Showing 108 results for Model
Majid Yasoori, Seyedeh Fatemeh Emami,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate and explain poverty in Saravan village in Rasht city. In this research, survey method and structural equation modeling were used to present a model of based on results of the census in 2011, the number of villages in this district was 7 villages and the number of households was 4283 households. Morgan table was used to determine the sample size of the family heads living in rural areas of Saravan. Finally, 351 questionnaires were selected for family heads, which it was increased to 370 to obtain better results of the questionnaires. The results of a single sample T test indicate that the social and political indices are at good status. However, the T-value of the economic dimension is at the poverty status. The main reason for the poor status of this index is adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables in the household food plan, the inadequacy of housing space for children and the vulnerability of residential against earthquakes and accidents, and the sale of products indirectly through middlemen. It has caused respondents to consider lower scores for this index. According to the findings, the factor load of all items is confirmed in the social, economic and political dimensions.
Dr. Mostafa Karimi, Mis Fatemeh Sotoudeh, Dr. Somayeh Rafati,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
Increasing CO2 emissions and consequently, air temperature causes climate anomalies which affects all the aspects of human life. The purpose of this study was to assess the temperature changes and also to predict the extreme temperatures in Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. To do this, the SDSM statistical and dynamical model was used. As well, it was applied the Mann-Kendal graphical and statistical technique to analyze the temperature changes and its trend. In this regard, the daily temperature was obtained from Rasht, Ramsar and Babolsar synoptic stations during 1961 – 2010, and also the general circulation models data of HadCM3 and NCEP were collected from related databases. The results revealed a significant positive trend in monthly and annual minimum and maximum temperature in all three stations in the first (1961-2010) and third (1961-2040) periods. There is not a significant trend in extreme temperatures in Ramsar and maximum temperature in Rasht in the second period (2011-2040). The Mann-Kendal graphical test was used for the yearly extreme temperatures in all periods. The results showed that it was occurred both increasing trend and suddenly changes or shifts at the 95% confidence level in all stations. It is occurred the highest of changes in monthly and annual of the minimum temperature at forecasted period (2011-2040). It was predicted extreme temperature to increase about 0.1 to 1.7° C. The short time oscillations and significant positive trend occurred in both the maximum and minimum temperature shows the temperature increase and climate changes in the future. Thus it is obvious the decrease in temperature difference in warm and cold seasons.
Dr Maryam Bayatvarkeshi, Ms Rojin Fasihi,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
Modeling provides the studying of groundwater managers as an efficient method with the lowest cost. The purpose of this study was comparison of the numerical model, neural intelligent and geostatistical in groundwater table changes modeling. The information of Hamedan – Bahar aquifer was studied as one of the most important water sources in Hamedan province. In this study, MODFLOW numerical code in GMS software, artificial neural network (ANN) and neural – fuzzy (CANFIS) method in NeuroSolution software, wavelet-neural method in MATLAB software and geostatistical method in ArcGIS software were used. The results showed that the accuracy of methods in estimation of the groundwater table with the lowest Normal Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) include Wavelet-ANN, CANFIS, geostatistical, ANN and numerical model, respectively. The NRMSE value in Wavelet-ANN method as optimization method was 0.11 % and in numerical model was 2.2 %. Also the correlation coefficients were 0.998 and 0.904, respectively. So application of neural combination models, specially, wavelet theory in estimated the groundwater table is most suitable than geostatistical and numerical model. Moreover, in the neural intelligent models were applied latitude, longitude and altitude as available variables in input models. The zoning results of groundwater table indicated that the decreased trend of groundwater table was from the west to the east of aquifer which was in line with the hydraulic gradient.
