Showing 727 results for Type of Study: Research
Ms. Aida Faroghi, Professor Manuchehr Farajzadeh, ,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
In this study, the frequency of merging events between the polar-front jet stream and the subtropical jet stream, along with their impact on precipitation patterns in western Iran, was analyzed over a ten-year statistical period (2010–2019). Utilizing coding in GrADS, 300 hPa jet stream maps were produced at six-hour intervals. Throughout the study period, the axes of these two jet streams merged on several occasions.
An examination of the frequency of merging indicated that, prior to 2015, the frequency of merging in December exhibited an increasing trend. However, this trend diminished in 2016 and 2017, only to experience a resurgence in 2018 and 2019. It is noteworthy that not all instances of jet stream merging resulted in significant precipitation events (e.g., December 2011, 2014, and 2017). For instance, in light of the substantial rainfall of 110 mm recorded at the Dehloran station, the period from December 12 to 15, 2010, was selected for detailed analysis to elucidate the atmospheric mechanisms responsible for the rainfall. From December 12 to 15, 2010, a decline in air temperature over Europe and Southwest Asia prompted a considerable meridional displacement of the polar-front jet stream, resulting in its merger with the subtropical jet stream. On December 12, 2010, as the polar-front jet stream underwent meridional movement and extended into tropical regions, its velocity core merged with that of the subtropical jet stream over the northern Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea, and northeastern Africa. The convergence of these two jet streams led to a vertical expansion of the jet stream into lower atmospheric levels. At the mid-levels of the atmosphere, minimal meridional movement was observed. As a result, the Sudan low-pressure system migrated to higher latitudes, merging with the Mediterranean low-pressure system.
Seyd Fateme Hashemi, Ali Shahnazari, Professor Andersen Mathias Neumann,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
The catchment area of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province is subject to annual flooding events that facilitate the transport of substantial quantities of silt. To investigate sediment transport dynamics within this watershed, samples were collected at five designated sections along an 11-kilometer segment of the Talar River. The sampling intervals were delineated as follows: 24.7–22.4 km, 18.2–20.5 km, 17.5–18 km, 16.75–17.5 km, and 11.5–16.75 km, measured from the urban area of Malakala-Najjarkala to Arab Roshan, with all distances calculated from the shoreline. This study aimed to analyze sedimentation and erosion patterns over a five-year period (2016–2021) employing the HEC-RAS model. Sediment transport and volume were assessed based on long-term data obtained from the Kiakla hydrometric station, with a specific focus on flood conditions associated with return periods of 2, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The findings indicate that the cumulative sediment input at the beginning of the monitored section is 0.9 million tonnes lower than the total sediment at the end. The river exhibits a pronounced tendency towards erosion. In the first section (22.4–24.7 km), the mean sediment height is 11 cm, accompanied by significant sedimentation totaling 6 million tonnes. The second section reflects an approximate deposition of 1 million tonnes. The third section demonstrates a relatively stable sediment pattern. In the fourth section, the conditions for erosion—both in terms of depth and volume—are deemed unsuitable for sediment harvesting. The fifth section (11.5–16.75 km) records erosion amounting to approximately 8.3 million tonnes, with height variations ranging from 10 to 20 cm. Under these circumstances, sediment removal is impractical; However, the implementation of flood management strategies and river engineering interventions is strongly recommended.
Mrs. Zeinab Zaheri Abdehvand, Dr. Mostafa Kabolizadeh,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
In vast areas, accessing satellite images with appropriate spatial resolution, such as Landsat images, is often challenging. dditionally, the temporal resolution of the Landsat satellite does not allow for the examination of short-term changes in phenomena such as vegetation. The aim of this research is to utilize temporal and spatial fusion techniques of Landsat-8 and MODIS satellite images to prepare a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map. For this purpose, six image fusion algorithms—NNDiffuse (Nearest Neighbor Diffusion), PC (Principal Component), Brovey, CN (Color Normalized), Gram-Schmidt, and SFIM—were applied in an experimental area in Khuzestan province. After evaluating the results of these algorithms and selecting the most appropriate algorithm based on statistical indicators (spectral criteria such as the correlation coefficient and spatial criteria such as the Laplacian filter), the spectral and spatial information from the red and near-infrared bands of eight mosaic Landsat-8 images (30 m resolution) were combined with the red and near-infrared bands of one MODIS image (250 m resolution). To investigate vegetation cover, the NDVI was calculated using the fused satellite image for Khuzestan province. The results showed that the NNDiffuse fusion algorithm demonstrated very high accuracy among the tested algorithms in terms of spatial evaluation and spectral quality criteria. Consequently, this algorithm was selected to combine the red and near-infrared bands of Landsat-8 and MODIS images. Compared to the original Landsat-8 image, the NDVI map prepared using this algorithm had the lowest statistical errors, with an RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.1234 and an MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of 0.081.
