Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences

Analysing the trend of land changes and urban development of Shushtar by using remote sensing data

zahra hejazizadeh

By employing urban growth and development modeling, it is feasible to delineate a developmental trajectory that aligns with the specific circumstances of a city, considering environmental factors, natural elements, and population dynamics. The aim of this research is to propose an urban development model for Shushtar, which can serve as a valuable tool for analyzing the intricate processes of urban transformations. To accomplish this objective, two datasets were utilized: urban land use maps (including educational spaces, healthcare facilities, residential areas, etc.) and Landsat satellite imagery for key land uses such as rivers, barren lands, and forests, spanning three time periods: 1991, 2004, and 2014. These datasets were processed using GIS and MATLAB software. Existing urban land use maps were digitized and subsequently updated using Landsat satellite imagery. Subsequently, influential parameters in urban development were introduced as inputs to the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) algorithm. After training the model for the years 1991 and 2004, the predicted results of urban development using the algorithm were compared with the actual situation in 2014, demonstrating a high accuracy of 93.7%. The land use change map, resulting from the change detection process, can be generated based on multi-temporal remote sensing images and their integration with urban land use maps, enabling an analysis of the associated consequences. The use of intelligent algorithms in this research has facilitated modeling with a high level of accuracy. The obtained results are deemed acceptable, and this development has also been predicted for the upcoming years.

Evaluation of the Status of Yasouj in terms of City Development Strategy (CDS) Indicators

Ahmad PoorAhmed

The city development strategy(CDS) is a novel initiative that is currently being implemented in numerous cities worldwide, including several in Iran. Its primary objectives are to enhance the quality of life, combat poverty, promote sustainable development, and foster effective urban management through a participatory approach. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the perceptions of residents and municipal administrators regarding various aspects of the urban development plan. This study is characterized as descriptive-analytical. The statistical population comprises managers, employees of urban management, and citizens in Yasouj city. The sample size was estimated to be 384 for citizens and 30 for managers using Cochran's method. One-sample t-test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze sample data. The findings of the study reveal that while municipal administrators are generally content with the current state of these dimensions, residents believe that these elements of the urban development plan are not satisfactory. The descriptive statistics and the t-test demonstrate that the overall mean of the urban development plan dimensions is 1.88 from the people's perspective and 2.98 from the viewpoint of urban administrators. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction with the research's dimensions significantly differs between the two groups. The linear regression analysis indicates that, according to the people's perspective, the dimensions of bankability and the ability to live comfortably hold the highest and lowest significance, with coefficients of 0.413 and 0.167, respectively. However, from the perspective of city managers, the dimensions of livability and good governance are the most and least significant, with coefficients of 0.373 and 0.112, respectively. Ultimately, the findings of this study can assist urban managers in making more informed decisions and delivering services that better align with the needs of the community.

Estimation of relative humidity in Hormozgan province using MODIS products

behrooz sobhani

Relative humidity is considered to be one of the most important climatic parameters and atmospheric phenomena. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the regional algorithms for estimating relative humidity using remote sensing data in Hormozgan province. To this end, MOD05 and MOD07 products were employed to estimate total perceptible water, air temperature, and sea-level pressure Additionally, MOD35 was used for cloud verification, , resulting in the identification of 2190 cloudless images with 95% confidence level for analysis. radiosound data of Bandar Abbas ststion and synoptic stations Covering entire Hormozgan Province. were used to evaluate the results. The findings demonstrated high accuracy of the algorithms and experimental model, with acceptable R² and RMSE values between Modis product and ground data. These results align well with ground station measurements. The province's climate was determined to be semi-desert with a long warm season and a short cool period. Further analysis revealed a strong correlation between sea-level pressure and total perceptible water (TPW) with the region's topography. Maximum TPW and sea-level pressure values were recorded in coastal lowlands, while minimum values occurred in the highlands. Based on zoning maps, Hormozgan province can be divided into four regions based on relative humidity: from very dry conditions with less than 20% relative humidity in the highlands to humid areas with over 65% relative humidity along the coast.