Chenoor Mohammadi, Manouchehr Farajzadeh, Yousef Ghavdel Rahimi, Abbas Ali Aliakbar Bidokhti,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
This study is aimed at estimating monthly mean air temperature (Ta) using the MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), latitude, altitude, slope gradient and land use data during 2001-2015. The results showed that despite some spatial similarities between annual spatial patterns of Ta and LST, their variations are significantly different, so that the Ta variation coefficient is four times the one of the LST. Our analysis indicated that while in winter latitude is the key factor in explaining the distribution of the differences LST-Ta, in other seasons the role of slope and vegetation become more prominent. After obtaining the spatial patterns of LST and Ta, we estimated Ta using regression models in spatial resolution of 0.125˚. The lowest estimation error was found in the months of November and December with a high explanatory coefficient (R2) of 70% and a standard error of 1 ° C. On the other hand, the maximum error was obtained from May to August with R2 between 59 to 63% and a standard error of 1.6 ° C which is significant at the 0.05 level. In addition, result of evaluation of individual months showed that estimation of Ta is more accurate at the cold months of the year (November, December, January, February, and March). With considering different land uses, the highest R2 was related to waters and urban areas (96 to 99%) in warm months, and the lowest R2 was for mixed forest and grassland (between 15 and 36%) in cold months.
Farzaneh Sasanpour, Sara Alizadeh, Hourieh Aarabi Moghadam,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (3-2018)
Abstract
Livability approach is defined as the healthy, safe, suitable and economically accessible urban system that brings about high life quality and is considered as a subset of sustainable development. Although investigating urban livability can be advantageous in identifying deficiencies and taking actions in order to improve livability of the living environment of residents, but unfortunately there has been inadequate considerations about livability theory in Iran. the result, in this study, the livability of Urumia city has been investigated. Firstly, after devising 24 factors in 4 aspects (Physical-Environmental, Economic, Social and Health) this index was evaluated in urban areas by using newly invented model RALSPI with descriptive-analytical approach. Finally, based on this model, the areas were placed within the range of very livable to intolerable, so that District #1 was determined as the best area with livability score of 0.31 and District #2 was determined as the most unlivable area with the score of 0.007. This issue revealed a huge gap between the areas of the city.
Jamileh Tavakolinia, Mostafa Haraeeni,
Volume 18, Issue 49 (3-2018)
Abstract
Tourism quality is important factor so that influence in return of tourists. Hence, it needed to be developed tourism quality due to stimulate domestic and foreign investment, increase business, and improve economic and social conditions. This study has an applied perspective relevant to type, and has an analytical approach pertaining to descriptive method. Using a questionnaire and taking the reliability of the data into account, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.834) and content validity, the data and required information were collected; and analyzing the number of 354 forms referring to the Darband restaurants were performed, with respect to documentary research and fieldwork in the sample tests. Based on facts collected due to satisfy consumptions; we found some gaps including, the widest gap of QoSs is relevant to tangibles with average distance -0.33, and narrowest gap of QoSs is pertaining to responsiveness with average distance 0.34. In next step, using Kano model we categories’ QoSs, and the results, based on customers’ respond, shown that 6 features categorized as “attractive,” 5 features categorized as “one-dimensional,” 6 features categorized as “necessary,” and 2 features as rest of 19 characteristics categorized as “unconcerned.” Eventually, according to the findings performed an inspection due find out about a relation over the Spearman correlation, and education, and income.
Tayebeh Dehghani, Mohammad Saligheh, Bohloul Alijani,
Volume 18, Issue 49 (3-2018)
Abstract
In order to detect climate change, a variety of climate indicators can be used which is often considered temperature and precipitation. In order to investigate the effect of climate change on the amount of precipitation in the north coast of the Persian Gulf, it simulated the precipitable water for 2017-2050 based on the RCP4.5 model of the Hadcm3 model. The NCEP / NCAR base-station data with an arc-value of 0.125 was used to analyze the past and present precipitable water patterns and to reveal the process of this time series. Time series analysis of precipitable water was performed using two SENS tilt estimators and Man-Kendall test. The results indicated that the annual time series of rain water was increasing in the region, every year, 0.05 mm, the precipitated water increased and it tended to become more homogeneous, this increase in the significance level of 0.95. The precipitation rate in the eastern part of the region was higher than other areas. Before 1989, several fluctuations were observed in the rainy season of precipitable water, but none was statistically significant at the confidence level of 95%, but since 1989, the trend has increased significantly at a confidence level of 0.95. This spatial behavior of precipitable water can actually have occurred in response to the increase in the overall temperature of the area and can be considered as a profile of climate change in the region.