Mrs Reyhane Salehabadi, Dr Mohammadreza Hafez Nia,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution, a new perspective on science and technology emerged in Iran. This scientific discourse was profoundly shaped by the principles of the Islamic Revolution and Islamic ideology, leading to the establishment of new values and objectives for the advancement of science and technology. In the post-revolutionary era, as policymakers recognized science and technology as pivotal drivers of societal progress and excellence, they devised scientific policies and strategies aimed at achieving revolutionary and Islamic ideals. This evolving attitude toward science and technology significantly influenced Iran’s scientific and technological development during this period. Given that the Islamic Republic of Iran has assumed a leading role in scientific leadership within the region since 1979, its contributions to the development of scientific capabilities under successive post-revolution governments are noteworthy. To explore this, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed, utilizing reliable data from both domestic and international sources. The research findings indicate that the prevailing discourse in different governmental periods included a focus on industrialization through import substitution and capital resource allocation (1981–1989), modernization and institutional development with an emphasis on advanced technologies (1989–1997), the promotion of advanced technologies, innovation, export expansion, and social justice centered on knowledge-based industries (1997–2005), the transition toward knowledge-based innovation in the economy (2005–2013), and the enhancement of international cooperation with an emphasis on identity and rationality in policy formulation and implementation (2013–2021). The results demonstrate that, in each phase, measures such as the expansion of higher education and scientific research, the establishment of universities and research centers, and the creation of domestic and international scientific networks were implemented in alignment with the dominant discourse.
Faeze Shoja, Salimeh Sadeghi, Shamsipour, Eduardo Gomes,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
The aim of this research is to evaluate the heat mitigation index (HMI) in the Tehran metropolitan area using the Urban Cooling Model (UCM) approach in a spatial framework. UCM produces maps of the Heat Mitigation Index. This index estimates the cooling potential of urban green spaces in a given location, taking into account various parameters such as evapotranspiration, tree shading, albedo, rural reference air temperature, urban heat island intensity, air temperature maximum blending, and maximum cooling distance. The assessment of environmental factors influencing the UCM in the study area revealed that the urban heat island effect was least intense in regions 1, 22, and the northern parts of region 4 of Tehran municipality, where there are scattered trees, shrubs, open low-rise buildings, and water bodies. The temperature differences between the city and the suburbs ranged from 0 to 1.3 degrees Celsius. However, the study area's central parts showed the highest intensity of the urban heat island, particularly in regions 21, 13, and 14. These regions have a dense and compact texture and an expansion of impervious surfaces, resulting in the lowest values of the evapotranspiration index (ranging from 0.12 to 0.45) and albedo (ranging from 0.09 to 0.16). Based on these parameters, the study area's HMI index showed that the cooling capacity varies from 0.08 in the central parts of the city to 0.9 in areas affected by green spaces and water bodies. The maximum cooling capacity index is concentrated in areas with dense and scattered tree cover in the region. On average, these areas have been able to neutralise 2.48 degrees Celsius of the urban heat island effect with a cooling capacity of 63%. The methodology employed in this research can be used as a reference for urban designers in integrating urban cooling approaches and heat island mitigation strategies in urban planning and design.