Geopolitical analysis of the collapse of empires

syrous Ahmadi Nohdani

When empires and great nations decline, there are many interrelated reasons involved in. Empires are considered to be powerful entities in the world, and via historical surveys, one can identify several important empires that have existed in different eras. Geopolitical knowledge and its constituent concepts (power, politics, and space) are closely associated with empires and can be explored from this perspective. The aim of this research is to conduct a geopolitical investigation of the collapse of empires. The research deal with the geopolitical factors contributing to the collapse of empires such as Persia, Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman, Britain, Russia, Spain, and Arab countries, using a descriptive-analytical method and field research. The statistical population consists of 50 specialists and experts in the field of geopolitical studies. The Dimtel method has been utilized to test the conceptual model of the research. The findings demonstrate that variables such as the incompetence and capriciousness of rulers, the collapse of the domestic economy, the extravagance and corruption of the governing class, oppression and slavery, and internal rebellions have a high level of interaction and a strong systemic connection with other variables. In other words, when a country faces these challenges in terms of its leadership and governance, it becomes unable to effectively address other problems caused by these factors, leading to a crisis and the eventual collapse of the empire.

Spatial distribution of alluvial fans for evaluating tectonic activity: A case study from the Southern Kharqan mountain range, Hamadan Province

Abolfazl Faraji Monfared

The extent of mountainous and desert areas in Iran has caused the emergence of well-known geomorphological phenomena. Alluvial fans are landforms found in various locations. Identifying and evaluating their impacts can be valuable for natural hazard management and land use planning. In this study an attempt hs been made to evaluate the status of tectonic activities in the south of the slopes of the Kharqan mountain range in the northeast of Hamedan province. Different maps were utilized to examine the development process of alluvial fans and present evidence of tectonic activity, including the Gozal Valley, Karafs, and several smaller alluvial fans. The findings of this study revealed that tectonic activity in the Gozal Valley cone remains active, while the alluvial fans located between the Gozal Valley are inactive. Further evidence in the bed of the Gozal Valley cones suggests tectonic changes caused by fault activity, resulting in the alteration of the riverbed's drainage pattern and subsequent destruction and erosion of the surrounding areas. Additionally, changes in drainage patterns and sediment depth on the surface of alluvial fans can be attributed to tectonic activities within these fans. Geological logs illustrate both prolonged, slow periods and active periods during various geological eras in the study area. Ultimately, tectonic activity initiated with a lengthy, sluggish phase, followed by continued tectonic activities and fluctuations.

The Outlook of Precipitation Changes in the Great Karoun Using by CMIP5 series models

Ebrahim fatahi

To conduct this research, data on monthly synoptic and hydrometric precipitation observations from the National Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy were obtained for a 30-year period (1976-2005). To assess future changes in rainfall, historical data from the period (1976-2005) and simulated climate data from the period (2021-2050) using two models (CM3 and CSIRO-Mk3.6) from the CMIP5 series were used. These simulations were based on four scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) with a spatial resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 using the BCSD method. A mean-based (MB) strategy was employed to correct any bias in the model outputs. The results of the AOGCM models indicated that the CSIRO-Mk3.6 model had a lower error coefficient than the GFDL-CM3 model when simulating precipitation in the Large Karoun case. The average future rainfall (2021-2050) across the entire basin, compared to the average observed rainfall during the statistical period of 1976-2005, exhibited a significant decrease in both the amount and extent of precipitation in both basins for all models and scenarios. In the Great Karoun Basin, heavy rains were consistently concentrated east of the basin across all scenarios and models, with the central foothills experiencing the highest rainfall and the southwest and southeast regions receiving the lowest amounts. The findings of this study estimate rainfall to range between 83-116 mm, with the highest rainfall expected in the Greater Karoun Basin under the rcp4.5 and rcp2.6 scenarios for both models.