Javad Bazrafshan, Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad, Najmeh Hamli,
Volume 18, Issue 49 (3-2018)
Abstract
This study explored the factors and drivers of livelihood pattern change in rural households through sustainable livelihoods Approach. The study was considered applicable and used a descriptive-analytic method. To collect the data, questionnaire and interview instruments were utilized. The statistical population was Minan rural households in Sarbaz border province (N=4544). Using Cochran’s sampling technique, 354 households were selected as the participants of the study. One sample t-test, chi-square, and logistic model were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that out of 354 respondents, 72.88 % believed their livelihood pattern had changed and 27.12% supposed no change. 15 out of 45 variables under study were considerably effective and had significant relationships with livelihood variable. Economical (0.400), personal (0.360), and geographical isolation (0.312) factors played major roles in this regard. Moreover, it indicated that out of 354 respondents, 39.8% assumed that they had chosen fuel smuggling, 25.4 % goods trading, and 22.9 % service works as a reaction to this livelihood change for the living. Thus, it can be argued that integrated rural livelihood and accessible proper foundations for subsistence outside the farms (such as rural industries) can diversify living and prevent both livelihood change and use of illicit and hazardous activities, for instance, fuel and goods smuggling.
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Fatemeh Mohammadyary, Hamidreza Pourkhabbaz, Hossin Aghdar, Morteza Tavakoly,
Volume 18, Issue 50 (3-2018)
Abstract
Land-use change is one of the most important challenges of land-use planning that lies with planners, decision-makers and policymakers and has a direct impact on many issues, such as economic growth and the quality of the environment. The present study examines the land use change trends in Behbahan city for 2014 and 2028 using LCM in the GIS environment. Analysis and visibility of user variations, carried out in two periods of Landsat satellite images of 2000 (ETM + sensor) and 2014 (OLI sensors), and land cover maps for each year. The transmission potential modeling was performed by using the multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network algorithm using six independent variables and the distribution of changes in user usage were calculated by Markov chain method. The results of the prediction showed that the most reduction in the changes is the degradation of the rangelands and the greatest increase in the area of agricultural use. According to the horizontal tabulation results of the 2028 map, it can be stated that from the total area of the area 28336.22 hectares of land were unchanged and 33223.78 hectares of land use change. Also Rangeland and forest degradation during this time period can be a danger to urban planners and natural resources.
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Dr Abazar Solgi, Dr Heidar Zarei, , ,
Volume 18, Issue 50 (3-2018)
Abstract
Estimating and predicting precipitation and achieving its runoff play an important role to correct management and exploitation of basins, management of dams and reservoirs, minimizing the flood damages and droughts, and water resource management, so they are considered by hydrologists. The appropriate performance of intelligent models leads researchers to use them for predicting hydrological phenomena more and more. Therefore, in this study, the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) models were used to model monthly precipitation of Nahavand City. In this study, precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity data were used in a 32-year period (from 1983 to 2014). The results showed that the same and good performance of both models (R2= 0.92), but according to different evaluation criteria, GEP model showed a little better performance (RMSE= 0.0478 and 0.0486), while the running GEP model is so easier than the SVM model. Totally, it can be said that GEP model had been suitable for modeling monthly precipitation of Varayeneh station in Nahavand City. Finally, the monthly precipitation was predicted the GEP which showed a decrease in precipitation in compared with previous months.
Hossein Asakereh, Robab Razmi,
Volume 18, Issue 50 (3-2018)
Abstract
In the present study, the main aim was the spatial evaluation summer rainfall of northwest of Iran based on30 stations in northwest of Iran during 30 years of statistical period (1985-2014). An attempt, using geo-statistical modeling by ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) procedures, was also made. The results represented that the GWR model with higher S2, lower residuals and lower RMSE is an optimized geo-statistical model for rainfall modeling of this area. This model can explain spatio-temporal rainfall distribution in northwest of Iran in a diversified topographical and geographical background. This model revealed that two spatial factors including elevation and slope, have the most important role in the summer rainfall behavior.Therefore Elevations in the mountainous and eastern parts of Lake Urmia, Latitude in the northern regions and slopes in the east of the region, have the most role in the spatial variations of summer precipitation in northwestern Iran.
