When empires and great nations decline, there are many interrelated reasons involved in. Empires are considered to be powerful entities in the world, and via historical surveys, one can identify several important empires that have existed in different eras. Geopolitical knowledge and its constituent concepts (power, politics, and space) are closely associated with empires and can be explored from this perspective. The aim of this research is to conduct a geopolitical investigation of the collapse of empires. The research deal with the geopolitical factors contributing to the collapse of empires such as Persia, Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman, Britain, Russia, Spain, and Arab countries, using a descriptive-analytical method and field research. The statistical population consists of 50 specialists and experts in the field of geopolitical studies. The Dimtel method has been utilized to test the conceptual model of the research. The findings demonstrate that variables such as the incompetence and capriciousness of rulers, the collapse of the domestic economy, the extravagance and corruption of the governing class, oppression and slavery, and internal rebellions have a high level of interaction and a strong systemic connection with other variables. In other words, when a country faces these challenges in terms of its leadership and governance, it becomes unable to effectively address other problems caused by these factors, leading to a crisis and the eventual collapse of the empire.

Industrialization and modernization have had a significant impact on various aspects of society including architecture, urban planning, environment, climate, and geography. This impact is evident in phenomena such as the construction of high rise buildings, climate inversion, and environmental degradation. Many of the problems observed in recent decades can be attributed to population growth, migration, and changing needs of citizens. As a result, city managers and architects face significant challenges. The main objective of this article is to conduct a theoretical study on the use of residential towers, with a particular focus on sustainable social development and its implications for environmental protection in Tehran. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and has both applied and theoretical purposes. It is also part of a survey that employs both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The sample size for this study was 384 participants, and data were collected using questionnaires. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The most significant finding of this research is that population growth has fueled the construction of tall buildings, which in turn has contributed to issues such as excessive consumption of natural resources and fossil fuels, destruction of natural habitats, decline in social interactions, climate change, increased traffic congestion, and heightened air pollution. These issues have become a complex and seemingly insurmountable crisis.

  Geotourism is one of the important ecotourism species with a responsible and conservation-oriented approach that emphasizes the popularization of the earth sciences and the cultural, social and economic development of indigenous communities. Geosite, as the concept of the basis of geotourism, emphasizes places with geological or geomorphologic values, along with added and complementary values. In order to evaluate the geotourism conditions of a region and to assess its capabilities for management, it is necessary to value Geotourism has been identified and evaluated. The city of Firozkouh, with its numerous heritage land, is one of the areas prone to geotourism. In this research, through library and survey methods and using geotechnical assessment methods including Fascias method, GAM method and land degradation method, the city's geocytes from different perspectives were evaluated and analyzed. The results show that most of the geocytes of the region have a weak link with the native community despite their high profile and high educational potential and aesthetic value, and their vulnerability and their risk of collapse are increasing. It also faces a major challenge in terms of conservation and tourism services. In proritizing geosites, the Waznah geosite, Vashi Strait and Burnik Cave were favorable for investment and marketing. Also, in terms of Geopark capabilities, it turned out that the city could not become an independent geopark, but could play an important role as part of the geopark of Damavand.

Urbanization and increase in urban population as a result of the natural increase in population and rural-urban migration, has led to the concentration of the highest material and spiritual human capitals in these urban settlements. At the same time, various natural and human crises threaten these capitals. Urban management has undertaken various programs to deal with these crises, and the latest approach in this regard is to increase the resilience of cities. The concept of resilience can be discussed in various physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The present study with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of assessing the physical resilience of Tabriz metropolitan areas and determine their status relative to each other. For this purpose, multi-criteria decision making methods (MADM) and hierarchical analysis process (AHP) have been used. Also, 3 models of TOPSIS, VIKOR and COPRAS have been used to rank regions in terms of physical resilience. Finally, the Copeland model was used to combine the results of the mentioned models. The results show that regions 2, 8 and 9 jointly have the highest physical resilience. In the next ranks are regions 1, 10, 3, 7, 5, 4 and finally region 6, respectively.