The Application of KNN Algorithm in Optimizing Urban Land Use with an Emphasis on Earthquake Risk, Case study: Sanandaj City

ayoub zoghi

The occurrence of earthquakes and the losses and damages caused by it have always imposed a serious threat to the city, residents and assets, so that it has made planners and city managers to provide logical and scientific solutions to make cities safer. Securing cities against earthquakes will not be achieved only by creating strong structures, and we must take steps to reduce urban vulnerability through optimizing urban land use. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal urban areas for the development of the city with the aim of reducing the vulnerability of Sanandaj. For this purpose, KNN method has been used as a model with relatively high accuracy to evaluate the optimal land use of Sanandaj city with an emphasis on earthquake risk. The obtained model output shows that about 32% of the city area is in optimal condition and district 2 with 42.78% equivalent to 406 hectares and district 4 with 50.85% equivalent to 658 hectares provide an optimal condition for the development of the city, towards reducing urban vulnerability and increasing urban land use optimization. The general condition of the city is not suitable in terms of optimality and the neighborhoods located in districts 1 and 2 are in a very inappropriate condition due to high population and residential density, very poor permeability and low adaptation of land uses. In evaluating the model, the value of the area below the curve is 0.951, which indicates the desirable performance of the model in examining the subject.

The Relationship between Land Subsidence and Water Use in Yazd-Ardakan Plain Using Sentinel-1 Images

Mohammadreza Goodarzi

In arid and semi-arid regions, groundwater is more important for humans and ecosystems than surface water. Land subsidence is caused by the pumping and uncontrolled use of groundwater in an area. When the extracted quantities are not replenished by rainfall, it leads to damages such as road failures, destruction of residential areas, railways, as well as water and gas pipelines. The Yazd-Ardakan plain is one of the main plains in Yazd province, hosting 75% of the province's population density and most industrial centers. Additionally, this plain has been subjected to a ban by the Ministry of Energy due to a sharp decline in groundwater levels. This study aimed to quantify and compare the extent of subsidence using four Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the C-band from the Sentinel-1 satellite and the radar differential interferometry method from 2017 to 2021. The maximum subsidence recorded in 2017 was 13 cm, while in 2020 and 2021, it decreased to 9 cm, primarily concentrated in the Shamsi region between Meybod and Ardakan. Furthermore, to validate the satellite-derived results, they were compared with those obtained through accurate leveling methods conducted by the Iran National Cartographic Center. The study revealed that Sentinel images exhibit a strong capability to estimate the extent of subsidence. Considering the examination of groundwater consumption and depletion statistics in recent years, potential reasons for the reduction in subsidence in the study area could be attributed to management measures such as water transfer to this basin, alterations in agricultural practices, and a decrease in groundwater depletion compared to previous years in this region.

Investigating and analyzing the factors and Drivers affecting the convergence and national cohesion (Case study: Baloch people in southeastern country)

Yaser kahrazeh

Factors and stimuli that influence convergence and divergence play a crucial role in determining the process and quality of national cohesion. These factors and stimuli are not synonymous; rather, they are interconnected and mutually influential variables. Understanding the impact of convergence and national cohesion on overall security is of utmost importance. This study aims to investigate and analyze the factors and stimuli that affect national convergence and cohesion in the southeastern region of the country. Similarly, this article seeks to address the fundamental question of the primary factors and stimuli that influence convergence and cohesion among the Baloch people in the southeast. The research findings indicate that various factors significantly impact the convergence and divergence of the Baloch people in the Sistan and Baluchestan province. These factors can be classified into two categories: internal and external stimuli. The study underscores the significance of factors such as mutual trust, decentralization, concentration of industries and decision-making centers, strengthening ethnic identity in alignment with national identity, the role of historical documents in promoting national cohesion, the cultural center of the Baloch people in southeastern Iran, common social customs, and the positive influence of ethnic and national elites. Additionally, the study recognizes the influence of regional political tensions, historical economic ties with neighboring countries, and the prevalence of border markets with Afghanistan and Pakistan as significant factors that shape convergence, divergence, and national cohesion among the Baloch people in the Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast of the country.

