The purpose of this research is to study the comfort conditions and determine the best measures for design and architecture compatible with the climate in Yazd. In this regard, the climatic data of Yazd city has been used in EPW format during the period (1981-2017). The results of the study of temperature and relative humidity also showed that temperatures of more than 38 ° C are visible in June and July. This suggests the need for a shadow in the architecture of the climate. In July, the discomfort conditions prevail over the entire day. From June to October (midday to midnight), midnight hours due to low humidity (38%) and high temperatures, conditions of discomfort and drought are very visible. The highest humidity is in the cold months of the year. In the wind hours of February to May (February to April), there is a discomfort. Also, according to the overall radiation pattern at different hours of the day, it was also shown that 25% of the daylight hours is very high and non-comfort, and 8% are in comfort conditions, which is more related to the cold weather of the year and the early hours And the end of the day. In general, due to the climate of Yazd city and the results of analysis, 20 strategies for architectural design have been used.
 

In recent years with the development of cities coatings of the Earth's has changed surface.  These changes have caused some urban areas to have a few degrees higher than the surrounding temperature. This phenomenon is known as thermal islands. Mashhad is one of the major metropolises in Iran with the problem of thermal islands. Various parameters affect the formation of thermal islands in this city that should be considered. In this study TM, ETM+ and OLI images were used to obtain surface temperature over the period 1987-2016. The study of temporal variations in surface temperature showed that in the studied period, thermal islands were transferred from outside the city to the city. The model for describing the temperature of the surface of the earth has changed and has diminished from the temperature of the city's moderate and cool temperatures, and in contrast, the amount of high temperatures (thermal islands) has increased significantly. The TOPSIS method was also used to obtain the thermal forming factors. 13 natural and human factors affecting the formation of thermal islands were identified. Each expert opinion factor was used to determine the degree of importance. According to experts, the distance from the sanctuary with a weight of %234 and traffic of %155 is the most important and the height with a weight of %022 is least important in the formation of thermal islands. The final results obtained from this model showed that the factors affecting the formation of thermal islands are well recognized and the temperature decreases with these factors.
 

The purpose of this study is to determine the evapotranspiration in Fars province that in many studies such as hydrological balance of water, irrigation systems design and management, simulation of product volume and management of water resources is very important. To do this, first, required data such as daily temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, solar radiation pressures, solar radiation, etc. was collected. We used 12 stations with the same statistical interval, for the period 1995-2015. In order to estimate the evapotranspiration of the reference plant in different growth stages, Torent White, Penman-Monteith and Hargreaves-Samani methods were used. Results showed that with decreasing latitude, the evapotranspiration rate increased, and the highest rate of evapotranspiration occurs in the south, southeast and the center of the study area. The correlation coefficient R² between height and White Penman, Monteith and Hargreaves Samani, are 0.9135, 0.53223 and 0.5286 respectively.

The limitations and boundaries of agricultural production is dependent on climatic conditions. Weather is one of the most important factors in human activities, especially agriculture. Corn cultivation in the country's food supply is essential.  Kermanshah province, with the potential favorable climate, optimum conditions for corn are cultivated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of precipitation and temperature in determining the agricultural calendar and to determine suitable areas for planting corn. To do this, climate data from 10 synoptic stations during the period of 20 years (1390-1371) were used. Use, Hoteling test and test observational data were analyzed. According to research, the station is under study, corn crop water demand in the months of June, July, August and September not secure and High temperature areas due to reduced need frequent in the months of May and June and in the lowlands due to a sharp increase in flowering time, seed maintenance and handling problems during the growing season makes this crop. Based on the results of Hotelling test 62 percent of the land area suitable Kermanshah province, 24 percent and 14 percent for maize is unsuitable. And also based on the results of t-test found 47 percent good, 38 percent moderate and 15 percent are unsuitable for corn. As a result, the central area of moderate temperatures for planting, eastern and northern areas of the southern and western areas of the province due to tropical cold and not suitable for maize cultivation.

