The rapid expansion of cities and their uneven physical growth, so-called "urban creep", have corrupted the villages and their surrounding lands, causing irregular conversion of agricultural lands and degradation of environmental resources. This situation has also been widespread in Shahrekord, the capital of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The purpose of this descriptive-survey research is to determine the physical developments of rural settlements around Shahrekord with emphasis on urban sprwal. The statistical population is household heads of rural areas (15000 people). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table, 400 individuals were selected. The tool used is a researcher-made questionnaire on three dimensions of economic, social, cultural and environmental physical consequences. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The results show that the consequences of urban sprawl are respectively environmental-physical consequences (3/98), economic consequences (3/96) and socio-cultural consequences (3/89 (. The most important environmental-physical consequences are increased environmental pollution, destruction of traditional architecture, destruction of biodiversity; major economic consequences of stock markets and rising land and housing prices, diminishing villagers' reluctance to productive activities (agriculture and livestock), capital flight from villages And their savings in the city and the rising cost of living amidst the socio-cultural consequences of luxury and the tendency to consume luxury goods, reduce solidarity and participation, crowding and crowding in cities, modeling of life and urbanization culture. have been.

Training is one of the most convenient, and fastest ways to enable a society. Rural administrators are no exception; therefore, in order to achieve sustainable rural development, it is essential to enable Dehyars (rural administrators) through education and training courses. Accordingly, to improve Dehyar’s performance, they are provided with some training courses held by various organizations dealing with rural issues. Therefore, measuring the quality of training services is a prerequisite for improving the quality of training services and their performance. The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytic method. The population was comprised of all Dehyars in Nasrabad District, Torbat-e-Jam County. Nevertheless, due to small number of the participants, all Dehyars were included in the study. According to the results of the correlation test, both dimensions of ‘expectations’ and ‘perceptions’ have a positive and significant relationship with the individual characteristics of the Dehyars. The results of single sample t-test indicate that the mean of respondents' views in two dimensions of perceptions and expectations from training services is moderate to high. Further, according to the gap analysis (using the SERVQUAL model), in all aspects of the quality of training services, there is a negative gap between the perceptions and expectations of the Dehyars from training services. Nevertheless, the most important component which met the expectations of Dehyars about training services was related to accountability dimension; therefore, it is proposed to reduce the gap through organizing the workshops and training courses in an independent location with adequate equipment for the staff and instructors. It is also recommended to consult the Dehyars to see what courses they need.

Livestock farming is one of the most important activities in rural areasand most villagers, along with agriculture and horticulture, are engaged in animal husbandry (Livestock storage) and some products of the villagers in the agriculture and horticulture sector are devoted to livestock feeding, and others are consumed or sold, such as lob bits, live meat and etc. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of livestock economics on sustainable rural development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Library and field studies have been used to collect data. The study area is East Gavdoul District in the Malekan County. According to the census of this region, there were 2306 households and 7468 inhabitants in 2016. According to the Cochran formula, 283 households were selected as the statistical sample of the research. This sample was randomly selected from households with livelihood economics. To analyze data on inferential statistics, one-sample t-test,  regression,  analysis and performance diagrams were used. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between livestock economy and sustainable rural development with a correlation of 0.400 and significance level of 0.30; So, for the dimensions of livestock economics,  the economic sector with the impact of 0.743 and the social sector with the impact of 0.355 have the most impact on the sustainable rural development in the region. Also, the physical section with an impact value of 0.176 has had the lowest level of impact on sustainable rural development in the region. The general results of the research show that the economic sector with 0.41% and the social sector with 0.31% have a positive effect on the development and expansion of the livestock economy of the area.
 