Fariba Esfandiari , Soghra Jedi Gheshlagh Ilkhchi , Elnaz Piroozi,
Volume 18, Issue 51 (6-2018)
Abstract
ncompatibility natural environment in the areas of urban development can create various hazards as well as to provide natural, natural bed is capable of In relation to climatic factors and soil, slope, climate and restrictions on the physical development of cities, the (Shia, 1369: 68). That threaten the lives of a lot of financial damage, so that a reduction in development processes and precludes the formation of the development process are stable. As a result of the planned development is greater than ever The development of the city due to factors such orientation should be Along with minimum harm to the environment is physical development. One is a Germi city of Ardabil province in the northwest and north of the province of Ardabil between ˚39 '10 - ˚38 '50 to the north of the Equator and ˚47 '25 - ˚48 '12 east of the Greenwich meridian. The city has a total area of square kilometers which is equivalent to 9.6 percent of 1725/ 2is Ardabil. The city due to its geographical location and placed on the steep and mountainous zone has numerous limitations. Therefore, investigating and analyzing natural phenomena and human factors area and will ultimately provide control measures and logical approach and limits of this process is essential. Therefore, in this study, We try to be as natural and human phenomena and limitations arising from the possibility of them have been studied in relation to the development of the Germi city And ways to determine optimal physical development of the city.
Dr Tayebeh Kiani, Mr. Mohamad Fatholahzadeh,
Volume 19, Issue 52 (3-2019)
Abstract
The karst areas refers to individual areas that shaped by the dissolution of bedrock and subsurface drainage grid development and are connected mainly with limestone. The karstic formations outcrop 20 percent of the land surface of the planet is covered that 11 percent of Iran are part of this 20% is included. The ZAGROS region of origin karstic formations in the country that the formation of karst forms and numerous caves in the area attest to this claim. Overall creation and development of karst geomorphology, the formation of karstic aquifers are karstic systems. In fact karstic aquifers, underground reservoirs that store water in a web of interlocking joints and cracks, caves and canals. The karst can be effective ways to develop into three categories: physical, chemical and hydrogeologic studies divided that role of lithology and its properties, weather conditions and hydrological and structural factors such as faults and fissures, and slope area are of particular importance. In this study, characteristics OSHTORANKUH region of karst processes and the formation of karstic aquifers were examined and to do so using the AHP model the effect of weight each criterion was determined in karst area. Then, using the SAW model )is a subset of multiple criteria decision-making methods( Zoning areas prone to karstic aquifers OSHTORANKUH software was Arc GIS 10.3 and defining the center of the southern slopes of the western and north-eastern slopes of the mountain that are consistent with carbonate formation, the intersection of active faults and are the focus of surface runoff ,it also has a gentle slope than other parts of the region, have Better and more suitable conditions for the formation of karst processes karstic aquifers. The adaptation of the area most prone to the aquifer karst springs evidence of the correct zoning of the area is karstic aquifers.
Mr Soleiman Pirouzzadeh, Mahmood Khosravi, Samad Fotohi,
Volume 19, Issue 52 (3-2019)
Abstract
Studies show that 14 provinces are impacted by wind erosion and the movement of sand dunes. The sand originated from the shores of Oman Sea is the most important environmental hazards that threaten the already large number of rural settlements. Sands of marine origin are available on the beach and away from the sea of dunes in addition of marine origin, Predictive models for planning sustainable use of land use and land cover in a country like Iran that land use is changing rapidly, there is an urgent need; To detect and predict changes in land cover changes overview to better manage natural resources and protect marginal lands beaches and is very effective long-term policy measures. The aim of this paper is modeling and prediction of changes in land-use in 2035 by using CA Markov model and Landsat satellite images in the West of Zarabad,( The coasts of Makran). Then to determine the changes in the movement of sand dunes in the study area ranged from twenty-three years (1991-2014), satellite imageries from Landsat 7 and 8(ETM+ sensor) with 15 and 30 meters spatial resolution , was used. The 1991, 2001and 2014 month August images were used, this images from website of the US Geological Survey (USGS) have been prepared. Finally, these images by using Geographic Information System (GIS), ENVI and IDRISI softwares were analyzed. The results showed that the changes in the region the largest increase in the interest of sand dunes in the year 1991 (25.561) km², in 2001 (10 . 568) km², and in 2014 (45.578), and the increase of (17.198) km², has experienced. The results also estimated that in future (2035) sand dunes area increase to 592.45 km².This increase in area of sand dunes occur in the absence of proper and efficient management is done in order to stabilize the sand. This increase resulted from changed moorland 162 km²of land area (27%) and 12 kilometers of vegetation (2%) and 23 km² of fluvial (3.4%). These changes makes heavily exposed about 6 villages (Karti,Gnjk, Sohroki, Pyvshk, Vanak and Kalirak) to the movement of running sands.