The plant community in an area is the most sensitive indicator of climate. A visual comparison of climate and vegetation on a global scale immediately reveals a strong correlation between climatic and vegetation zones and this relationship, of course, are not co-incidental.  The main object of this study is to reveal the spatiotemporal association between climatic factors andvegetation Cover (NDVI) incorporate MODIS and TRMM product in Kohkiloyeh O Boirahmad province of Iran. So that the in this paer we use MOD13Q1  of MODIS product as NDVI layer for study area. MOD11A2 as landsurface temperature and 3B43 TRMM as meanmonthly accumulative rainfall for study area during 2002 to 2012 in 0.25° spatial resolution also were used as climatic factors. We use the correlation and cross-correlation analysis in 0.95 confident level(P_value =0.05) to detection the spatial and temporal association between the NDVI and 2 climatic Factor(LST and rainfall). The results indicated that during winter (December to March) the spatial distribution of NDVI is highly correlated with LST spatial distribution. In these months the pixels which have the high value of NDVI are spatiallyassociated with the pixels which have highest value of LST (6 to 14C°).As can be seen in table 1. Season the spatial correlation among NDVI and LST is so high which is statistical significant in 0.99 confident level  in winter. In transient months such as May, October and November,(temperate months in study region ) the spatial correlation among NDVI and LST is falling to 0.30 to 0.35 which is not statistical significant in 0.95 confident level. Finally in summer season or warm months including Jun to September, we found the minimum spatial association among the NDVI and LST.. In temporal aspect we found that the maximum correlation between NDVI and LST simultaneously appears and not whit lag time. The spatial correlation of NDVI and TRMM monthly accumulative rainfall was statistical significant in spring season (April to Jun) by 1 month lag time in remain months we don’t find any significant correlation between NDVI and rainfall.

In an agricultural system, crop production is related to climatic conditions. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the impact of regional climate change on production ensures global food security. Wheat is one of the most strategic crops and examining different aspects of its production is a necessity of every agricultural community. According to studies, wheat production is affected by various variables including environmental, individual and social, economic and technological. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of these variables on changes in wheat production in different climates of Fars province. The required data were collected and analyzed through multi-stage random stratified sampling and 522 completed questionnaires through face-to-face interviews with farmers in the province. Farmers' attitudes were measured in the Likert scale and Cobb Douglas, Transcendental and Translog production functions were used to estimate the effect of variables. Results of comparing effective variables in three Cobb-Douglas, Transcendental and Translog functions; demonstrates the superiority of translog. From the perspective of the farmers of the province in the translog function, respectively; Soil moisture at planting time (0.692), effective rainfall during growing season (0.68) and at planting date (0.66), heat wave at harvest time (0.63), damaging rainfall (0.59) , Profit from wheat production (0.51), farmer education (0.49), soil quality (0.49) and cultivation method (0.49) with the coefficient of the mentioned criteria next to them; The most important factors explaining wheat production in Fars province. Independent variables in the translog function explain 92% of the changes in wheat production in Fars province.

Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is a climatic parameter and can be computed from weather data. It is one of the most important hydrological parameters for calculating crop water demand, scheduling irrigation systems, preparing input data to hydrological water-balance models, regional water resources assessment, and planning and management for a region and/or a basin. The climatic data from synoptic stations with more than 20 years continues record in West Azarbaijan province was used. The well-known FAO-PM56 method was used to calculate the ET₀. Then Multiple linear Regression (MLR) was used to estimate the ET₀. The RMSE, MEA, NSH, and R² were used to evaluate the performance of the MLR model. Then, the correlation coefficient (r) between ET₀ and each of the meteorological parameters was obtained. And finally, with using Path analysis method, the influence of direct (P) and indirect effects of the meteorological parameters on ET₀ was calculated. In the studied synoptic stations, NSH between 0.91 and 0.99,   R² between 0.91 and 0.99, RMSE between 0.05 and 0.15, and MEA between 0.04 and 0.12 were obtained. Also, it was found that the wind speed at all of stations had a significant correlation (at the 0.01% level) with ET₀. The path analysis results showed that the maximum value of P (direct effect of meteorological parameters on ET₀) in all of the stations belongs to wind speed. The P value of wind speed in Urmia equal to 0.85, Piranshahr equal to 0.99, Takab equal to 0.97, Khoy equal to 0.90, Sardasht equal to 1.06, and Mahabad equal to 0.78 are obtained.

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The heat wave is a long period of warm climate, compared to the expected conditions in a region over a certain period of the year. Heat waves cause mortality, disease and various problems in different fields of transportation, agriculture, production and energy. It is very important to study the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of these waves to understand the causes of the incident and confront them. In the present study, using the "Heat Wave Magnitude Index daily" (HWMId), which takes into account both the intensity and the wavelength of heat, the heat waves of Iran between 1985 and 2015 have been analyzed in terms of spatial and temporal distribution. For this purpose, using the maximum daily temperature data of 44 synoptic stations of the country and on the basis of the threshold of the 90th percentile, the heat waves greater than or equal to three days were identified at each station. After applying the HWMId on the days of each heat wave, the magnitude of each wave was calculated. Then, the average number and magnitude of all waves, as well as the most severe ones, were calculated in annual and seasonal scales and the corresponding maps and charts were drawn up. The results of the study showed that the highest number of heat waves occurs in the western part of the Zagros Mountains and then the Kavir Plain; while the maximum magnitude of heat waves belong to the south-east and central parts of the country. Autumn and then winter season have a high share of the most severe heat waves during the study period; while the spring and summer heat waves are relatively weaker, and are more limited in terms of expansion. The most severe heat waves during the study period have occurred in the winters of 2008 and 2010. The number and magnitude of heat waves in the country is increasing significantly. The largest increase in the number belongs to the summer and the magnitude belongs to the winter.