Hamid Dorj, Reza Simbar, Ahmad Ansiz,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
As China's economic, technological, and military power continues to rise, the United States has grown increasingly concerned about Beijing's expanding influence. Washington perceives China's regional ascendancy as a challenge to its hegemonic ambitions. China's growing military capabilities and political influence in East Asia have sparked concern and suspicion among some of its neighbors and the United States. In response, the U.S. has maintained an active presence in the region, citing reasons such as countering China's rise and supporting freedom of navigation. Washington's efforts to challenge China's maritime sovereignty reflect its broader concerns about China's rise and its determination to maintain hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region. This has led the United States to attempt to create a strategic encirclement against China, aiming to contain its regional influence and prevent a shift in the balance of power in East Asia that could disadvantage Washington. The research question addressed in this study is: What strategy does the United States employ to contain China's power in the South China Sea? The proposed hypothesis is that, given China's economic growth and the expansion of its maritime power are perceived as strategic threats to the region and the United States, Washington seeks to prevent China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia. By countering China's rise, the U.S. aims to shape the balance of power in favor of itself and its regional allies, thereby securing its goals and interests in the region. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine how the U.S. strategy of containing China's power and isolating it regionally contributes to maintaining the balance of power in East Asia, while advancing the influence and interests of the United States and its allies.
Dr Fatemeh Saffarsabzevar,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
One of the most effective approaches to enhancing urban security is crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), which focuses on the role of urban design in reducing criminal behavior. This study aims to identify the specific environmental conditions that contribute to anomic and criminal behaviors on Enghelab Street in Tehran and to propose design solutions to mitigate these issues. The research employs a mixed-method approach to achieve its objectives. In the first phase, the Placecheck technique—which includes field surveys, expert checklists, and comprehensive checklists—was used to assess and categorize the environmental conditions of the study area. Based on this analysis, potential solutions to reduce crime were proposed. In the second phase, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was applied to prioritize these solutions and identify the most effective strategies for crime prevention and reduction in the area. The findings of this study reveal that environmental pollution, visual clutter, overcrowding, and inadequate nighttime lighting are the most significant environmental factors contributing to crime on Enghelab Street. The most effective solutions to reduce crime and enhance security in the area include: removing obstructive furniture and elements from pedestrian pathways, clearly defining activities and land uses in ambiguous spaces, installing signage and landmark elements along the route, regulating advertisements, and implementing standardized nighttime lighting to support safe activities. The results of this research demonstrate that even minor environmental modifications can have a substantial impact on reducing crime and improving security.
Dr Mohammad Motamedi Rad, Dr Reza Arjmandzadeh, Dr Ebrahim Amiri, Mr Farzad Amiri,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
The persistent drought conditions and the increasing reliance on groundwater resources over the past decades have significantly expanded the areas affected by land subsidence across various regions of the country, leading to substantial damage. To mitigate the impacts of subsidence, a comprehensive and precise understanding of this phenomenon is essential. In recent decades, the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric technique has emerged as a widely used method for measuring subsidence. This study utilizes field data, including piezometric wells, groundwater level fluctuations during minimum and maximum periods, and exploitation wells, to calculate aquifer discharge rates using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation. The aim is to analyze the time series of subsidence in the Esfarayen plain. Additionally, radar data from Sentinel-1 images were employed to estimate the subsidence rate during the first eight months of 2023. The findings reveal that subsidence in the study area ranged from 1 to 12 mm over the eight-month period, with 75.2% of the basin area classified as medium to highly critical. This indicates that the Esfarayen plain is in a critical state. The highest levels of water extraction and subsidence were observed in the southern regions of Sankhasat, Kharasha, Arg, Gazan, Jafarabad Kharaba, and Mehdiabad of Kal Beko wells, all of which fall within the highly critical zone. These areas require efficient groundwater management strategies to control and mitigate land subsidence.