Morphological Analysis of Dare OUrt River Channel by the Rozgen Model(Case Study: Emarat Dam to the Confluence of Aras River)

Agil Madadi

River morphology holds significant importance in the fields of geomorphology and river management and engineering. The marginal sections of rivers have consistently undergone changes in their riverbeds due to various social and economic factors. The Dare Ourt River, located in the Ardabil province, represents a permanent river that has experienced frequent floods and alterations in its channel morphology in recent periods. In this study, the Dare Ourt river was thoroughly analyzed using the Rosegen model at levels one and two. To conduct this study effectively, detaied data such as 1:2000 river topographic maps, hydrometric data, and boundary conditions from the Ardabil Regional Water Authority were collected and utilized. Furthermore, the HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model was employed to extract the primary indices of the Rosegen model with greater accuracy. The outcomes revealed that the majority of the river sections exhibit a C6c type, characterized by an alluvial substrate. Additionally, other dominant types observed within the four examined ranges include B6c, E6b, F6, and D. Field visits also confirmed a transition in the river type from C to F within range 4, which presents challenges for the reconstruction and restoration of the river in type F. As a recommendation, it is advised to implement restrictions to prevent the river from transitioning into type F.

Investigating the effect of neighboring buildings’ orientation and the passage on the amount of energy consumption (case example: common residential buildings in Tehran)

Mansoure Tahbaz

Buildings are the primary consumers of energy in the country, accounting for approximately 30-50% of total energy consumption. In our country, around 33% of energy is allocated to residential, commercial, and public buildings. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of a building's orientation on its energy consumption. The research is focused on the common 4 and 5-story residential buildings in District 5 of Tehran, specifically on Ferdous Sharq Blvd. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on both organizational and field data collection. Six similar residential blocks in different lighting positions were selected to gather data. These blocks share identical characteristics in terms of land area, infrastructure area, number of floors, heating and cooling systems, and other factors. The only distinction among them is their location within a passage. Subsequently, Design Builder software was employed to simulate and compare their energy consumption. The findings of the research reveal that the average energy consumption, with a precision of 98%, for the northern blocks is 7,261 kilowatt hours per square meter per year, while for the southern blocks it is 11,247 kilowatt hours per square meter per year, and for the overall blocks it is 5,254 kilowatt hours per square meter per year. This is approximately three times the ideal building's energy consumption. The northern blocks consume about 5% more energy than the southern blocks. A block that receives light from three sides (north, south, and west) consumes about 11% more energy than the average, whereas a block that receives light from two sides (north and south) consumes about 5% less energy than the average. The north blocks have an energy label of D, whereas the south blocks, except for the end block that receives light from three sides (north, south, and west), have an energy label of C. Consequently, the south blocks generally demonstrate better energy consumption performance.

The effects of climate change on the virtual water of some crops in Kerman province

Somayeh Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi

In this study, we examined the impact of climate change on the virtual water content of key crops in Kerman province for future periods. Specifically, we utilized the climatic data from the HadCM3 model under the RCP4.5 radiative forcing scenario. The model was calibrated and validated for the base period of 1991-2011. We predicted the precipitation levels, as well as the maximum and minimum temperatures, for selected stations from 2011 to 2070 using data from LARS-WG. These predictions were then compared to the base period. The virtual water content was calculated for three selected crops: alfalfa, barley, and wheat. Our findings indicate that climate change has a significant impact on evapotranspiration and the performance of these crops, consequently affecting future agricultural water productivity. As we project an increase in average temperature during the growing season due to climate change, it is worth noting that the maximum temperature parameter will be more affected by this phenomenon than the minimum temperature. This, in turn, will lead to increased water requirements and plant evaporation-transpiration during this period. Our research also reveals a decrease in precipitation during hot seasons and an increase during cold seasons across all study stations. Notably, the virtual water content for all crops studied demonstrates an upward trend, with barley and wheat showing the greatest average increase in the future period. Specifically, the Kerman station exhibits a substantial increase in virtual water content for barley and alfalfa products, at a minimum of 30% higher than the base period.

The model of development and evolution of the spatial structure of Daedeok Innopolis: From science town to innovative ecosystem