Dust is referred to sediments of less than 100 microns in size which are transmitted as suspended particles. Dust storms are events which naturally occur in arid and semi-arid areas, especially in subtropical latitudes. One of the most known sources of dust is the west of Asia, including Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, especially Khuzestan Province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency and trend of dust phenomena on hourly, monthly, seasonal and annual scale between 1995 and 2015 in Khuzestan Province. The method in this study is based on statistical computation of dust parameters and also the trend analysis of data based on Mann-Kendall test and spatial distribution maps of dust phenomena. The results suggests that 78.57 percent of dust event are occurred between 9.30 am to 15.30 pm local time, concurrent with peak of sun radiation and earth surface warming, dryness of soil and local pressure difference. The hourly trend analysis is increasing and significant in all hours and the highest increase occurred at 9.30 pm to 12.30 pm.49 percent of dusty days occurred in June, July and May and also 73 percent of them are in spring and summer as following from temperature increase and water and soil resources drying in the province. The seasonal and annual spatial distribution of dust indicates that most of dusty days in all seasons are located in west of province which suggests dominance of external sources as the main source of dust and the importance of topography factor in this area.The Z value spatial analysis suggests high increase of dust event in recent 20 years in southeast, south and central areas of the province and also on last hours of day which demonstrator development of internal sources activities in increasing trend of dust event in recent decades.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze turbulence, fluctuations and jumps of Iranian regions. For this purpose, environmental data has been gathered in two parts. In the first part of the data, the results of the interpolation of the daily precipitation observations of 1434 stations of climate and climate were used from the beginning of 1340 to 1383. After the formation of a database to identify the Iranian regions, a cluster analysis was used on average data and annual and monthly rainfall variation coefficients. Silhouette analysis has been used to validate the Iranian rainy areas. In order to investigate disturbances, mutations and fluctuations in Iran's rainy areas, this study was carried out. The results of cluster analysis indicate that Iran's peripheral areas are divided into six classes. In the meantime, the Caspian region (area 4) has the highest rainfall and the lowest coefficient of variation. The distribution of rainfall regime in each of the six areas shows that Iran's precipitation regime is more frequent in winter and spring and sometimes in autumn. Investigation and analysis of rainfall turmoil has shown that rainfall, except in the 4th district (Caspian region), in other areas of distribution of rainfall occurred along with disturbance. Although most disturbances occur in the zagros area, the highest sequence of disturbances is related to the fifth load region. The least sequence of disturbances occurred in the central and eastern part of the country. The results of mutation analysis and fluctuations indicate that rainfall disturbances, except in the early years of precipitation regions two and five in other regions of the other regions, have no significant mutation, while short-term fluctuations of 3-5 years on rainfall Each of the six domains has dominated.

Climate predictions have been made in global, regional and local simulation, and climatic parameters have changed in terms of trends and models in climatology, futures studies are less visible in literature and climatology literature therefore environmental planning and futures analysis are an attempt to look at the long-term future in the field of climatology. Today, one of the most important challenges of the present and future is the increase in temperature and   is the lack of climatic comfort. The growth of Tehran's metropolitan area, improving living standards, expanding urbanization and industry, climate change, and the energy shortage crisis are important. The survey forms were prepared by the climatologists and managers of Tehran and data analysis, futuristic techniques such as scenario for data analysis tool in this study was MICMAC software. have been used. In the research process, the most important key factors and drivers in relation to futures studies were identified in relation to the increase of temperature in the city of Tehran.

