Today, the old fabric of cities has been severely dominated by unwanted developments due to increased construction and dependence on vehicles. This issue has caused many problems in urban issues. Therefore, physical reorganization plans are on the agenda as a solution to reduce these problems. Imam Street, which is located in the old part of Urmia, is one of the main and important streets of the city. One of the proposed projects in the strategic plan of the worn-out structures of Urmia city was the project of organizing and urban design of Imam Street, most of which has been implemented. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of physical organization projects in the old part of Urmia. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the obtained data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test in SPSS program and also structural equation modeling using AMOS software were used. The average obtained from the T-test in measuring the satisfaction of businessmen and residents located in the old part of Urmia, which was more than 3, indicates that people living in this area and market acquisition are satisfied with the results of physical organization projects.

Nowadays, addressing approaches such as livability for today's cities as concepts that play an important role in reducing social, economic and environmental problems of cities is an inevitable necessity. In fact, livability is a concept with all angles and mental and objective dimensions Is concerned with human beings and seeks to create a healthier and more livable urban environment for current citizens of future generations; Therefore, livability is a new concept and approach in the paradigm of sustainable urban development, which some consider one of the greatest ideas of urban planning in modern times. In livable city, the goal is not only to meet the physical needs of urban society, but also to create a sense of citizen satisfaction According to this, the main purpose of this research is an analysis of urban livability in Bojnourd with emphasis on security index.

      Considering the undeniable impact of agricultural plants on climatic and regional changes, it seems necessary to conduct regional research to understand the reaction of each agricultural plant in different stages of growth in relation to weather elements. If the temperature of the air along with the warm cloud is lower or higher than a certain threshold, its development will stop. Between the two limits, there is an optimal temperature where the plant grows the fastest. Temperature and clouds are both the most important climatic elements in agriculture. Both climatic parameters together cause stress in wheat and lower the productivity of the product. Considering the strategic nature of wheat, in order to increase the level of production, in the present research, while taking advantage of the experiences and methods and models used in foreign and domestic researches, it was practical in Kermanshah province due to the extent of the land under wheat cultivation and The significant amount of production, which has a special place in this field at the level of the country, the determination of the statistical threshold and the synoptic analysis of warem cloud temperatures on the performance of the wheat crop are investigated. According to the investigations and consultations with agricultural engineers, the maximum temperature along with cloudy days causes the phenomenon of greenhouse and excessive heat, which causes the fall of flowers, rot, sterility of pollen grains, fruit reduction, Premature aging and poverty become seeds, and this phenomenon occurs mostly in the months of May and June.

Gorgan Bay is considered a geological landscape and a coastal sedimentary environment in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. The hydrodynamics of the coasts of this region is subject to the general hydrodynamics of the Caspian Sea. Due to the low slope topography of these beaches, the slightest change in the sea level will lead to hundreds of meters from place to place in the coastline of this area. Changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea is an environmental and coastal management problem, and today the decreasing trend of the water level of the Caspian Sea during the last few decades has caused destructive effects such as land formation on the coasts of Gorgan Bay. In order to investigate the effect of changes in the level of the Caspian Sea on the southern shores of Gorgan Bay in a period of 66 years, existing reports and studies have been used and field surveys have been used, and the coastlines of the studied area have been monitored through the processing of aerial photos from 1955 and Landsat satellite images. MSS, TM, ETM and +ETM have been carried out in the years 1975-2021 in Arc GIS and ENVI software. Coastal changes were processed during 4 periods. During this period, the level of the Caspian Sea water level fluctuated between -26.5 and -28.7 . Based on the results obtained from satellite images and field visits of Gorgan Bay, 1 stage of water level increase in the period of 1995-1985 by the amount of 131 square kilometers and 3 stages of water level decrease in the years 1955, 1985-1975 and 2021-1995 by the amount of It has covered 246 square kilometers.

Climate change is a significant threat to water resources, potentially altering precipitation patterns and increasing the likelihood of droughts in certain regions. This study aims to project future drought conditions in the Aras Downstream Watershed for the period 2025-2050, employing CMIP6 climate models (NorESM2-LM, CanESM5, and MPI-ESM1-2-HR) and the CMhyd software. Historical daily precipitation data from the selected models were compared with data from five stations (Parsabad, Aslan Duz, Jafarabad, Dasht, and Shorgol) within the study watershed. The comparison was conducted using statistical metrics (R2, MAE, MSE, and RMSE), and the results indicated the superior performance of the MPI-ESM1-2-HR model in precipitation estimation. This model was bias-corrected using the LS method in the CMhyd software, and future precipitation was projected based on the outputs of three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was employed on a three-month timescale to assess drought conditions. The findings revealed that the overall region will experience normal conditions based on SPI classifications. However, there will be a relatively higher potential for drought in the southern part of the watershed under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios compared to SSP1-2.6. The analysis of the network station averages indicated that the optimistic scenario suggests favorable conditions for the watershed, while the intermediate and pessimistic scenarios suggest‎ a contrasting picture, with drought becoming prevalent across the entire region in the coming decades.