One of the areas of activity that is considered in the municipalities of the country, especially in the metropolises, is the acquisition of property, which is handed over to the municipalities in order to realize a detailed plan, a comprehensive urban plan and a plan to improve and renovate worn-out structures. Be. Therefore, annually, in order to develop the city, the municipalities construct or improve roads and construct recreational and cultural places. The purpose of this study is the legal pathology of property acquisition in a dilapidated area of ​​historical value by the municipality of Sari. The present study, in terms of descriptive-analytical nature, is an applied-developmental research based on survey and field methods. The method of collecting the required data for the research was based on the library method, documentary method and field survey method (with a questionnaire) with a sample size of 384 citizens of Sari. Chi-square statistical analysis in SPSS software was used to analyze the data in the present study. The results show that the most important internal damage of the municipality in the acquisition of property located in the dilapidated areas of Sari, respectively, including poor information of laws and legal mechanisms, lack of coordinated executive procedures, lack of continuous tariff updates. The price of real estate is the lack of timely implementation of plans and plans and the lack of legal studies in the preparation of plans. Therefore, Sari Municipality should increase the strengths and reduce the weaknesses and create structural and functional cohesion and internal integration in the ownership of the properties located in the project, rather than inter-sectoral (inter-organizational) and extra-sectoral (extra-organizational) extraversion. To organize the worn-out tissues of Sari city.

By evaluating the functions and ecosystem services of protected areas, it is possible to help planners and decision makers of land management and sustainable development in the region and the country. The present study specifically assesses water and soil resources in the Gando Protected Area and the economic valuation of these services. In order to model the ecosystem services of water balance, soil protection and water quality, a hydrological model -WWPSS- based on RS data was used. The simulation was performed using a series of one-degree square meters (one hectare) on a monthly scale. In order to evaluate the economy, the Invest model and the alternative cost method were used. The results showed that the total water produced in this region is 401,205,344 m³ per year. Also, the minimum, maximum and average water budget of all three are negative and are equal to -1492.76, -38.04 and -639.24 mm per year, respectively, which indicates the lack of rainfall and the intensity of evapotranspiration in this region. The average potential of surface water pollution is 4.5% and this area prevents erosion of 2 tons per hectare per year. The real economic value of water production and soil protection in 2019 with inflation reform of 20.18%, 67.54 and 2729.65 billion rials, respectively, is estimated. Three scenarios with discount rates (combined) of 8, 12 and 15% in 5, 10, 15- and 30-year periods were used to determine the economic value of the functions of these resources. The results showed that for example; With a discount rate of 15% and over a period of 30 years, the economic value of water production and soil protection will reach 4471.82 and 180.730 billion rials, respectively. totally, the economic value of water production and soil protection is 0.35 and 14.17% of the total value of the region.

In the creation of urban space, there is always an exchange of ideas about what the space is now and how it should exist, by those who live in that place. So improvement in its harsh reality is realized in some of their thoughts in the form of a physical change in the current environment - and urban regeneration is one such form. Considering the increase in the number of urban regeneration projects in recent decades, it is very important to pay attention to the social dimensions in it. On this basis, social capital, as one of the social potentials of the neighborhood, is a concept that has gained special importance in regeneration. Considering the necessity of the subject, this research has analyzed the role of social capital on the regeneration of urban neighborhoods. The applied research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and the main goal of this research is to analyze the role of social capital in the regeneration of Islamabad Karaj neighborhood among the residents of the neighborhood. In this regard, the data collection in the theoretical part was based on the documentary method and in the practical part, the survey was based on the questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is made up of people over 15 years of age living in a neighborhood of over 25,000 people using a simple random sampling method, so a sample of 410 people was selected from this population using Cochran's formula. For data analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used using spss software. The results showed a strong correlation between social capital and urban regeneration in Karaj neighborhood of Islamabad. The implications of this research on the relationship between social capital and urban regeneration increase the need to pay attention to the components of social capital and adopt policies to maintain and promote it in order to ensure successful urban regeneration in the neighborhood of Islamabad Karaj.

Earthquakes resilience, which is actually how social, economic, institutional, geographical, etc. capacities of societies are affected by earthquakes, is one of the issues that should be considered in any society. It is worth noting that the type of attitude towards the issue of resilience and how to analyze it on the one hand, plays a key role in how to recognize resilience and its causes, and on the other hand also influences policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to rank the resilience of new urban Habitations in the ​​Isfahan Metropolitan earthquake risk using a combined index. Due to the studied components and the nature of the subject, the approach of this research is "descriptive-analytical". The statistical population of this study includes 6 new urban Habitations of Shahin shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan shahr, Fooladshahr, Baharestan and Shahid Keshvari. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in the research literature section, information has been collected through the library method. Based on the results of POSET, Majlesi, Baharestan, Foolad shahr, Sepahan Shahr, Shahin Shahr and Shahid Keshvari Habitations with the sum of options 3, 6, 7, 8, 11 and 14 in terms of the combined index of resilience against earthquake risk, respectively. They have 1-6. Therefore, in order to reduce the adverse effects that resilience has on any community, paying attention to the capacities of each Habitation is one of the issues that should be considered in every community to prevent human and financial losses caused by possible accidents.