Dr Naser Shafieisabet, Masoudeh Nikoeifard, Dr Neginsadat Mirvahedi,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
Villagers' self-organization, as a collaborative process, plays a fundamental role in promoting sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. This study was carried out to identify the driving forces affecting the self-organization of villagers and to improve sustainable rural livelihoods in Ashtian County, Iran. Utilizing a qualitative research design with an analytical-exploratory approach, data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 30 subject matter experts. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using the Delphi method and MicMac software to identify underlying relationships and patterns among concepts. The findings indicate that the distribution of factors and variables influencing the improvement of sustainable rural livelihoods in the study area is characterized by instability. Additionally, among the 24 primary influential factors, 10 critical drivers emerged as pivotal to advancing villagers' self-organization and promoting long-term sustainability in rural livelihoods. These drivers include innovation and creativity of villagers in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, skills and experience in group activities, and the establishment of local organizations as individual factors; increasing the spirit of entrepreneurship, launching, and promoting new local businesses as psychological factors; increasing participation, cooperation, and a sense of responsibility in agricultural and non-agricultural activities as social factors; empowering villagers by increasing their awareness, social and economic skills, and leveraging new IT and ICT technologies for structural empowerment in the direction of self-organization as education and empowerment factors; access to diverse and reliable financial resources for agricultural and non-agricultural activities as economic factors; delegating authority to villagers in line with local planning and decentralization as planning and management factors; and finally, supporting the creation and development of local businesses, diversifying agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and increasing investment in innovative businesses as socio-economic support factors. These drivers collectively contribute to advancing villagers' self-organization and enhancing sustainable rural livelihoods.
Ziba Kadkhodaei, Hamidreza Rakhshani Nasab, Mojtaba Soleimani Damaneh,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
One of the contemporary approaches to tourism involves leveraging virtual spaces and information technology, which have transformed tourism perspectives and eliminated boundaries between physical and digital environments. This research investigates the potential of virtual spaces in promoting tourism development in Konarak County. The study is classified as "applied" in terms of its objective and "descriptive-analytical" regarding its nature and methodology, utilizing "documentary and survey (questionnaire)" data collection techniques. The target population comprises expert professionals, with 35 individuals selected using a two-stage Delphi sampling approach. The content validity of the questionnaire was established through professional evaluation, while reliability was confirmed via Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.852). Data analysis employed t-tests, path analysis, and DEMATEL methodology. T-test results indicated that virtual spaces (M = 4.22) surpassed the baseline threshold (3), demonstrating a significant impact on tourism development in Konarak County. Path analysis revealed that information technology infrastructure had the greatest influence (factor = 0.608), while e-commerce exhibited the least effect (factor = 0.250) on tourism development. DEMATEL analysis indicated that the telecommunications platform index (5.971) displayed the highest level of interaction, whereas the information index (5.671) showed the lowest interaction. The social network index (1.402) emerged as the most effective factor, and the telecommunications platform index (2.088) was identified as the most influential factor.The findings suggest that establishing technological infrastructure and promoting Konarak County's attractions through media platforms (television, news websites, etc.) represents a significant advancement toward the county's developmental objectives.
Mahrookh Ghazayi, Nazfar Aghazadeh, Ehsan Ghaleh, Elhameh Ebaddyy,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
The depletion of surface water resources has necessitated uncontrolled groundwater abstraction in various regions worldwide, resulting in substantial reductions in groundwater table levels. As populations continue to expand, the extraction of these essential resources has intensified, posing a significant threat to natural reserves. This study aims to monitor groundwater levels through the analysis of satellite imagery and to investigate the correlation between these levels and land use patterns. To accomplish this objective, relevant satellite images were acquired and subjected to appropriate pre-processing. An object-oriented methodology was employed to generate land use classification maps for two distinct years, alongside a land use change map covering a fifteen-year period from 2000 to 2015. Moreover, groundwater level maps for the study area were produced for both years utilizing the Gaussian method, recognized as the most accurate approach. The findings indicate a robust and significant relationship between land use and groundwater levels, revealing that areas with higher vegetation exhibit lower groundwater levels compared to other regions. This phenomenon can be attributed to the hydrological dynamics that facilitate the movement of water from higher potential zones to these areas. Additionally, irrigated agricultural practices demonstrated the most pronounced average decline in water levels relative to other land uses, underscoring the excessive reliance on groundwater for irrigation in the study area. The results further illustrate that the conventional kriging method with Gaussian variance surpasses other techniques in estimating groundwater table depths across both statistical periods. Analysis through conventional kriging reveals a general decline in groundwater levels throughout the majority of the plain during the study period, with a maximum decrease of 40 meters and an average reduction of 15 meters.