Hafez Mahdnejad

Innopolis Daedeok is a beacon of scientific excellence and technological innovation, serving as the nerve center of South Korea's research endeavors. By leveraging the presence of esteemed research institutions and universities, this hub has created a fertile ground for commercializing cutting-edge technologies. The research methodology employed is descriptive-analytical and developmental in nature. The findings indicate that Innopolis Daedeok is strategically divided into five distinct regions, spanning 27.7 square kilometers, to achieve its operational objectives. Notably, 11% of South Korea's Ph.D.-level researchers are affiliated with Innopolis Daedeok. Currently, a workforce of 22,000 researchers and employees is engaged in advanced research, with 10% of the country's research workforce concentrated in this hub. The spatial expansion of Innopolis Daedeok has unfolded in four stages: the establishment of the Daedeok Science Town (1973-1993), the creation of innovation (1993-1997), the formation of an innovation cluster (1998-2003), and the growth stage of the innovation cluster (2004 to present). This evolution has enabled Innopolis Daedeok to become a global innovation hub, with a unique triple helix model of government, industry, and academia collaboration. The development and evolution model of Innopolis Daedeok is characterized by three distinct stages: the initial stage (science park model), the development stage (technopolis model), and the maturity stage (innovation cluster model). This model serves as a benchmark for other innovation hubs, highlighting the importance of strategic planning, collaboration, and investment in research and development.

Spatio-temporal behavior of atmospheriC concentration of NO2 using OMI sensor and its effect on precipitation in Iran

abolhassan gheibi

Nitrogen dioxide is a significant factor affecting air quality in various regions worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the concentration and trends of nitrogen dioxide pollution between 2005 and 2018, and explore its association with precipitation levels in the region. Based on data derived from the OMI sensor in Iran, the average vertical column concentration of nitrogen dioxide during this period revealed that the highest concentration was observed in the troposphere. Megacities, particularly Tehran metropolis, exhibited elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide due to the high population density and extensive road transportation. Analyzing the annual changes in nitrogen dioxide concentration in the troposphere alongside the average annual precipitation in Iran, it was observed that the pollutant concentration increased from 2005 to 2016 and subsequently decreased from 2016 to 2018, primarily due to population growth. However, when considering the overall trend, there was an upward trend with a slope of 3.53× -2. In contrast, the time series analysis of average annual precipitation in Iran demonstrated a declining trend with a slope of (-0.159 mm × ). Comparing the trends of these two variables, it can be deduced that they exhibit a negative correlation.

Strategic Planning of Public Spaces in Order to Promote and Benefit from Social Interactions, Case Study: District 10 of Tehran Municipality

samaneh jalilisadrabad

Public spaces and social interactions have a reciprocal relationship. The rapid urbanization, limited land availability, and neglect of these spaces in urban development initiatives have resulted in a scarcity of open and green areas per capita, consequently reducing social interactions. District 10 of Tehran, as the most densely populated area, suffers from a lack of both quantity and quality in public and open spaces. Furthermore, issues such as physical deterioration, disrupted urban landscapes, a high tenant rate, low social security, and a transient population have further diminished the quality of existing public spaces and the level of social interaction in this particular district. Hence, the aim of this study is to explore the potential for enhancing public spaces in order to promote social interactions in District 10 of Tehran. The chosen research methodology is descriptive-survey, with data collected through documentary and field studies. The SWOT and QSPM techniques have been employed for analysis. The findings reveal that various factors play a significant role in facilitating social interaction in public spaces. These factors include the diversity of activities, integration of land use, social inclusion, accessibility to public transportation, social security, memorability, safety, engagement of all senses, readability, visibility, flexibility, availability of urban furniture, materials used in urban furniture and pavements, climate comfort, and environmental health. Moreover, creating favorable conditions for the presence of children and the elderly would lead to increased supervision and social security. The superior scenario proposes a set of strategies, including aggressive strategies (SO1: Enhancing social security in existing public spaces, SO2: Promoting the development of open and green spaces on a per capita basis, SO4: Establishing local hangout spots and micro spaces for community gatherings, SO5: Allocating multicultural and artistic spaces, sports venues, etc.) and conservative strategies (ST1: Repurposing inactive municipal-owned spaces, ST2: Encouraging greater citizen participation in social activities). Ultimately, six prioritized strategies are identified, resulting in the formulation of 18 policies and 31 action plans.