Policy-making in tourism development planning requires the use of new methods in the field of urban governance. In accordance with this approach, it is necessary to apply policy focusing on the processes of "developing a good governance model for tourism in the post-corona era in Iran" in order to solve the problems caused by this disease, which puts double pressure on the body of the tourism industry, through To reduce the evaluation of tourism governance indicators and provide the basis for their implementation. The method of this research is descriptive-survey and with practical purpose, using documentary studies and field research. We have used the interview tool for the qualitative part (data analysis of the foundation) and studying the appropriate indicators of tourism. The statistical population includes elites and people involved in tourism in the country, and the statistical sample includes 14 of these people, who were selected by a combination of judgmental and snowball sampling methods. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted by comparing data in open, central and selective coding until the stage of theoretical saturation and separation of main and sub-categories, and the data theory method of the Strauss and Corbin Foundation (1998) was used to analyze the obtained data. has been The results of this research, according to the identification of the indicators of meritocracy and the introduction of the causal conditions of the use of meritocracy in Iran's tourism industry, lay the groundwork for the formation of consequences such as; Improving the business environment, especially after the recession crisis of this industry due to the spread of Covid-19, creating a competitive advantage, etc. through providing suitable platforms, including: organizational measures, strengthening and improving infrastructure, technological capabilities, etc. and using information and communication management strategies, marketing strategies, supervision and monitoring, etc., which are displayed as a model.

 

The intermediate development approach suggests that empty lands and the inner destructive structure of cities should be targeted for development instead of taking the peripheral lands of the cities under construction. Considering this importance, in this article, an attempt has been made to identify and prioritize the obstacles to the intermediate development of Zabol using Chang’s technique. The present applied study employed a descriptive-analytical research method and library and survey research (field studies) data collection techniques. The statistical population for identifying the obstacles of intermediate development consisted of all the residents of Zabol city in 2023. The sample size was calculated as 384 via Cochran’s formula. The purposive sampling method was employed to collect the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculated the research instrument’s reliability as 0.80. The obstacles were identified using a sample t-test in SPSS, and the upcoming obstacles were prioritized. The required data were collected from the existing facts of the city and through a questionnaire distributed among 20 related experts. Then, data and information were analyzed using Chang’s technique (AHP-FUZZY). The research results showed that the most important obstacle to implementing the intermediate development plan of Zabol city is the economic index, with a final weight of 483.
 

Understanding the daily weather types of any place location plays an important role in identifying its long-term climate. In this study, we employed the Wos classification method, along with a comprehensive climatology approach, to examine key variables such as minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, as well as cloud cover and daily precipitation. Data spanning from 1985 to 2021 were collected from 39 synoptic stations that had a good distribution in the country and had complete statistics, and weather types were identified using coding techniques. The findings revealed that the predominant temperature types in the country are predominantly hot and very hot, with sub-codes indicating generally low to moderate cloud cover and no precipitation. Moreover, the utilization of Ward's clustering method enabled us to identify three distinct climatic groups. The geographical characteristics of each place, such as location, altitude, latitude, proximity to the sea, and synoptic characteristics based on their influence, have the most important effect on the regional separation of groups in the country. The results of this research can be used to determine the weather calendar of each region during different time periods in many fields of agriculture, tourism, etc.

 The world today is witnessing the height of geopolitical competition; An arena where only energy resources are no longer considered as the support of countries, but the corridors have become the place of power competition and every country tries to find a place for itself in the network created by these emerging corridors. In other words, the global geopolitical trend intensifies competition over maritime bottlenecks and secures access to cross-border markets. This research is a type of "theoretical foundation" research; Its method is also descriptive-analytical and it is collected in a certain way from comparative methodology with library and internet tools. It seems that in the chronopolitical alcove in the field of Iran-Iraq relations, each of the actors is trying to position their role in the international corridors, which they pursue in line with several goals; Such as Iraq's pursuit of the "FAW Corridor" initiative, and Iran, which seeks to develop the circle of economic cooperation and take a place in the emerging alliances of the East. Although it is not possible to confidently predict the future of relations between the two countries from a chronopolitical perspective, signs of less cooperation and more competition in the relations between the two countries due to various variables and reasons can be seen on the horizon. The most important indicator of possible competition includes competition in transit routes (corridors).