Mr Asdollah Hejazi, Mrs Fatemeh Khodaie Geshlag, Mrs Leila Khodaie Geshlag,
Volume 19, Issue 53 (6-2019)
Abstract
Varkesh
-Chai River with approximately 69 kilometer and north-south trend, in one of the main and permanent rivers of Tabriz city, That 10 villages with worn out texture have established in its main bed. Field studies show that, villages’development has been without knowing the rules governing hydraulic behavior, prediction of river hydrological behavior, and no respecting the main bed of river, it has been conserved to the agricultural land or garden. Lack of knowledge and attention to the above-mentioned cases and river bed manipulation has increased the vulnerability of villages, agricultural land or other human facilities of the flood risk in the catchment area. Therefore, it is necessary to study the areas potential to the flood occurrence and to prepare floodplain maps in district. In present study, flood levels were determined along the main river, during the return periods of 25 and 50 years. For this purpose, geography information systems (GIS) and HEC_RAS model and HEC_GEO_RASextension were usedto simulate earth geometry, river plans, left and right rivers shores, and flow rate obtained then, the villages exposed to flood with these return peaks were identified and then, hydraulic behavior of the river was simulated. Finally, solution to reduce the damages caused by flood along the main river were identified.
Shadieh Heydari Tasheh Kaboud, Younes Khoshkhoo,
Volume 19, Issue 53 (6-2019)
Abstract
The aim of this research is the study of the climate change impacts on the seasonal and annual reference evapotranspiration time scales in some selected stations located in the West of Iran. To this purpose, four stations including Sanandaj, Saghez, Khorramabad and Kermanshah synoptic stations with enough long-term data were selected and the climate change impact on the reference evapotranspiration of these stations under two RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios in three future time periods including 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 in comparison with the 1970-1999 base period was studied. The FAO-Penman-Montieth method was applied to calculating reference evapotranspiration and the CanESM2 general circulation model and SDSM downscaling method were used to simulating future climate conditions under the climatic scenarios. The results showed that the mean reference evapotranspiration in the annual and autumn and winter time scales in comparison to the base period will significantly increase for all of the studied stations under all of the scenarios and periods at the 0.01 confidence level. For spring season, the only significant change of the future period mean reference evapotranspiration compared to the base period in the all of the studied area will be a significant increase at the 0.01 confidence level in the 2071-2100 period under the RCP8.5 scenario and for the summer season, this significant increasing rate will occur in the 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 periods under the RCP8.5 scenario. The overall results of this research showed that the highest increasing rate of the future periods in comparison with the base period for all of the seasonal and annual time periods and for all of the studied area will under RCP8.5 scenario and in the 2071-2100 time periods. by comparing the reference evapotranspiration change rates between the different seasonal and annual scales, the results showed that the increasing rate of the mean reference evapotranspiration at the West of Iran will be very remarkably in the autumn and winter seasons compared to the other time scales.
Zahra Tarasi, Hosin Karimzadeh, Mohsen Aghayari Hir,
Volume 19, Issue 54 (9-2019)
Abstract
While women account for about half the population of rural areas, they have always been considered as vulnerable populations of the community. Considering empowerment and its effective factors can increase their participation in livelihoods and increase their ability to help increase their family income. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the factors and drivers that affect the empowerment of rural women. The present research is a descriptive-analytical one. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and interviewed with rural women in Zanjan. The statistical population includes rural women in Zanjan city (N = 43559). Using Cochran's formula and quotient sampling, 381 women over 20 years old were selected as samples. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test and binary logistic regression tests. The results showed that among the 29 variables in the study, 14 variables significantly had a significant relationship with the empowerment of rural women in Zanjan. Accordingly, economic factors (0.1171), psychological (0.197) and personal factors (109.10) had the most effects on empowerment of rural women (dependent variable). The results of this study can be used to identify the factors affecting the empowerment of rural women and removing the barriers related to it in the villages of the region and in general in the villages of the country.
