In this study, used the data of the Modis satellite. Satellite in the province of Hamadan for a period of 15 years to study and monitor the status of the leaf area index. The leaf area index data were analyzed. After extraction from the Modus website, coding was done in software and then extracted from the maps. Finally, the annual time series of leaf area index was obtained and its relation with rainfall and average temperature during these years. In order to investigate better, the cells above the one representing a better condition and higher leaf area density. In this regard, the years 2002, 2008 and 2011 were (0.01, 0.03, and 0.03%) of the lowest pixels higher than 1 and 2016 with 0.24 and 2014, 2009 and 2010 with 0.07 pixels higher than 1, the highest number of pixels. The common aspect of all years shows that in terms of pixels above the common places, all the years: the southern Hamadan gardens in the south of the Moradbeyk Valley, the Nahavand West fields, the south-east Malayer Gardens, the protected area Lashgar in the south-east of Malayer. The only difference seen in different years is the number of pixels. Finally, the time series of the data were the highest in 1389 and the lowest level of leaf area in the years 1381 and 2008.

The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution of Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Convergence (Vertically Integrated) Moisture Flux Convergence) on Iran’s atmosphere. To achieve this aim, the monthly ECMWF gridded data used during the period from 1/1979-12/2013. First, based on the specific humidity content in the atmosphere, troposphere divided into three layers (850-1000hPa), mid (700-775hPa) and upper (500-600hPa). In order to achieve VIMFC spatial variations on Iran, spatial self-correlation methods   of globular moron and hot spots used at 90, 95, 99 and 99/99 percent significance levels. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of VIMFC in Iran during the first layer of troposphere and especially during warm months of year has a high cluster pattern and in cold months of the year and in the third layer of troposphere cluster pattern decrease. Based on the hot spots index in the first layer of troposphere low height regions, in the second layer of troposphere the  high regions of the Alborz, zagros and central mountains and in the third layer of troposphere alpine regions of central and eastern Iran's mountains has positive spatial self-correlation (hot spots). The results show that in winter and autumn during the second period (1999-2013), the range of hot spots of the VIMFC show a significant reduction compared to the first period (1979-1998) on Iran.

Awareness of the status of vegetation, land use change and surface temperature in each region, and the timing and location of their changes over time are important for micro and macro planning. In order to make optimal use of land, knowledge of land use changes is necessary, which is usually possible by detecting and predicting land use changes. Measuring the role of researches and researchers has been instrumental in the study of natural resources, especially vegetation, surface temperature and user variations in each location, as well as the availability of information for different times for valuable studies. In this study, ETM and OLI were used to study the process of land use change, vegetation cover, surface temperature, and hazards caused by them in perennial seasons. The results show that the area of use changes over the period 2000-2010 has decreased the area of use of the developed area, agricultural and growing gardens and the area of land and rangelands. Artificial vegetation has risen in aggregate and rangeland lands are showing a decreasing trend. Due to the importance of vegetation and its role in reducing the temperature of the earth's surface, the trend has been decreasing in regions with intensive vegetation and high temperature. Also, in the period from 2010 to 2017, the range was further increased and the city's growth continued sporadically, causing environmental changes and rising temperatures in the city. The change in the city's increased range has increased environmental risks, including the loss of good agricultural land and the increase in the temperature of the city. Due to the fact that most agricultural land is located in the vicinity of the city under cultivation of saffron, which in the warm seasons does not have surface coatings, changes in the type of cultivation can also affect the temperature of the earth.

This study was conducted with the aim of providing a remotely sensed water quality index in Assaluyeh port using remote sensing technology. so, according to the region conditions, studying of scientific resources and access to satellite data, the parameters of heavy­metals, dissolved ions, SST, chlorophyll-a and pH were selected. Then, by reviewing sources, the product MYD091km, MYD021km, MOD021km, MOD091km and level2 images of chlorophyll-a and SST of MODIS sensor were used after preprocessing operations. Also In-situ data were collected Simultaneously with the capture of satellite images in August 2014. Then, the relationships between the water quality parameters and MODIS data, with (R²) from 0.59 to 0.94 and (RMSE) from 0.07 to 0.1 were obtained. Next the images of the MODIS sensor from 2015 to 2017 were prepared and the models were applied to them, then the layers were standardized by fuzzy logic. Also time series of SST data from 2003 to 2017 were prepared and for each month the average pixel values were calculated and based on this, from 2015 to 2017, the variation of this parameter was standardized. Finally, an effective index for assessing the quality of coastal waters was provided by time series of satellite images and the waters of Assaluyeh port were zoned. The results showed that the water quality in 2015 and 2016 has shifted from poor to very ­­poor status in 2017. Based on the results, with the development of a proposed index, in future studies a continuous assessment of environmental monitoring is possible.

Also, because of human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth has always undergone a change. Therefore, for optimal management of natural areas, awareness of the ratio of land cover/land use changes is a necessity. Therefore, extraction of land use maps as the most important goal in the management of the natural resource can be considered. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate land cover/ land use changes at the Rozechai Watershed during the period of 30-years 1985-2015 using Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellite imageries such as TM and ETM+ sensors; plus, land use maps were prepared using TerrSet software and object-oriented classification in 1985 and 2000 years. As well as the land use map of procurement by the geographical organization in 2015 has been used. The results show that rangelands level has the highest percentage among all land use types during the period of 30 years, but between 1985 and 2000, and 2000 to 2015, the level of rangelands has a decreasing trend indicating the destruction trend in the region of the replacement of moderate- poor rangelands and good rangeland by dry farming. Also, the tables of obtained from the error matrix indicate that the observed values in the diameter of the error matrix are much larger than the values outside the diameters. Thus, the overall accuracy for the years 1985, 2000, and 2015 were 97, 90 and 96 percent, and The values of Kappa index were 91%, 84% and 94% respectively, indicating a high degree of accuracy in the object-oriented approach to classification.