Hamid Salehi, Mohammad Motamedi, Ezatollah Mafi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Based on climatic model simulations, global temperatures can be expected to rise by 1 to 5.5 degrees Celsius by 2100. Given the consequences of climate change, recognizing this phenomenon is important in order to have a specific strategy to reduce its effects. In order to study the trend of climate change using Kendall Mann method was evaluated and according to the selected criteria affecting green space and weighting by AHP method, green space adaptation index for Sabzevar city until 2040 was calculated. Changes in urban green space were assessed using satellite imagery and the NDVI index. The decrease in the area of green space along with the expansion of the urban area in the period under study is clearly visible (during the statistical period under study, which corresponds to the historical period of climate models and observational data of Sabzevar). This study also shows that the increase in temperature in the next decade (2030-2021) will continue with greater intensity. In the next step, the per capita urban green space was calculated. According to the results of studying climate data, creating green space in proportion to climate change can play an effective role in adapting the city of Sabzevar to climate change. The use of climate-friendly green space and its changes will reduce greenhouse gases and provide a more suitable climate for humans and their activities. Due to the horizontal growth of the city and the rate of population growth, the amount of adaptation will decrease from 0.48 (in the basic period) to 0.32 in the period 2030-2021. A total of 15 indicators in four cultural, managerial, technological, ecological and plant criteria or each other in ArcGIS software were combined based on the coefficients of importance obtained by experts in the Expert Choice software
Sedigheh Mohammad Panah, Hamidreza Varesi, Masoud Taghavei,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
The application of structural analysis to development drivers facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the developmental landscape of provinces and enhances regional equilibrium in decision-making processes. This study examines the ten cities within Ilam province through a comprehensive assessment of 44 combined development indicators. Methodologically, this research is classified as applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing contemporary futurology techniques. Theoretical data were gathered through documentary methods, while empirical data were collected via surveys. Development drivers were identified through documentary analysis and environmental scanning, complemented by empirical data obtained through the Delphi method. Data processing employed the structural interaction analysis method using MIC MAC software. Findings from the interaction analysis reveal a dispersion of propulsive forces within a complex and intermediate context of impact and effectiveness; the clustering of drivers illustrates the concentration of both effective and regulatory forces. Among the 44 identified development drivers, the borders of Ilam province and managerial decision-making processes emerged as significant effective drivers. The results indicate that development in Ilam province is characterized by pronounced imbalances, with a trend towards increasing inequality. It is suggested that only through improved and more comprehensive planning can these disparities be partially mitigated.
Ghazal Asadi Eskandar, Bahador Zamani, Shahab Kariminia, Maryam Ghasemi Sichani,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Increased temperatures in urban areas due to high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are some of the problems of today's cities. Urban open spaces in hot and arid climates experience this problem more in summer. The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between morphological components of the urban fabric and thermal comfort through integrated analysis. In this study, urban fabric types were extracted by considering ground space index, floor space index, open space ratio, average height, streets orientation, streets organization, and type of plots according to their configuration of mass and space. To study thermal comfort, a field study was carried out in five neighborhoods in the historical context, for five continuous days in summer. Environmental variables including air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, and wind speed were measured, and the physiological equivalent temperature index was calculated using ENVI-met software; thermal comfort in the neighborhoods with different morphological characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that more than half of the data during the day in the hot season in all five neighborhoods are in conditions of extreme heat stress. Comparison of neighborhoods with different morphological features indicated that two neighborhoods with higher open space ratios, despite the difference in the orientation of the streets and the type of plots, have lower thermal comfort compared to other types. A neighborhood with a higher ground space index and a lower open space ratio has a lower average physiological equivalent temperature.