The concept of regional resilience is one of the prominent concepts of the recent approach to resilience that has been emphasized by various researchers to deal with various regional crises, including flood risk crises. However, despite the research that has been conducted, there has not been the necessary coherence and continuity in identifying the components of regional resilience. On the other hand, in the various categories presented, the ranking and priority between the components of regional resilience have not been determined in general. The present study has reviewed the research conducted with the aim of identifying the components of regional resilience and achieving a reliable model. Therefore, to answer the questions 1. What are the main components related to regional resilience? and 2. Which of the components of regional resilience is most effective in dealing with floods? the meta-composition analysis method has been used. Thus, in the first stage, relevant articles were selected and validated between the period 2015 and 2023; Then, using various coding methods, regional resilience indicators were identified and categorized. This categorization was based on three principles of researchers’ theoretical knowledge, expert opinion, and an overlapping approach. The results showed that six economic, social, cultural resources, geography, physical infrastructure, and resilience components were identified as the main components of regional resilience in the face of flood risk. Also, in order to rank and determine the priority among the identified components, DEMATEL analysis and ISM interpretive structural complementary analysis were used. The results of these analyses showed that the economic component, as an independent variable with a higher level of influence, had a greater impact on other elements of the system in the face of floods. Also, in the analysis of intermediary (connective) components, the resilience component was ranked first. Given that the two components of economy and resilience have had a higher level of impact as independent and mediating components, respectively, it is necessary to emphasize economic resilience as the first priority of regional resilience programs to accelerate regional resilience programs and, as a result, provide greater capacities to deal with flood risk.

The Siberian High-pressure (HP) has various effects on Iran’s climate. Climate warming, especially in the last century, has raised the possibility of changes in the Outbreaks of the Siberian High-pressure extending toward Iran (OSH). In this study, to test the mentioned hypothesis, daily sea level pressure maps for 50 years (1972 to 2021) during the month in which the SH appeared more strongly in the monthly composite maps were downloaded from the NCEP/NCAR atmospheric data reanalysis database. The selection of this month was based on the highest central pressure intensity of the high (intensity index) and its greatest spatial extent (spatial index) compared to the other six months. The axes of the OSHs extending toward Iran were classified into four categories: “continuous and reaching,” “continuous and non-reaching,” “discontinuous and reaching,” and “discontinuous and non-reaching.” The design of their synoptic patterns showed a clear decrease in the frequency of “continuous and reaching” OSHs. Continuity refers to the directness of the OSH, and a reaching OSH is one that extends to the borders of Iran or penetrates into the country. Using two criteria— “the integrated advance of cold and dry air from the high-pressure center toward Iran” and “verification of the OSH entering or reaching Iran’s borders”—it was found that cold and dry air travels from Central Asia toward Iran through three main pathways: 1. The pathway of cold and dry air transfer from the western slopes of the Altai Mountains, then across the Turan Plain, and finally into central Iran. 2. The pathway of air transfer from the Dzungarian Plain in western China, then along the Tian Shan Mountains, through Afghanistan, and finally into the north of Sistan-va-Baloochestan Province. 3. The pathway of air transfer from the Kazakh steppes, through the Caucasus corridor (west of the Caspian Sea), reaching Azerbaijan, and extending along the Zagros Mountains. The frequency of OSHs has indicated a decline in five separated decades along all three pathways during the past half century. This decrease is more evident in the third pathway, namely the Caucasus corridor, which already had a lower frequency from the beginning.

Daily maximum temperature data was extracted from ERA5 products in HDF5 file format and processed using the Python programming language. For data analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction, and Ward's clustering method was employed to determine homogeneous climatic regions based on the similarity of weather elements. The long-term mean maximum temperature for the country during this period was estimated at 24.2∘C, with a range of variation from −0.4∘C to 53.7∘C. The results from smoothing the data's time series showed a significant temperature jump around the year 1998, which led to an increase in the mean maximum temperature from 23∘C to 25∘C. In the spatial dimension, the maximum temperature was directly influenced by topography, altitude, and latitude. The southern and southeastern regions were identified as the warmest, while the high-altitude areas of the west, north, and northeast were the coolest. The results of the PCA showed that the first two components explained more than 78% of the spatial variance and 93% of the temporal variance, respectively. This indicates the existence of consistent and interpretable climatic patterns. Additionally, the Ward's clustering analysis, which divided the data into five distinct clusters, reflected the diversity of temporal behavior of the maximum temperature across the country.
 

