Showing 177 results for Mohammad
Dr Elahe Kavoosi, Dr Jamal Mohammadi,
Volume 20, Issue 57 (6-2020)
Abstract
The ‘Smart mobility’ has become an increasingly prevalent discussion topic in the past few years, not just in academic literature but also in cities’ policy and strategy. However,in many cities of the world and in our country, Iran has been associated with problems such as lack of citizen participation and inequality (caused by inefficient urban management). The present study has attempted with an innovative perspective to evaluate the existing infrastructure of mobility indicators (including transport infrastructure, public transport, sustainable transport, ICT) and the social dimensions of these infrastructures including the extent of citizen participation in use. Of these infrastructures) in eleven districts of Shiraz.The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and origin studies. Data gathering was field study by using a questionnaire. The 5-degree Likert spectrum technique was used to measure the value of indicators of the Smart Mobility. The results show that average smart mobility was higher in regions 1 and 6 than in other regions. the average smart mobility indicators are in 11 and 9 the lowest in other regions. The Urban Smart Mobility variable does not have an appropriate position in Shiraz, and this has not only affected its development process in recent decades, but also poses many challenges for its future development. Accordingly, urban planners should Consider the citizen participation and efficient urban management.
Mrs. Atefeh Shahmohammadi, Dr. Ali Bayat, Mr. Saeed Mashhadizadeh Maleki,
Volume 20, Issue 58 (9-2020)
Abstract
Urban development and air pollution are among the most important issues related to climate. The expansion of urbanization and urban development, population growth, industrial development and excessive use of fossil fuels significantly increased air pollution and it is more than the capacity of the environment. In our country, the emissions of air pollutants in some metropolitan areas have reached a dangerous level, Mashhad is considered to be the most polluted cities of the country in some days of the year. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the indicators of air pollution. In this study, the OMI data and atmospheric parameters such as wind, surface temperature, and horizontal visibility data for the period from 2004 to May 2016 were used to investigate the air pollution in Mashhad. The results show that the maximum (minimum) nitrogen dioxide levels occur in the cold (hot) season. The highest amount of nitrogen dioxide in January is equal to 5.56 × 1015 molec/cm2 and its lowest value in September is 4.18 × 1015 molec/cm2. Standard deviation of nitrogen dioxide also indicates that the greatest changes occur in cold seasons. Also, the results showed that the dominant wind in the city of Mashhad is from the south, and most of the winds are slow. Correlation coefficient of nitrogen dioxide with wind and surface temperature is -0.36 and -0.57, respectively, which shows the higher importance of temperature in nitrogen dioxide changes in Mashhad city. The correlation coefficient of nitrogen dioxide with horizontal visibility is -0.15, which indicates that with increasing nitrogen dioxide contamination, horizontal visibility decreases. Spectral analysis of least squares of the six and twelve-month periods of rotation was observed, they were also statistically significant. After eliminating the significant components of the time series of the average monthly nitrogen dioxide, the trend was calculated. The amount of nitrogen dioxide in each year for Mashhad was 2.41 × 1013 molec/cm2.
Mehdi Mohammadi Kuchesfahani, Mohammad Jalili, Mahmoud Nouraie,
Volume 20, Issue 58 (9-2020)
Abstract
Despite Iran's capabilities in the field of tourism, unfortunately, it has not been able to achieve a worthy position in this industry. One of the factors that can develop and improve the country's tourism industry is the use of effective marketing tools and parameters, including introverted marketing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of incoming tourists to hotels and restaurants active in the city of Rasht who were active in social networks. The sample size was estimated to be 384 using the Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed as qualitative and quantitative validity and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha method and combined reliability. In this study, in order to analyze the research data from the software SPSS and Amose were used. The findings of this study showed that the components of social construction, social listening and online content of introverted marketing have a positive and significant effect on the intention of electronic advertising. The results of this study also showed that the components of introverted marketing, ie social construction, social listening and online content have a positive and significant effect on the selection of tourism destinations. Other results of this study can be the positive and significant effect of advertising intentions on the choice of tourism destinations and also the mediating role of this variable in the relationship between the components of introverted marketing with the selection of tourism destinations.