Today, in the context of sustainable rural development, the need to move quickly from traditional livelihoods to sustainable livelihood patterns is evident. It is obvious that achieving this change is not possible without regard to the household's livelihoods and assets. Livelihoods include the types of natural, physical, human, social and financial assets that are considered as essential to the livelihoods of the poor. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to measure the level of livelihoods of households living in the border villages of Torbat-e-yam. The descriptive-analytic research methodology is an applied-developmental type. In the present study, livelihood assets were categorized into 5 types of assets with the help of 64 indicators. These indices in the confirmatory factor analysis explained 66% of the variance, and also the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.91, indicating the validity and reliability of the research tool. The statistical population of the study is all border villages in more than 20 households in Torbat-e Jam. The unit analyzes 264 households in 17 villages located 10 kilometers from the border between Iran and Afghanistan. The results of the study showed that the livelihood of rural households living at the border is very low, so that the average human capital is 2.13, capital 1.87, social capital 2.48, physical capital 1.81, natural capital 12 / 2 in the Likert spectrum is significantly lower than the theoretical one. Also, the "livelihood assets" structure with an average of 2.22 was measured as "low". The results of the research show that the livelihood patterns of the border villages continue to be characterized by traditional livelihoods and have little adaptation to sustainable livelihoods, and the settlement in the village, along with the geographical isolation of the borders, has created many livelihoods for the dwelling population. Any activity in the field of livelihood modeling requires attention to the multiplicity of livelihoods.

In this project government endow loam to villagers for improving their houses. This project help to villagers for improvement their life and it help to villagers for preparation for sudden hazards. Improvement rural houses project improve quality of life villagers. Therefore, this project presents for resolving problems and challenges that improvement rural houses project confront with them. Investigative method was descriptive-survey and we used from questionnaire for collecting data. Statistical society includes 50 people that we used from census method for sampling method. Statistical method was technical supervisors in Kermanshah County.  Reliability calculated by alpha Cronbach method that equal 0.72 and validity calculated by K.M.O and Bartlet method that equal (K.M. O=74/0) and Bartlet significant equal (0.0).  But technical supervisors have positive attitude about housing foundation of Islamic revolution performance. They were satisfaction from workshops and upstream supervisors in housing foundation of Islamic revolution of province of Kermanshah. Results shows that there is relationship between distance village from city and quality of building materials quality. Also, there is relationship between knowledge of people about project and time periods. It shows that knowledge people increase. Finally, by factor analysis we understand that there are 5 components that effect on improvement rural houses projects that include: dimension of individual people and technical supervisors, attitude of people to improvement rural houses projects, life quality and improvement in life style, challenge in law and discipline and time of project. They explain 65.85% of total of variance. Also, the findings show that there is a meaningful and reverse relationship between the beginning of the technical observer's period and the amount of his attention to the consciousness of the people at the level of 0/05. Meanwhile, people's awareness has increased over time.

Rural services and the power and location of rural services are one of the important issues in planning. In examining patterns and systems of rural services, the status and importance of each village in terms of utilizing a variety of rural services and its ability to receive or transfer Services are considered as an essential element and element. The spatial analysis of services can be described and explained in the context of distributive justice. The rural areas of the Tankeman district of the Alborz province have faced rural immigration in recent years, while faced with challenges in terms of enjoying some rural services. In order to plan and optimize the rural service system in this section, it is necessary first of all to evaluate the situation of each village in terms of utilizing rural services. Based on this, by providing a questionnaire from 16 selected villages in this section, the status of each village was evaluated for different types of rural services based on the number of existing services and the decision matrix was formed and then through Antherapy method, the weight of each specified service and then prioritized by using COPRAS  model. The results show that the main village has basic services. But they are facing challenges with modern and new services. Accordingly, the villages of Bakhtiar, Nukand and Mohammad Abad Khalisheh, Kareem Abad, Qasem Abad and Dengizak have the most benefit from rural services, and this situation follows a cluster pattern.

Today, agricultural tourism or agritourism is emphasized by focusing on a farm or agricultural business as a tourist destination with the goal of educational, recreational and job creation in rural areas. This type of tourism is a stimulus for the vulnerable rural economy and the needs of citizens who pay for their visits to or participation in farm activities, the direct purchase of agricultural products, and the familiarization with nature and indigenous people, which contribute to economic prosperity, job creation and prosperity. Villages will be. In the present study, its nature is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical, the explanation and identification of the factors affecting the development of rural tourism in rural areas is the goal of the research. The statistical population of the study consisted of three groups of officials and experts, locals and tourists. For each group, according to the Cochran formula, 34, 261 and 20 subjects were selected. The main focus of the data on the field method was collected through face-to-face questionnaires and interviews. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics methods such as mean and frequency and inferential statistics methods such as one-sample t-test, Chi-square and Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The findings show that factors such as housing provision for tourists, government incentive schemes, coordination between government agencies, awareness of farmers, and setting up private sector investment with a significant level of 0.30 and a positive amount of chi-square are the most important priorities. Effective in developing agricultural tourism in rural areas of Tehran province.