The ENSO phenomenon is considered one of the most important interannual oscillations in the Earth–atmosphere system and plays a significant role in precipitation variability across different regions of the world. In this study, to identify the multiscale relationship between different ENSO phases and monthly precipitation variability in Iraq, the monthly Niño3.4 index, the Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT), and the Continuous Morlet Wavelet Transform were employed. First, using multiresolution decomposition of the monthly precipitation signal from 16 stations across Iraq (1990-2020) into six (6) frequency levels (from monthly to multi-year scales), it was revealed that the precipitation signals at all stations follow a relatively similar pattern, although with different oscillation amplitudes. The amplitude of precipitation fluctuations at monthly and seasonal scales was found to be stronger at northern and foothill stations (Kirkuk, Mosul, and Khanaqin) compared to other regions of Iraq, indicating a shorter transition between wet and dry months in northern Iraq. Furthermore, the overall trend of the A6 component at all stations exhibited a decreasing pattern during 1995–2010, with this downward trend being more pronounced in the central and southern regions than in the north. The results of correlation analysis and multiscale wavelet coherence demonstrated a positive and multiscale relationship between ENSO and monthly precipitation in Iraq. Surrogate significance testing indicated that this relationship is not significant at wavelet levels 1 to 3 but becomes significant at 1.5–3-year and 2.5–5.5-year scales (wavelet levels 4 and 5). Overall, precipitation in Iraq tends to increase during El Niño (warm ENSO phase) events and decrease during La Niña (cold ENSO phase) events.

This study investigates the impact of ideological cycles and changes in political discourses on the formation and spatial transformation of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood in Tehran during the pre-Constitutional and Constitutional periods. The main objective is to identify the contexts and processes through which traditional and modern discourses shaped the spatial and physical structure of this neighborhood. The research is qualitative and exploratory in nature and adopts a historical–analytical approach. Data were collected through documentary sources, including historical documents, maps, official reports, and written records, and were analyzed using a spatial discourse analysis framework. The findings suggest that the emergence and development of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood during the Qajar period were a result of the interaction between two dominant discourses: the traditional discourse of the pre-Constitutional era and the modern discourse of modernization during the Constitutional period. The spatial manifestations of these political discourses materialized through the establishment of various institutions and structures such as the Fārūs Printing House as a symbol of freedom of expression, the formation of the Nazmiyeh and the police as indicators of the rule of law, embassies and state institutions as expressions of state–nation relations, and facilities such as the telegraph office, bank, post, park, and modern streets as signs of modernization. Accordingly, the simultaneous and sometimes conflicting forces of tradition and modernity generated the initial physical form, functional structure, and modern urban identity of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood.
 

 Extra-regional threats refer to a set of military, security, political, and economic measures or pressures exerted by countries or coalitions from outside a specific geographical region against the interests and security of a country. These threats typically exploit geographical distance, modern warfare tools, comprehensive sanctions, and the establishment of influence in neighboring countries to undermine stability and limit the regional power of the target. This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the key drivers affecting trans-regional threats to Iran using a future studies approach, in order to analyze the systemic structure of these threats and outline the most probable scenario ahead. The method of this research is mixed (quantitative-qualitative). For this purpose, initial indicators were extracted through multi-stage interviews with a panel of 15 experts and then screened using the Delphi method. In the next stage, a cross-impact analysis questionnaire was administered to 15 specialists and experts, and the data were structurally analyzed using MICMAC software. The distribution of variables on the influence-dependence map indicates the instability of Iran's trans-regional threats system. Among the 49 variables examined across five dimensions—political, economic, socio-cultural, defense-security, and natural-environmental—three variables were identified as the most key drivers and as dual-risk/target variables: new regional coalitions in Iran's periphery involving global powers (P3), pressure on countries party to agreements with Iran to terminate cooperation (P7), and new trans-regional political coalitions against Iran's political positions (P1). Furthermore, the variable "keeping the minds of the country's decision-makers occupied with domestic issues" (P8) ranked first in terms of direct influence. The results of the research indicate that the future of trans-regional threats to Iran can be depicted in the form of the "Intelligent Siege" scenario. In this scenario, trans-regional powers, through regional and trans-regional coalition-building and severing Iran's contractual ties with the world, drive the country toward strategic passivity and reduced room for maneuver without a full-scale military war. The paradigm shift of threats from a purely military nature to political, cognitive, and intelligent threats is the most important characteristic of the future of these threats.