The Role of Government micro financing in the Development of Rural Entrepreneurship (Case Study: Radkan Rural District)

Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidari

Entrepreneurship, a burgeoning force in today's economy, plays a pivotal role in rural development by fostering progress, poverty alleviation, and job creation. However, rural areas often grapple with a scarcity of financial capital essential for business initiation or expansion. To address this, governments have introduced micro-rural credits as self-employment loans to stimulate rural employment and entrepreneurship. This study aims to evaluate the impact of government micro-credits on rural entrepreneurship development in Radkan. Adopting an applied, developmental, and descriptive-analytical approach, data was collected through documentary, library, and field research. The study population comprised 27 entrepreneurs, with a sample of 244 individuals from 13 Radkan villages selected using the Cochran formula with a 0.06 error level. Their opinions on research indicators related to the topic were assessed. Findings reveal that micro-government credits have had a negligible impact on rural entrepreneurship in the study area. Most sample entrepreneurs supplemented bank loans with personal funds. Furthermore, insufficient loan amounts, limited credit accessibility, absent insurance support, lengthy loan processing times, and unfavorable repayment terms resulted in low satisfaction levels among entrepreneurs (average 2.32) and rural residents (average 1.91).

The effects of meteorological drought on oak forest dieback in Ilam province

shamsallah Asgari

Due to the significance of forests in both the natural and human environment, this study aims to investigate the impact of meteorological drought on oak forest dieback in Ilam province. Specifically, the study seeks to determine the relationship between Zagros Forest drought and droughts in this particular region. The analysis utilizes the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) to identify the frequency of droughts during different time periods. The results indicate that the years 2007, 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2016 experienced the highest occurrence of droughts. Additionally, remote sensing data from MODIS images were employed to examine the trend in tree greenness (NDVI) from 2000 to 2016. The analysis reveals a significant correlation (R2 = 0.9999) between the greenness trend and the drought index (SPI). Moreover, a land survey of oak drying points and simulation using Landsat satellite images, with a 15×15 pixel output from GIS software, indicate that approximately 17,894 hectares of forests in the region experienced drying and destruction between 2000 and 2016. By combining the oak forest drying layer with the output layers derived from drought zoning, visual indicators were created, and statistical analysis was conducted for three 5-year time series. The results demonstrate a correlation coefficient of 96.6% and an explanation coefficient of R2 = 0.985 for the 2002-2006 time series, a correlation coefficient of 95.4% and an explanation coefficient of R2 = 0.980 for the 2007-2011 time series, and a correlation coefficient of 98.8% and an explanation coefficient of R2 = 0.995 for the 2012-2016 time series. These findings illustrate the influence of drought and its variations in terms of intensity and duration on oak forests in the Zagros region of Ilam. Based on the study results, it is predicted that if the drought persists with the same trend, approximately 1,118.4 hectares of oak forests in Ilam province will dry up and be destroyed annually.

Evaluation of Housing Quality Indicators Using Analytic Network Process (ANP)

Mahsa Faramarzi Asli

Housing is a crucial domain for testing human interactions and serves as a physical framework where social, cultural, and economic resources intertwine. In order to achieve social progress, the realm of housing encompasses not only the residential units themselves but also their surrounding environments. The focus on housing quality indicators is essential for attaining sustainable housing, which in turn lays the foundation for sustainable urban development. However, the increasing demand for housing and the prevailing quantitative approach have led to the neglect of the fundamental issue of housing quality in its true essence. Insufficient access to suitable housing can contribute to or worsen various psychological and social challenges. Hence, this research aims to identify the main indicators and components of housing quality and prioritize them, assuming equal weighting of their influence. The research methodology employed in this study is practical in its objective and descriptive-analytical in its approach. To achieve the intended objective, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model is utilized to determine the weight and prioritize each indicator and component of housing quality. Subsequently, after evaluating the indicators using the ANP model, the results indicate that among the examined indicators, housing facilities and amenities with 0.318, housing security with 0.218, housing comfort with 0.145, compatibility with complementary uses with 0.142, housing durability with 0.109, and housing climate adaptation with 0.065 have been assigned the highest weights, respectively.