Tourism plays an important role in rural development. Tourism while enhancing the rural development process through diversification of economic activities, maintaining social integrity, environmental protection, and positive spatial-physical changes in rural settlements can increase the quality of life in rural areas. Due to the importance of this issue, in the present study, the effects of tourism on improving the quality of life of rural settlements were investigated. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and interviews with rural households. The statistical population includes rural settlements on the shores of the Oman Sea in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province, the two coastal cities of Konarak and Chabahar (N = 4855). Using Cochranchr('39')s formula and quota sampling method, 356 samples in 12 villages that had tourist attractions were selected as a sample. Descriptive tests, analysis of variance and path analysis model were used to analyze the data and answer the research questions. The results of analysis of variance showed that tourism has a good linear relationship with increasing the quality of life in rural settlements of Konarak and Chabahar. So that according to the route analysis model, rural tourism has different and favorable effects on economic, social, environmental and physical-spatial indicators and the value of p of all Lamda parameters in the above model indicates the confirmation of all regression relationships. Among the four dimensions, tourism development has had the greatest effect on the economic dimension of quality of life and the least effect on the social dimension of quality of life in rural settlements.

The present research has been carried out to analyze the behavior of the rural community of Varzaqan in the territory of electoral geography and the approach used in it is "spatial-behavioral". Research based on the purpose is practical and in terms of collecting data, it's a mixed type (exploratory design - tool development model). According to the research goal, using the qualitative method, through the phenomenological method, the deep understanding, complexity, detail and texture of the studied phenomena have been studied. Then, using this initial identification (in order to arrive at a generalized result), it was attempted to develop the tool using the SEM. Using a targeted sampling method, the sample size of the first phase is 25, and for the second phase, 32 people are localized. Phenomenological results show that the Electoral Behaviors of rural community in Varzaqan county can be analyzed in three main categories: (a) "geographic features" with the themes of "sense of location, neighborhood impact, and localism"; (b) "individual and social" with the themes of "social stimulus and individual stimulus"; and (c) "political" Themes "Engagement Conditions, Affective Role, Political Orientation, and Religion." This behavior is in accordance with the categories of "geographical and political characteristics" with the "rational choice theory", and in terms of "individual and social" with "the pattern of political economy (wise reformed approach)". Modeling results also show that the variable "geographical features" and "individual and social factors" are at the "significant" threshold and the variable "political factors" is within the "average" threshold; The quality test of the structural model shows that "political agents" and "social factors" have "strong" values and "geographic features" have average values to determine the predictive power of the electoral model.  The general model of the SME shows the goodness of fit in the model and shows its generalizability.

In recent years, one of the main approaches to rural development and increasing the well-being of rural households is the development of rural tourism. Because tourism development can play an important role in the well-being of households as well as in rural livelihoods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tourism on improving the welfare of coastal villages in Chabahar. The present research is a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population of rural households is Chabahar (N = 3720). Using Cochran formula and quota sampling method, 280 households in 6 coastal villages with tourist attractions are selected as samples. To analyze the data and to answer the research questions, unlimited exploratory co-univariate test, variance analysis and multivariate regression were used. The results showed that in terms of economic welfare indicators, tourism had the most effects on seasonal employment, income growth, housing development, and local economy mobility. In terms of social welfare indicators, tourism has the most impact on improving leisure time, changing lifestyle and lifestyle, developing health facilities, and increasing the sense of belonging to local people. Also, the results showed that tourism in the villages of the study area had significant effects on the economic and social well-being of rural households, but compared with social indicators, tourism had the most impact on economic well-being and its indicators. In line with the findings of the research, suggestions were made regarding the development of rural tourism and the welfare of rural households.