Mr Ebrahim Bairanvand, Dr Amir Gandomkar, Dr Alireza Abbasi, Dr Morteza Khodaghoi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
The torrential rains that occurred in April 2017 in Lorestan Province exemplified severe precipitation that inflicted substantial damage on agricultural, urban, transportation, and communication infrastructures. This study aims to investigate and elucidate the relationship between the physical structure of clouds responsible for two waves of heavy rainfall in April 2017 within the Doroud catchment area of Boroujerd. In this context, the statistical characteristics of two precipitation events on March 25 and April 1, 2019, were analyzed. The microphysical properties of the clouds generating these two heavy rainfall events were examined utilizing the Madis superconductor product and MOD06. Four microphysical factors contributing to the formation of clouds during these two rainfall waves in the Doroud-Borujerd basin—including cloud top temperature (CTT), cloud top pressure (CTP), optical cloud thickness (OCT), and cloud cover ratio (CFR)—were analyzed. Statistical assessments indicated that the first wave of heavy rainfall, occurring on March 25, 2019 (5 April 1398), accounted for 15% of the total annual rainfall, while the second wave on April 1, 2019 (12 April 1398) contributed 20% of the region's average annual rainfall within these two days. The findings from the analysis of the microphysical structure of the clouds producing these two precipitation waves, based on data from the MODIS cloud sensor product, revealed a significant spatial correlation between the four microphysical factors and the recorded precipitation values of these two heavy rainfall events. Specifically, the cloud top temperature and pressure, indicative of vertical cloud expansion in the area, exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the precipitation amounts in the basin. Conversely, the cloud cover ratio and optical thickness demonstrated a direct and significant spatial correlation with the recorded rainfall values. The results of this study thus establish a significant and robust relationship between the microphysical structure of clouds and the precipitation amounts recorded in the region during these two heavy rainfall events.
Ahmad Rashidi Nejad, Mostafa Fallahi, Ma Azam Arefi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Water scarcity is widely regarded as a fundamental contributor to underdevelopment and poverty, significantly influencing individuals' and societies' perceptions of deprivation. This study seeks to elucidate the relationship between the "feeling of relative deprivation" and "hydropolitical relations," particularly in the context of the Gauvshomar Dam construction process in Lorestan Province. The primary research question addresses how the absence of dam construction impacts the development of a sense of relative deprivation among local populations. Employing a descriptive-analytical research methodology, this study adopts both quantitative and qualitative approaches, utilizing documentary and library research alongside field observations. A questionnaire serves as the primary measurement tool, with SPSS employed for data analysis. The research indicators encompass economic, social, cultural, environmental-physical, and political-security dimensions. Findings indicate that the lack of dam construction has exacerbated feelings of relative deprivation across these dimensions, contributing to a general sense of dissatisfaction among the residents of the study area.
Tahereh Karimi, Amir Karam, Parviz Zeaieanfirouzabadi, Seyyed Mohammad Tavakkoli Sabour,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Slope hazards and landslides annually inflict substantial damage in the mountainous regions of Iran, particularly within the eastern Alamut area of Qazvin province. Recent advancements in radar technology have facilitated the detection of ground surface movements, including slow slope motions and active landslides. The present study employs Sentinel 1A satellite descending data from 2018 to 2020, utilizing the Small Baseline Subset (SBaS-InSAR) methodology alongside digital elevation model (DEM) difference techniques. This approach aims to extract slope movements and Earth surface displacements, serving the critical objective of identifying new and active landslides while updating the landslide map to enhance landslide risk prediction. The results indicate that the SBaS model, which was corroborated with GPS data, field investigations, and Google Earth imagery, demonstrated a commendable level of accuracy (AUC = 0.78). The average annual movement over the study period was estimated to range from -48.6 to 40.2 mm, leading to the identification of fourteen landslide zones in the region, several of which continue to exhibit activity. Specifically, the landslide that transpired in Khobkuh on April 3, 2020, was assessed using the DEM difference model, which estimated surface changes between -1.62 and 2.75 meters. Conversely, the differential interferometry model calculated the displacement rate in this area to be between -25 and 70 mm. These methodologies offer significant advantages for estimating Earth surface displacement, subsidence, and landslides, facilitating the identification of vulnerable areas in mountainous regions and contributing to the mitigation of financial and human losses.