Heating and Cooling Requirements in Relation to Broiler Breeding, Case Study: Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran

Mohammad Baaghideh

The performance of broiler chickens is directly influenced by temperature changes and the occurrence of heat stress, whether it is cold or hot. The present study aims to assess the cooling and heating degree days in different stages of broiler chicken production in Khorasan Razavi province. To achieve this objective, daily average temperature data were collected from 13 synoptic stations during the statistical period of 1988-2018. Cooling and heating degree days were calculated for each week of production using specific thresholds, and their spatial distribution was analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between cooling and heating degree days and geographical features was evaluated. The findings indicate a decrease in cooling degree days and an increase in heating degree days as latitude increases. The northern and western regions of the province exhibited a greater need for heating throughout all stages of broiler chicken production, whereas the eastern and southern regions had higher cooling requirements at different production stages. Overall, the northeastern, southern, and western marginal areas of the province, including Khaf, Gonabad, Kashmar, Sarakhs, and Sabzevar, exhibited the lowest cooling and heating needs during the 6-week period of broiler chicken production, making them suitable climates for this economic activity.

A comparative study of the formation and development of the establishment of government centers in the cities on the edge of the desert from the beginning until now and the feasibility of developing a strategic model for the establishment of government centers in these cities

Abbas Masoudi

Ancient cities have always possessed inherent distinctions from contemporary cities, which are evident in their physical structures and overall layouts, allowing them to be easily differentiated from their modern counterparts. These distinctions, influenced by economic, political, cultural, and social conditions, have resulted in varying degrees of change in the urban structure and have given rise to two types of urban growth. Organic growth is characterized by a continuous and coherent expansion that prioritizes form in relation to function, in stark contrast to the fragmented and discrete nature of global cities in the modern era. This study seeks to address whether it is feasible to apply the characteristics and developmental patterns of ancient cities in today's world by examining the evolution of urban form throughout history up to the present day. Alternatively, can a favorable outcome be achieved by integrating certain characteristics of ancient cities into contemporary urban environments? Based on this objective, the study explores the evolution of urban form across three historical periods - pre-Islamic, post-Islamic, and the modern era - with a particular focus on the establishment of governmental centers in the central desert of Iran. The comparative method of induction is employed to discuss the subject matter in line with the research assumptions. The findings indicate that the first and second hypotheses have yielded more significant results in a greater number of unsuccessful experiments. Conversely, the third hypothesis has been more successful in a wider range of experiments with diverse outcomes. Moreover, considering the success rate of 0.100 and the absence of unsuccessful experiences for the Kerman experiment, it can be argued that this hypothesis is relatively superior and preferable for assessing the success rate of related projects.

The Effect of the Application and Capability of Information and Communication Technology(ICT) on Knowledge-Based Urban Development in Tehran Metropolis

navid ahangari

In the era of knowledge, the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) is considered a crucial factor in addressing the growing environmental, social, and economic challenges in urban areas. Knowledge-based cities, leveraging this technology, are at the forefront of enhancing the quality of life for residents and the efficiency of services towards achieving sustainable urban development. This study aims to explore the potential and application of ICT in knowledge-based urban development. The data analyzed were collected through a survey of 66 experts from the Deputy of Urban Planning in the 22 districts of Tehran Municipality, ensuring theoretical saturation. Structural equation modeling and the partial least squares approach, utilizing SmartPLS3 software, were employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that the variables of ICT application and potential, as well as knowledge-based urban development in Tehran, and their respective components, scored an average ranging from 3.5 to 4.3 on a 5-point Likert scale, suggesting a relatively stable status. Furthermore, the coefficient for the impact of ICT application and potential on knowledge-based urban development exceeded 0.96, confirming the main model of this research. The outcome suggests that investing in research and development of ICT can serve as a solution to overcome the limitations of knowledge-based urban development in the Tehran metropolis.

Tower building model based on sustainable social development and its effects on the preservation of Tehran's urban environment

afshin ghorbani param

Industrialization and modernization have had a significant impact on various aspects of society including architecture, urban planning, environment, climate, and geography. This impact is evident in phenomena such as the construction of high rise buildings, climate inversion, and environmental degradation. Many of the problems observed in recent decades can be attributed to population growth, migration, and changing needs of citizens. As a result, city managers and architects face significant challenges. The main objective of this article is to conduct a theoretical study on the use of residential towers, with a particular focus on sustainable social development and its implications for environmental protection in Tehran. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and has both applied and theoretical purposes. It is also part of a survey that employs both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The sample size for this study was 384 participants, and data were collected using questionnaires. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The most significant finding of this research is that population growth has fueled the construction of tall buildings, which in turn has contributed to issues such as excessive consumption of natural resources and fossil fuels, destruction of natural habitats, decline in social interactions, climate change, increased traffic congestion, and heightened air pollution. These issues have become a complex and seemingly insurmountable crisis.