Mr Asadollah Mollazehi, Dr Mohammadreza Pudineh, Dr Mahmood Khosravi, Dr Mohsen Armesh, Mr Aliasghar Dehvari,
Volume 20, Issue 58 (9-2020)
Abstract
Today, due to climate change, natural hazards and how to deal with them are among the most important concerns of researchers in environmental planning and crisis management. The purpose of this study is the assessment of the potential flood risk in Sarbaz drainage basin. For this purpose, the databases including elevation, slope, geological characteristics, soil characteristics, precipitation, vegetation, land use, and vector layers of the main channel, streams and drainage densities of the basin were used. By using the questionnaire and experts' opinion as well as hierarchical analysis, the weight of influences of each layer was calculated in basin flooding. Each of these layers was classified based on the flood potential from low to high-risk scale and eventually merged with the weighted overlay model in Geographic Information System. The results showed that main streams, land use, and precipitation are the most important components in the flood risk of the Sarbaz river drainage basin. From the total area of the Sarbaz basin, only 0.5% has a high to extremely high flood potential, and the central areas of the basin have the highest potential for flood due to topography and special hydrographic conditions. In addition, the main river basin districts towards the outlet of the basin as well as parts of the margins of important sub-streams have the highest flood potential. Despite the limited area of the high-risk zone, due to population density and agricultural land, the importance of this area is very high in crisis management.
Mohammad Motamedi,
Volume 20, Issue 58 (9-2020)
Abstract
One of the main tasks of urban and regional planners is the allocation of land to various urban uses, taking into account the role and function of the city, the city's economy, as well as the impact of interoperability of the users on each other. The topic of optimal location of therapeutic use is considered with consideration of effective parameters and factors in this research. According to the current situation in Shirvan, there are 3 clinics in Shirvan that their distribution and location seems to be inappropriate. Therefore, for prospective plans and according to the horizontal development of the city, assessment of these bases it is also a good idea to suggest places to establish clinics. This research is aimed at finding optimal location of clinics in Shirvan city by providing appropriate model. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In the first stage, identification and investigation of the effective factors on site selection of databases was investigated. Then using Arc GIS software, after completing the data gathering steps, preparing information layers, classifying and evaluating the layers, and weighing and overlapping the information layers were designed to prioritize the lands of the city of Shirvan for the establishment of clinics. The results showed that the clinics focus on the eastern side of the city, and central and western parts of the city are severely restricted in terms of access to clinics, and the population of 83,000 people in the city is only 28136 people in The standard radius of clinics is standard; in other words, about 75% of the population of the city is outside the standard radius of clinics and the radius of access to clinics is not suitable for citizens of the city. The city of Shirvan needs another hospital that is located in a location on the western side of the city.
Parviz Kardavani, Farideh Asadian, Mr Mohammad Reza Fallah,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
The irregular exploitation of groundwater aquifers in Shahriyar Plain has caused the drop of ground-water level in the region. Artificial nourishment of aquifers can increase the size of ground-water storage, reduce its level drop, and also prevent the advance of brine and drying of the aqueducts. In this study, we tried to integrate GIS and Boolean logic in order to identify the best areas for artificial recharge in Shahriar Plain. So, the seven factors (slope, permeability, thickness of alluvium, portability, both drop zones, land use and electrical conductivity) of water samples were specified in GIS and then respective maps were prepared. Then, using the acquired weight of each layer, maps for each weighted factors of locating were integrated. Using Boolean logic, final maps were prepared in two classes: suitable and unsuitable. Finally, the best place for the implementation of artificial recharge of aquifers in the region was identified. Results indicated that the suitable regions mostly lie in areas with slopes less than 3 % and that they are mostly near Chitgar river.
Ali Shamai, Mahsa Delfannasab, Mohammad Porakrami,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting housing prices in the Laleh Park district of Tehran. In this study, the data of all real estate traded in the first six months of the year 2016 was used in the study area. Information about the physical properties of the residential units trained is collected from the Real Estate Market Information System of Iran and is used to obtain information on the accessibility features of residential units traded using ARC GIS software. Multivariate regression analysis has also been used to investigate the factors affecting housing prices. The results of this study showed that the physical factors of housing are more effective than the access factors in the housing prices in this district . Among the selected features, the variables of residential area, parking, and skeletal type had the most positive effect on the price of housing in the area under study. On the other hand, some of the features, such as the distance from the residential unit to the nearest main street, the residential unit to the nearest educational user, the residential unit distance to the nearest health care provider, and the residential unit's age, had a negative effect on the housing price in the Laleh Park district .