Hossein Naserzadeh, Fariba Sayadi, Meysam Toulabi Nejad,
Volume 19, Issue 55 (12-2019)
Abstract
This research was carried out with the aim of understanding the spatial displacement of rainfall nuclei as an effective factor in the future hydrological conditions in Iran. Two types of databases were used to conduct this research. The first type of data is the monthly precipitation of 86 synoptic stations with the statistical period of 1986-1989 and the second type of predicted data from the output of the CCSM4 model under the three scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP6) from 2016 to 2036. After collecting and modeling the data, the maps were mapped to the ARCGIS environment. The results of the study showed that the terrestrial nuclei in the whole of Iran's zone in the four seasons will have changes with a negative trend in the future. The coefficient of rainfall variation in the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons will be 61.4, 101.4, 58.9 and 55.8 percent, respectively. The results of the triple scenario study showed that the displacement of the spring core from all north north of the country to the northwest of the country is limited to the common borders of Iran, Turkey and Armenia (the Maku and Jolfa region), but in summer, the high core The northern shores and parts of the northwest of the country will be transported to the south of the country (around Khash and Saravan). In the autumn, the high-lying zone, which is located throughout the northern part of the country, will move to two distinct nuclei in the central Zagros (Dena and Zadkouh areas) and southwest Khazars (Anzali and Astara areas), and the core of winter from the central Zagros And the Caspian region will be transferred to the northwest of Kurdistan and southwest of West Azarbaijan, which will be seen in all scenarios. Another point is that, in addition to reducing the boulders, in the future, drought areas will cover more of the country.
Mrs Fatemeh Khodadadi, Dr Mojgan Entezari, Dr Farzaneh Sasanpour,
Volume 20, Issue 56 (3-2020)
Abstract
Today, in view of the growing population and population density in urban areas, especially in densely populated and susceptible cities, the need for an inclusive and comprehensive approach to natural disasters and disasters caused by their occurrence has become more evident . Focusing more than the size of the population in specific urban areas, lack of preventive planning and lack of readiness to deal with accidents such as earthquakes, is a very serious and important threat to citizens and the survival of the city. The capital city of Karaj, as one of the major cities in Iran, has a high risk of earthquakes due to the presence of several active faults inside and outside it. Accordingly, investigations of the seismic vulnerability of this city are one of the necessities of Karaj city management. Regarding this, the metropolis of karaj was selected as the study area. The method of research and analysis of information collected based on database-based methods using the ELECTRE FUZZY model and Criteria for building materials, number of floors, quality of buildings, population density, building density, area of parts, width of passageways, geology, distance from faults, distance from medical centers, distance from public space, distance from urban facilities and travel compatibility for research purposes Were used. The results indicate that 6, 8, 1, and 7 areas of Karaj municipality are vulnerable to earthquake, so that more than 70 percent of Karaj city is vulnerable to earthquake vulnerability on low and low floors and Only about 20% of the city of Karaj due to its proximity to the fault and the high density of population, construction and ... is in high and high risk areas. According to the principles of urban planning, the regulations of 2800 can cover earthquake damage in these areas.
Mokhtar Karami,, Rahman Zandi,, Jalal Taheri,
Volume 20, Issue 56 (3-2020)
Abstract
In recent years with the development of cities coatings of the Earth's has changed surface. These changes have caused some urban areas to have a few degrees higher than the surrounding temperature. This phenomenon is known as thermal islands. Mashhad is one of the major metropolises in Iran with the problem of thermal islands. Various parameters affect the formation of thermal islands in this city that should be considered. In this study TM, ETM+ and OLI images were used to obtain surface temperature over the period 1987-2016. The study of temporal variations in surface temperature showed that in the studied period, thermal islands were transferred from outside the city to the city. The model for describing the temperature of the surface of the earth has changed and has diminished from the temperature of the city's moderate and cool temperatures, and in contrast, the amount of high temperatures (thermal islands) has increased significantly. The TOPSIS method was also used to obtain the thermal forming factors. 13 natural and human factors affecting the formation of thermal islands were identified. Each expert opinion factor was used to determine the degree of importance. According to experts, the distance from the sanctuary with a weight of %234 and traffic of %155 is the most important and the height with a weight of %022 is least important in the formation of thermal islands. The final results obtained from this model showed that the factors affecting the formation of thermal islands are well recognized and the temperature decreases with these factors.