In this study, used the data of the Modis satellite. Satellite in the province of Hamadan for a period of 15 years to study and monitor the status of the leaf area index. The leaf area index data were analyzed. After extraction from the Modus website, coding was done in software and then extracted from the maps. Finally, the annual time series of leaf area index was obtained and its relation with rainfall and average temperature during these years. In order to investigate better, the cells above the one representing a better condition and higher leaf area density. In this regard, the years 2002, 2008 and 2011 were (0.01, 0.03, and 0.03%) of the lowest pixels higher than 1 and 2016 with 0.24 and 2014, 2009 and 2010 with 0.07 pixels higher than 1, the highest number of pixels. The common aspect of all years shows that in terms of pixels above the common places, all the years: the southern Hamadan gardens in the south of the Moradbeyk Valley, the Nahavand West fields, the south-east Malayer Gardens, the protected area Lashgar in the south-east of Malayer. The only difference seen in different years is the number of pixels. Finally, the time series of the data were the highest in 1389 and the lowest level of leaf area in the years 1381 and 2008.

In this study, we tried to identify the sources of moisture and its direction of heavy rainfall in south and southwest of Iran by using a new algorithm based on atmospheric rivers. For this purpose, daily rainfall of 17 synoptic stations in the period 1986 to 2015 in south and southwestern Iran that have a common time span and fully cover the study area is used.Also from the data set of the National Center for Environmental Prediction / National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP / NCAR) European Mid-Term Forecast Center (ECMWF) and ERA-interim data with spatial resolution of 0.75 It was used at 0.75 latitude and longitude with 6 hour resolution. The variables used are integrated water vapor (IWV), specific humidity (q), and orbital and meridional components (u, v). In this research, an algorithm based on the calculation of Vertical Horizontal Vapor Transfer Integral (IVT) is used to identify and navigate atmospheric rivers. The results show that the main source of rainfall moisture is in south and southwestern Iran, south of Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Of course, the maps show that the Arabian Sea was not affected by the humidity.The Arabian Peninsula also, due to the high moisture transfer rate, as a transitional route, transmits a large amount of moisture to the study area.Finally, the path of moisture to the study area was mapped and identified, and thus considering the three main conditions for the atmospheric river, it can be said that the path obtained is the same as the atmospheric river.

The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution of Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Convergence (Vertically Integrated) Moisture Flux Convergence) on Iran’s atmosphere. To achieve this aim, the monthly ECMWF gridded data used during the period from 1/1979-12/2013. First, based on the specific humidity content in the atmosphere, troposphere divided into three layers (850-1000hPa), mid (700-775hPa) and upper (500-600hPa). In order to achieve VIMFC spatial variations on Iran, spatial self-correlation methods   of globular moron and hot spots used at 90, 95, 99 and 99/99 percent significance levels. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of VIMFC in Iran during the first layer of troposphere and especially during warm months of year has a high cluster pattern and in cold months of the year and in the third layer of troposphere cluster pattern decrease. Based on the hot spots index in the first layer of troposphere low height regions, in the second layer of troposphere the  high regions of the Alborz, zagros and central mountains and in the third layer of troposphere alpine regions of central and eastern Iran's mountains has positive spatial self-correlation (hot spots). The results show that in winter and autumn during the second period (1999-2013), the range of hot spots of the VIMFC show a significant reduction compared to the first period (1979-1998) on Iran.

Agriculture, as one of the most important human economic activities, is closely related to the climatic conditions, and any changes in the climatic conditions can have dramatic changes in agriculture. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial changes of the Agro Climatic Feasibility Rosa damascena mill Cultivation in Climate change Condition in northern part of Isfahan province including Kashan, Natanz, Ardestan and Aran Bidgol, under the four carbon dioxide emission pathways (RCPs)of 2050.  Two groups of factors involved in agroclimatic feasibility of Rosa damascena mill cultivation including environmental factors (topography, soil) and climatic factors were extracted. Based on these factors, suitable zones of Rosa damascena mill cultivation, were identify using Fuzzy gamma function. In the next step, by simulating the climatic elements of the region in 2050, under the four carbon dioxide emission pathways, the fifth report of the IPCC, replacing the simulated climatic variables of 2050 under the four lines, by re-implementing the fuzzy gamma function, favorable areas of cultivation Rosa damascena mill was identified in each region in each scenario. In the next step, by simulating the climatic elements of the region in 2050, under the four carbon dioxide emission pathways, the fifth report of the IPCC, replacing the simulated climatic variables of 2050 under the four lines, by re-implementing the fuzzy gamma function, favorable areas of cultivation The Rosa damascena mill was identified in each region in each scenario. The results showed that in the base period climate, about 0.33% of the area (9025 km2) has a climate suitable for cultivating Rosa damascena mill and more than 67% of the area of ​​the region has a weak talent. The results of the simulation of the climatic conditions of 2050 under four carbon dioxide emission lines indicate that, under all scenarios, favorable areas for cultivating Rosa damascena mill in the studied area have increased. In the trajectory of 8/8 release, the highest class of agro-colliery was the cultivation of the flowers of Mohammadi gardens