Gholam Hassan Jafari, Mohammad Taherkhani, Khadijeh Rezaii,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
Iran's vast country has different geographic conditions. As of the thirteen known climates in the world, it has eleven types. This has made many environmental, natural, recreational and economic benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate, identify and introduce the geotouristic capabilities of Ghezelowzan Basin based on the Fassoulas method. The catchment area of the Ghezelowzan is a landform of various quaternary processes that are changing. Identification of geosite plays an important role in explaining quaternary developments. The research methodology is based on description and analysis, which is described as a field study of the library to describe and describe the region. The selected geosites were then positioned on topographic maps of 1/50000 and using geological maps of 1/100000 of the region, the lithology of different landforms such as hoodoos, Behestan dom, salt domes Chehrabad, Pari lakes, copper mine Baiche Bagh, dikes Sedimentary, cuesta-like forms, kalut-like shapes, Kcadovan-like shaped forms, glacier circuses, and tectonic valleys-fridges. After identifying landforms, one of the most common and comprehensive geotouristic models called Fassoulas was used. The criteria defined in this model were defined in six main categories: scientific, ecological, conservation, cultural, aesthetic, economic and potential use. By assessing landforms in this model, it was determined that the chimneys of the Jen, Behestan, dome, Darband Ghaterchi valley and salt Dome of Chehar Abad were selected as the most suitable geocites for obtaining the maximum scientific and ecological score, while the Belogice glacier landform was also the lowest.
Taher Valipour, Mohammad Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, , Saeedeh M.biranvand,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
Channel retreat are an important process in the river's morphodynamics, which affects channel variation, flood plain development and habitat development. Structures and farmland the border of the Lavij River Faces the risks of river bed change every year. Therefore, there is a need for a reliable method to determine the river bank retreat and predict the river bank Stability. In this study, with the aim of investigation of the risk of erosion and identification of areas susceptible to erosion in the Lavij River, Using BEHI and NBS models, the risk of side erosion was determined in 7 sections of this river. The results of the NBS model using the tnb / tbkf index showed that the rate of erosion of the Lavij river bank in all studied cross sections, except for cross sections 2 and 6 ,erosion rate is high and very hight. According to the indicator (dnb / dbkf), the bank erosion rate of the Lavij River, except for sections 4 and 5, is approximately consistent with the erosion trend obtained from the first index (tnb / tbkf). According the BEHI model, cross sections 5, 4, 3, 1 and 6 show a high incidence of instability and have a great potential for bank erosion and sediment production. Also, cross section 2 shows the medium instability status. Cross Section 7 and 2 show a high degree of instability, which has a high potential for bank erosion and sediment production. Finally, Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was fitted to evaluate the results matching and the results showed that all three indicators were almost identical to each other in the assessment of bank erosion.
Mojtaba Shahnazari, Zahra Hejazizadeh, Mohammad Saligheh,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, while studying climate conditions in the current period and analyzing changes in temperature, precipitation level, and the sunlight received, current conditions were also analyzed based on daily data from synoptic stations in the region, which had meteorological data recorded for at least 30 years. Given the environmental conditions necessary for the growth of rice, the availability of its phenological data, its high-low temperature thresholds, the Degree Day systems needed for the completion of its life cycle, and the phenological processes related to its economic production, a suitable agricultural calendar was specified. During the March-July period, this calendar showed variations in different provinces. Based on the current temperature conditions and the probable continued warming trend of the planet in the decades to come, nwoDscale was applied to the output from the atmospheric general circulation model MCdaH3 under scenario using LARS-WG5 model. In this study, years between 1969 and 1990 were used as the base period, while years between 2046 and 2065 were studied as the future period. Temperature and precipitation conditions for the future period were simulated. Obtained output was then studied and compared with temperature conditions that were suitable for the plant to grow in the region. With some differences, results showed that the agricultural calendar for rice in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces will shift to winter. Given the different temperature conditions of Golestan province, its agricultural calendar will shift to spring.
