The results of the estimation of the research model show that the effect of corruption on the military burden of the studied countries is positive and significant. According to other results, civilian spending (as an opportunity cost of military spending) and democracy have had a negative and significant impact on the military burden of developing countries. . Population as a social variable has a positive and significant effect on the military burden of developing countries, which indicates that defense is a public good. Per capita income and lagged military expenditure also have a positive and significant effect on the military burden of the studied countries. The average military burden of the countries of the world has also had a positive and significant impact on the military burden of developing countries, which indicates a rivalry of arms.

Relationship between Natural Resources Types and Internal Conflict Risk in the MENAP Region Countries in the Context of the Political Resources Curse
Abolghasem Golkhandan, Sahebe Mohammadian Mansour,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (12-2021)
Abstract
Based on theoretical foundations and empirical studies in the field of the relationship between natural resources and internal conflict, 4 states can be imagined: a. Positive relationship between natural resources abundance and internal conflict (hypothesis of political resources curse) b. positive relationship between natural resources scarcity and internal conflict (hypothesis of political resources endowment) c. Non-linear relationship between natural resources and internal conflict (combination of state A and B) d. Absence of relationship. Based on this, the main purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between natural resources types and internal conflict risk in the MENAP region countries during the period of 2000-2019 using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM). For this purpose, the index of the percentage share of total natural resource rent from GDP and eight separate indicators including: the percentage share of oil, natural gas, coal, forest and mining rent from GDP, the percentage share of fuel export and the export of ore and metals from the export of goods and the percentage share of arable land in the total area have been used. The results show that there is a U-shaped relationship between the total rent of natural resources and the internal conflict risk; In other words, countries with a shortage of natural resources as well as countries with an abundance of natural resources have a higher internal conflict risk than other countries. This U-shaped relationship is also confirmed for oil rent and fuel export. Also, coal and forest rent have a meaningless effect and arable land has an inverted U effect on the internal conflict risk in the studied countries. The evaluation of the marginal effect of the total rent of natural resources on the internal conflict risk shows that its value varies from -0.08 to 0.1. According to the other results, per capita income and democracy have a negative and significant effect, and population and religious and racial tensions have a positive and significant effect on the internal conflict risk.

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