The main goal of sustainable development in the village are use to social, economic and environmental resources and capacities. Awareness for sustainable development is a subject that has been less discussed. Accordingly, rural assets and funds can be the basis for achieving the goals of sustainable rural development. The purpose of this paper is to measure awareness for sustainable development in rural construction in Guilan province. This research is developmental and surveying. In this study, which was done by the architects of Guilan Construction Engineering Organization, the data collection method was used to answer the research questions, using both documentary (secondary data) and survey (primary data) and Questionnaire with Likert spectrum. Using Cronbach's alpha formula in SPSS software, the reliability of different parts of the research questionnaire was 0.802 to 0.816.

The drought occurs in a large number of livelihoods of rural households, especially in villages of border areas facing livelihoods. To deal with these effects, the use of coping strategies in rural areas is essential. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on rural communities and identify strategies for coping with its implications in border villages in Zahedan. The present research is in terms of purpose, applied and method of combined (quantitative and qualitative). The data collection tool and questionnaire were observed and interviewed with farmers and villagers. The statistical society is related to rural households in Zahedan (10278 households), which uses a simple quota and random quota sampling 380 Household was selected as the first instance. In order to analyze quantitative data, Johansson's exploratory test was used. Exploratory interviews were used to investigate and analyze qualitative analyzes. The results showed that drought in Zahedan city villages had the greatest effect on reducing water resources, cultivation, employment, income, rural poverty, number of livestock or animal products, rural migration, vegetation loss, erosion and soil salinity and reduced price Had land and land. The results of the use of coping practices among farmers in the region showed that the status of using these actions is not suitable, and more than half of the farmers do not use these methods. However, some farmers have used more relatively simple and low cost methods that do not need to specialize and with the characteristics of border villages. In terms of farmers, such as smuggling fuel and goods, leaving the village and migrate to the city, addressing non-agricultural jobs, flooring or lyrics of Qanat and manual nutrition of livestock as the most important methods for compatibility with drought and decrease The effects are it.

Water Resource plays a pivotal role in sustainable development of every area, especially in rural areas. The challenge of dehydration is one of the greatest challenges in 21st century because it can be the source of many of the world's social and ecological changes. The agricultural sector as the most important economic sector in the rural areas is directly affected by the shortage of water resources. Identifying the attitudes and solutions of indigenous farmers in facing to water deficiency plays a key role in appropriate strategies and improving the capacity of local communities to adapt to it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of farmers in the villages of Bahar County in Hamadan province toward the challenge of dehydration and identify appropriate strategies and strategies for mitigation and adaptation in the region. This research is a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of the study is 68 villages in Bahar County with 18376 households. According to Cochran formula, there was needed to complete the questionnaire by 375 farmers as the number of the samples. The main data were collected through a field survey using a questionnaire. The sampling method was random and the number of samples in each village was determined by proportionate stratified sampling based on the number of farmers and the questionnaires were completed randomly. Data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis in Lizrel software. The attitude of the villagers towards the aridity challenge was respectively cognitive attitude with (0.883), behavioral attitude with (0.867) and emotional attitude with (0.517) of factor analysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that the villagers' attitude to the challenge of dehydration is a cognitive-behavioral. Based on this, 12 strategies consistent with the status of the region have been proposed for optimal resource management and crop water productivity.

Entrepreneurship can have many positive effects in rural communities on the one hand, they face economic problems, especially in the areas of employment, poverty and lack of income and On the other hand, they have high environmental capabilities. This research is based on information collected through documentary and survey methods and Aiming to enable the development of entrepreneurship in major sectors of economic activity It has been done in the villages of the central District of Boyer-Ahmad County. The results showed that despite the motivation for progress, hard work and high risk-taking of employees in major sectors of economic activity (Agriculture, Industry and Services), The general situation of their entrepreneurial variables with an average of 2.618, At 99% confidence level, it is below average. The results showed the feasibility of the sub-sectors of economic activity Four economic subsectors of medicinal plants, Aquaculture, mineral water resources and tourism, respectively by average 3.548, 3.691, 3.705 and 3.419, They have high potential for entrepreneurship development. Also showed the results of Pearson test The degree of correlation between independent variables (Production of medicinal plants, aquaculture, mineral water resources and tourism) and Research dependent variable (entrepreneurship), Has been positive and statistically significant Respectively with 0.519, 0.179, 0.398 and 0.533 values.