Mehdi Asadi, Khalil Valizadeh Khamran, Mohammad Baaghdeh, Hamed Adab,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
Using Landsat satellite images taken in 2015/08/10 and also SEBAL and metric methods, surface albedo amounts for various land uses in the northern half of the Ardabil province was estimated. ENVI4.8 and ArcGIS10.3 softwares were also used. To determine the type of usage of different levels, the maximum likelihood algorithm classification method was used with Kappa coefficient of 86.14% and overall accuracy of 92.63%. The results indicated that the water levels with the mean value of 0.93 and 0.414, respectively, had the least amount of albedo in SEBAL and METRIC methods. Also, based on the results obtained from SEBAL and METRIC methods the city albedo is about 0.313 and 0.278 respectively. These values are the highest levels of albedo among Land use levels. In this study, the amount of albedo in rangelands was determined to be between 0.183 to 0.266 in the SEBAL method and between 0.237 and 0.265 in METRIC method. The amount of albedo was also examined in agricultural (0.240 based on SEBAL method and 0.247 based on METRIC method) and forest lands (0.149 based on SEBAL method and 0.225 based on METRIC method). Finally, according to the results of Albedo values based on SEBAL and METRIC methods, it was concluded that due to the difference in net energy received at different levels, it is possible to estimate the level of albedo levels, which is very effective in estimating evapotranspiration by remote sensing methods.
Mahmood Samadi, Mahmoud Nooraei, Mohammad Mehdi Mozaffari, Babak Haji Karimi,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
The importance of retail in the marketing process has become weaker with the development of shopping centers today, The growth of shopping malls in the metropolitan areas of Iran has been increasing over the past few years and there is no longer competition for retailers. Therefore, surveying the behavior of consumers in their shopping centers is a competitive strategy for the owners of these industries in order to compete with retailers and other shopping centers. The statistical population in this research is Shopping centers of Tehran, Isfahan, Alborz and Mazandaran. The method of selecting shopping centers based on artificial intelligence studies has been done through genetic algorithm. The criteria for choosing the centers are optimal according to the principles of urban management. Using a conceptual model through structural equations of partial least squares, using the Smart PLS software, the statistical population of the study was 384 people. The results showed that the variables of beauty, escape, role play, comfort, brand identity, social responsibility, and impunity affect consumers' behavior in shopping centers, The results of this study have been able to provide a native model with respect to the structures of shopping centers in Iran.
Mohammad Golmohammadi, Mohammad Adalatkhah, Akbar Abdollahzadeh Tarf,
Volume 20, Issue 59 (12-2020)
Abstract
Many factors, including cultural factors, currents and schools of thought, and patterns of urbanization in the world are influential in the physical structure of a city. The physical structure of the city is the result of all the forces that give rise to the formation and formation of a settlement and has an objective and mental appearance. The growth and development of cities, due to various events in all historical periods, has been declining and rising. Nowadays, knowledge of the physical structure of the city and the reasons that govern its spatial expansion in different periods is necessary to control its expansion and is one of the important factors influencing the success of urban planners and designers. This study was written with the aim of identifying and prioritizing cultural factors affecting the physical structure of the city with emphasis on indigenous architecture. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Library and field methods were used to collect information. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and specialists in architecture and urban planning, with a sample size of 30 people. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the fuzzy Delphi technique and the BMW model were used. The results of fuzzy Delphi technique confirmed the identified factors and sub-factors. The results of the BMW model showed that among the identified factors, the privacy factor with a final score of 0.298 in the first place, the security quality factor with a final score of 0.273 in the second place, the nature connection factor and social interactions with a final score of 220 / 0 is in the third place and the hierarchical factor is in the fourth place with a final score of 0.209.
Mahdi Mohammadi,
Volume 21, Issue 60 (3-2021)
Abstract
This paper focuses on convergence with the measures and activities of the global assemblies in order to promote the resilience of cities against earthquakes and to pay attention to their physical- skeletal development process, to analyze the resilience of the city of Zanjan and to design scenarios against the earthquake hazard. The criteria used in order of priority and importance include: type of structure, building quality, building life, number of floors, occupancy level, enclosure coefficient, building density, grading, distance from the fault, number of units in the building, user adaptability, slope and facade Building, Which are applied in the three earthquake resilience scenarios after analytical hierarchy analysis (AHP) based on (relation No. 1).