Presenting the model of realizing the right to the city based on the network analysis process (ANP) in the raw-towns of West Mazandaran

Masoud Elahi

Idealism for urban living necessitates the establishment of infrastructure and a platform that considers all stakeholders, including managers, planners, and citizens, regardless of their social and economic backgrounds, social class, gender, etc. This concept is encapsulated in the notion of the right to the city. However, implementing this concept can pose challenges in smaller cities with more unfavorable conditions. Hence, this research aims to introduce a model for actualizing the right to the city based on the Analytical Network Process (ANP) in the rural cities of western Mazandaran. The current study is categorized as applied research. The statistical population for this study comprised urban experts (chosen through the Delphi technique with a sample size of 25). Alongside on-site observations, information was gathered utilizing the fundamental maps of the country's mapping organization and studies focusing on the three cities of Baldeh, Kejur, and Pol (Kham-shahrs in the western part of Mazandaran province). The Analytical Network Process (ANP) method was employed to process and analyze the data, leading to the extraction of a balanced supermatrix using the Super Decision software. Following various steps, the final priorities of indicators and options for realizing the right to the city were determined. The results of the network analysis (ANP) of the dimensions of realizing the right to the city in the western cities of Mazandaran province indicate that the physical-biological dimension holds the highest weight and importance (0.1970). It is trailed by the economic dimension (0.1725) and the social and cultural dimensions (with a final weight of 0.0847). Among the criteria for realizing the right to the city in the western cities of Mazandaran province, the right to self-determination carries the most significance with a weight of 0.1461, followed by environmental rights (0.0943) and the right to a sustainable city economy (0.0840).

Integrated algorithms in analysis of architecture and environment interaction- Case study: Stepped villages of Iran

Behshid Hosseini

The current research is based on the process of algorithmic design and simulation of village boundaries using the Grasshopper plugin in the Rhino software. The proposed algorithm utilizes the image simulator component and its importer in the Grasshopper plugin to input two-dimensional images taken from samples into this plugin. Before entering the data, the input images are converted to black and white to allow the system to distinguish between the background texture and the subject of analysis. Additionally, the proposed algorithm identifies the village boundary by comparing the subject and the text in the pixels of the two-dimensional image. By calculating the internal area of the identified boundary, the algorithm estimates the proportion of textures relative to the background. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of green and dry textures as natural factors on the density of residential texture in terraced villages in Iran, across various climates. In addition to identifying the density of village textures, emphasizing the comparison of parameters will provide new insights into the texture of terraced villages. The simulation analysis tool, known as the density measurement algorithm, is developed based on aerial maps created by the researchers for this study. By using inverted aerial maps, this algorithm can determine the density of natural texture in the formation of villages and residential texture. This capability reduces the need for physical presence and enhances the accuracy of outputs in analyzing village texture. Furthermore, the identification of parameters will provide the next generation of rural housing with the density pattern of previous generations.

Convection initiation

Ebrahim Mirzaei

The structure of deep moist convection can be influenced by various factors, including wind shear, available potential energy of convection, relative humidity, and vertical distribution of these variables. Among these factors, wind shear plays a more significant role in the creation of convection. The interaction between large-scale and synoptic-scale processes, along with the adjustment of available potential energy for convection and the presence of convection inhibitors, creates conditions suitable for the development of convection. The large-scale average reduces the convection inhibitor, while even small vertical velocities, such as a few centimeters per second, can have a noticeable impact on the environment's sounding. The presence of potential instability is also considered an important factor in initiating deep moist convection. When the temperature reaches the critical point and the convection inhibitor is removed, moist deep convection begins. If an air parcel rises above the lower stable layer with low relative convective inhibition energy and high relative free convective potential energy, it supports the development of deep moist convection. The initiation of updrafts by warm air masses and the subsequent development of convection depend on parameters like vertical wind shear and the inversion cap of the environment, among others. Large-scale convective systems can be triggered with less forcing due to the significant uplift of the air mass from the surface to the convection level along the front.