Salman Kazemian Souraki , Fereshteh Nasrollahi, Amin Deilami Moazzi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Shia political Islam, centered around Iran, is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has undergone numerous transformations in recent decades. Understanding the future trends of this intellectual and political movement is of great importance to analysts, politicians, and the general public. This article employs a futures studies approach to examine the trends of Shia political Islam within Iran's political geography. This foresight approach allows us to look beyond the current situation and outline various scenarios for the future of politics and society in Iran. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, utilizing library and documentary sources, including qualitative and quantitative analysis of historical data, expert interviews, and content analysis of media and religious texts. The research findings indicate that Shia political Islam in Iran's geography is undergoing a period of transformation, influenced by various factors such as demographic changes, social and economic developments, and geopolitical shifts. Several potential scenarios for the future of Shia political Islam in Iran's political geography are presented, including: the Continuity Scenario, the Reform Scenario, the Radicalism Scenario, and the Secularism Scenario. Considering these scenarios, the analysis of probable trends and events in the scenarios, and political and security developments with a view to challenges and opportunities in the Middle East region, the Islamic Republic of Iran, adhering to the Continuity Scenario along with the Reform Scenario, aims to strengthen republicanism (religious democracy) while emphasizing the preservation of independence and indigenous Islamic identity in the region, and to have a more prominent presence in the Middle East.
Mr Danesh Nasiri, Dr Reza Borna, Dr Manigheh Zohorian Pordel, Dr. Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Widespread and frequent droughts in recent decades in Khuzestan province have become one of the most important challenges of this province. The use of remote sensing products in temporal and spatial monitoring of drought can play a key role in managing this risk and reducing and adjusting its destructive effects. The main goal of this research is to provide a remote sensing index for temporal and spatial monitoring of drought in Khuzestan province and its validation using station meteorological drought indices. In this research, by using the products of vegetation (MOD13C2) and land surface temperature (MOD11C3) of MODIS sensor, a drought index based on vegetation called VHI plant health index was produced. SPI Meteorological Drought Index, which was based on station rainfall data during the statistical period of 2000-2012, was used to evaluate and quantify this index. The comparison of VHI drought index with three-month SPI meteorological drought index values showed a significant correlation between 0.68 and 0.75. By identifying 4 years with widespread and relatively severe drought in Khuzestan province (based on both VHI and SPI indices), which included the years 2000, 2005, 2012, 2015, the spatial distribution pattern of meteorological drought and VHI plant drought to In general, it indicated that the northern parts of the province were generally involved in mild to moderate droughts and the southern parts were generally involved in moderate to severe droughts. The spatial correlation matrix based on the number of 2500 pixels with dimensions of 5x5 km, which included VHI and SPI values of selected drought years, indicated the existence of a significant spatial correlation between the two mentioned indicators. In the widespread drought of 2000, at the level of Khuzestan province, two drought indices VHI and SPI, the correlation was equal to 0.47, and in 2005, equal to 0.35, and
Mis Zahra Asgari Gandomani, Mr Hamid Roodbari, Mr Yaghoob Mohammadi,
Volume 25, Issue 79 (12-2025)
Abstract
Green marketing has emerged as a significant area of interest, particularly among sports consumers who express concern regarding environmental issues and demonstrate a willingness to purchase eco-friendly products. Nonetheless, the actual sales of such green products remain below expectations. Consequently, this study aims to examine the influence of environmental factors—including attitude, concern, and sense of environmental responsibility—on the purchasing intentions of environmentally conscious sports consumers. The present survey study gathered data from 384 Iranian students through a seven-point Likert electronic questionnaire comprising 27 items. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. A total of 390 questionnaires were distributed, with 384 deemed valid for analysis. The data were analyzed using PLS software to assess the reliability and validity of the model, as well as to test the hypotheses of the structural model. Findings reveal that environmental attitude serves as a significant driver of consumers' green purchasing behavior. Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship was identified between environmental responsibility and green purchasing behavior. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between environmental concerns and green purchasing behavior. Additionally, the relationship between individual green values and environmental attitude, environmental concerns, environmental responsibility, and green purchasing behavior was statistically insignificant. To leverage these insights, companies should cultivate a positive image of environmental responsibility for their products through strategic branding initiatives. This approach could enhance consumer support among those who prioritize the purchase of environmentally friendly products.