According to the maps drawn from the scenarios, the resiliency rate in the central and southern parts of the city was weak and very weak and as far as we move north, west, and east, we increase the amount of physical resilience of the area. However, no resonance images in the scenario maps show any area with a very resilient domain. As in Ramallah scenarios 7 and 8, the resilience is in a non-resilient and very weak domain. The analysis shows that, according to the maps in any of the areas, there is no stability in the resilience That is, no area in the assessment of all criteria is resilient.
H Hossain Asakereh, M Mehdi Doustkamian, M Mohammad Darand,
Volume 21, Issue 60 (3-2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze turbulence, fluctuations and jumps of Iranian regions. For this purpose, environmental data has been gathered in two parts. In the first part of the data, the results of the interpolation of the daily precipitation observations of 1434 stations of climate and climate were used from the beginning of 1340 to 1383. After the formation of a database to identify the Iranian regions, a cluster analysis was used on average data and annual and monthly rainfall variation coefficients. Silhouette analysis has been used to validate the Iranian rainy areas. In order to investigate disturbances, mutations and fluctuations in Iran's rainy areas, this study was carried out. The results of cluster analysis indicate that Iran's peripheral areas are divided into six classes. In the meantime, the Caspian region (area 4) has the highest rainfall and the lowest coefficient of variation. The distribution of rainfall regime in each of the six areas shows that Iran's precipitation regime is more frequent in winter and spring and sometimes in autumn. Investigation and analysis of rainfall turmoil has shown that rainfall, except in the 4th district (Caspian region), in other areas of distribution of rainfall occurred along with disturbance. Although most disturbances occur in the zagros area, the highest sequence of disturbances is related to the fifth load region. The least sequence of disturbances occurred in the central and eastern part of the country. The results of mutation analysis and fluctuations indicate that rainfall disturbances, except in the early years of precipitation regions two and five in other regions of the other regions, have no significant mutation, while short-term fluctuations of 3-5 years on rainfall Each of the six domains has dominated.
Mr Mohammad Valaei, Dr Abdollah Abdollahi, Mr Aghil Khaleghi, Mis Eynaz Skandarzadeh,
Volume 21, Issue 60 (3-2021)
Abstract
Livestock farming is one of the most important activities in rural areasand most villagers, along with agriculture and horticulture, are engaged in animal husbandry (Livestock storage) and some products of the villagers in the agriculture and horticulture sector are devoted to livestock feeding, and others are consumed or sold, such as lob bits, live meat and etc. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of livestock economics on sustainable rural development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Library and field studies have been used to collect data. The study area is East Gavdoul District in the Malekan County. According to the census of this region, there were 2306 households and 7468 inhabitants in 2016. According to the Cochran formula, 283 households were selected as the statistical sample of the research. This sample was randomly selected from households with livelihood economics. To analyze data on inferential statistics, one-sample t-test, regression, analysis and performance diagrams were used. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between livestock economy and sustainable rural development with a correlation of 0.400 and significance level of 0.30; So, for the dimensions of livestock economics, the economic sector with the impact of 0.743 and the social sector with the impact of 0.355 have the most impact on the sustainable rural development in the region. Also, the physical section with an impact value of 0.176 has had the lowest level of impact on sustainable rural development in the region. The general results of the research show that the economic sector with 0.41% and the social sector with 0.31% have a positive effect on the development and expansion of th
e livestock economy of the area.
Afshar Hatami, Farzaneh Sasanpour, Alberto Ziparo, Mohammad Soleymani,
Volume 21, Issue 60 (3-2021)
Abstract
Increased urbanization, population growth and socio-economic and environmental problems besides growth and development of ICT at the global level are the sign of the 21st century. The contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection, encountering ultra-modern citizens with industrial cities and lack of responsibility to current citizens has led to a smart sustainable city that thanks to ICT such as IoT following to solve mentioned problems. This paper beside introducing smart sustainable approach as a counterpoint to Neoliberal approach, assessing emergence, evolution, aspects, indices, and differences between similar approaches like smart city. This research from the view of aim is basic research and from the view of nature and research method is descriptive analytic one. The results of the research indicate that also there is no universal definition of smart sustainable city, but there is an agreement on the final goal to obtain sustainable development. The reason for this necessity is the third wave of sustainability and crisis of social, economic and environmental challenges in the context of the cities. Also, primary focus of these definitions is equity and social inclusiveness, quality of life, efficiency, flexible infrastructure, ICT and environment protection. Furthermore, there was such a futuristic gap in the definition of smart sustainable city that a new definition presented based on future study approach. In contrast to similar approaches, the core of the smart sustainable city is ICT and environment protection. Also, results shows that for implementation of this aprroah inaddtion to use theory of change, future study and systems theory, should consider the slogan of “think globaly and act localy” and localization of smart sustainable approach based on social, economic, political and futuristic condition of Iranian metropolises.
M Mohamda Poodineh, M Morteza Esmailnejad, S Sohrab Qaedi, Mohammad Ali Shirazi Kharazi,
Volume 21, Issue 61 (6-2021)
Abstract
The coastal are geographically diverse from important areas for attracting populations and economic activities, especially military ones. Understanding the natural environment's behavior on the coast can help plan and deploy military activities. Therefore, this study evaluates the role of natural factors (climate and geomorphology). For this purpose, the most important variables affecting the location of military activities are selected, and then the data of the weather stations of the region for a period of 30 years to create climate databases and layers of features of the earth's surface including slope, tilt, topography, etc., for The formation of natural databases was selected and organized in the GIS environment. Then, using decision-making methods (AHP, ANP), we evaluated the impact criteria in the locational process. Ultimately, using the Fuzzy Collaborative Model, the final map provided the best places to deploy military equipment and equipment on the coast of the Oman Sea. The results showed that more suitable locations are located in the eastern coastal strip and some western locations. However, scattered locations with the least vulnerability and non-operational basics can be found in the coastal areas in the final map.
Dr Mohammad Hosein Saraei, Dr Mohammad Reza Rezaei, Mr Mohsen Adeli,
Volume 21, Issue 61 (6-2021)
Abstract
The route optimization process is one of the analyzes that can be used when there is a constraint on resources and time, including post-earthquake conditions. In this research, this analysis has been used to solve the Travelling Salesman Problem. In this case, the goal is finding the shortest path between a set of points and the algorithm will try to minimize the transmission costs and target function. This paper due to target, is practical and developmental, due to doing method is descriptive and analytical and due to information gathering method is documental and surveying. In order to implement this problem, by considering to the strict scenario of accessing resources, two algorithms including the Ant Colony Optimization and Imperialist Competition Algorithm in the MATLAB environment with the Dijkstra algorithm in the GIS environment have been used. The view points of the model are areas that prepared to temporary post-earthquake settlement in Gorgan city and the spatial and temporal real-time distances in the urban network are used instead of Euclidian distances. The results of the implementation of the model have shown that the Ant Colony Optimization has performed the route optimization in two parameters of time and distance more effectively than the two dijkstra and Imperialist Competition Algorithm.
Sayyed Mohammad Hosseini, Fakhry Sadat Fateminiya,
Volume 21, Issue 61 (6-2021)
Abstract
In this study, used the data of the Modis satellite. Satellite in the province of Hamadan for a period of 15 years to study and monitor the status of the leaf area index. The leaf area index data were analyzed. After extraction from the Modus website, coding was done in software and then extracted from the maps. Finally, the annual time series of leaf area index was obtained and its relation with rainfall and average temperature during these years. In order to investigate better, the cells above the one representing a better condition and higher leaf area density. In this regard, the years 2002, 2008 and 2011 were (0.01, 0.03, and 0.03%) of the lowest pixels higher than 1 and 2016 with 0.24 and 2014, 2009 and 2010 with 0.07 pixels higher than 1, the highest number of pixels. The common aspect of all years shows that in terms of pixels above the common places, all the years: the southern Hamadan gardens in the south of the Moradbeyk Valley, the Nahavand West fields, the south-east Malayer Gardens, the protected area Lashgar in the south-east of Malayer. The only difference seen in different years is the number of pixels. Finally, the time series of the data were the highest in 1389 and the lowest level of leaf area in the years 1381 and 2008.