In fact, the growth of urban consciousness is a wise strategy to drive urban development and control dispersion and drive urban growth toward sustainability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of Bushehr city area in terms of growth indices. In this regard, this research is a goal-oriented, applied-developmental one, and a combination of documentary, analytical, causal and survey methods. Reliability of the research instrument based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the research was 0.749 which is higher than 0.7 and is appropriate. The statistical population of the study is Bushehr inhabitants which according to Cochran formula is estimated 384 samples. According to the statistical population, the questionnaire was distributed randomly among the citizens. In order to compare between two regions, T-test with two independent samples was used for evaluation of urban smart growth in District 1 and 2 of Bushehr. In this test, the first option to be considered is the significance level while the significance level or sig between the two regions is less than 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the two regions and vice versa. Significance level analysis (0.000) shows that there is a significant difference between the two regions in terms of urban smart growth. Meanwhile, the mean of Region 1 with 3.21 was higher than that of Region 2 with 2.86. Although there is a significant difference in Bushehr region in terms of smart growth indices, this difference is not significant and in general Bushehr regions are not in a good position in terms of smart growth indices.

Earthquake resilience, defined as the capacity of societies—including social, economic, institutional, geographical, and other dimensions—to withstand and recover from seismic events, is a critical issue that demands attention across various societal contexts. It is essential to acknowledge that attitudes toward resilience and the analytical frameworks employed to assess it significantly influence both the understanding of underlying causes of resilience and the formulation of policies aimed at risk reduction and management. The objective of this study is to evaluate and rank the earthquake resilience of new urban developments within the Isfahan Metropolitan area through the utilization of a combined index. Given the nature of the subject matter, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study's statistical population comprises six new urban developments: Shahin Shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan Shahr, Foolad Shahr, Baharestan, and Shahid Keshvari. This research is characterized as applied in nature, and information for the literature review was gathered through library research methods. According to the results derived from the Potentially Optimal Solutions Evaluation Technique (POSET) analysis, the rankings of the urban developments based on the combined index of resilience to earthquake risk are as follows: Majlesi (3), Baharestan (6), Foolad Shahr (7), Sepahan Shahr (8), Shahin Shahr (11), and Shahid Keshvari (14). Consequently, to mitigate the adverse effects of earthquakes on communities, it is imperative to consider the unique capacities of each urban development, thereby reducing potential human and financial losses resulting from such events.

In vast areas, accessing satellite images with appropriate spatial resolution, such as Landsat images, is often challenging.  dditionally, the temporal resolution of the Landsat satellite does not allow for the examination of short-term changes in phenomena such as vegetation. The aim of this research is to utilize temporal and spatial fusion techniques of Landsat-8 and MODIS satellite images to prepare a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map.  For this purpose, six image fusion algorithms—NNDiffuse (Nearest Neighbor Diffusion), PC (Principal Component), Brovey, CN (Color Normalized), Gram-Schmidt, and SFIM—were applied in an experimental area in Khuzestan province. After evaluating the results of these algorithms and selecting the most appropriate algorithm based on statistical indicators (spectral criteria such as the correlation coefficient and spatial criteria such as the Laplacian filter), the spectral and spatial information from the red and near-infrared bands of eight mosaic Landsat-8 images (30 m resolution) were combined with the red and near-infrared bands of one MODIS image (250 m resolution). To investigate vegetation cover, the NDVI was calculated using the fused satellite image for Khuzestan province. The results showed that the NNDiffuse fusion algorithm demonstrated very high accuracy among the tested algorithms in terms of spatial evaluation and spectral quality criteria. Consequently, this algorithm was selected to combine the red and near-infrared bands of Landsat-8 and MODIS images. Compared to the original Landsat-8 image, the NDVI map prepared using this algorithm had the lowest statistical errors, with an RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.1234 and an MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of 0.081.

Utilizing neighborhood capacities and redefining the role of citizens at the urban neighborhood level has led to a new approach called neighborhood-based participation; Because many urban challenges are rooted in the lack of citizen participation. The city of Zahedan is no exception. In order to achieve neighborhood-based participation, it is very important to pay attention to and strengthen some indicators. The purpose of this study is to measure the effective indicators in improving neighborhood-based participation to improve urban services in the city of Zahedan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of 587730 citizens living in Zahedan. The sample size was calculated using the Cochranchr('39')s formula of 322 people. Examination of 5 variables of reliability, accountability and responsibility, reliability, empathy and attention and tangible and tangible factors show that all 5 variables were significant at the level of less than 0.05. Examining the difference between the mean and t-test statistics confirmed that citizens do not trust the performance of the municipality and managers. Also, one-sample t-test shows that the indicators of transparency, empowerment, economic base, value bases and sense of place are equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05 are significant. This article points to the impact of these indicators on improving neighborhood-based participation. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the greatest effect is related to the transparency index with 0.19, then the sense of spatial belonging with 0.15. Also, one-sample t-test shows that voluntary contributions (mean difference of 0.510), financial (mean difference of 0.611) and intellectual (mean difference of 0.486) with a significance level of less than 0.05 can have a great impact on Improve neighborhood-based participation and improve the quality of municipal services.

In todaychr('39')s world, housing and shelter have overshadowed many aspects of human life. Providing adequate housing, especially for low-income urban groups, is one of the most important issues and challenges facing all countries. The desirability of the environment of residential complexes built for low-income groups has always been a challenging issue. In the programs and plans prepared for these groups, due to the huge flood of applicants and also the limited resources and credits, quantitative goals have often been pursued and qualitative goals have been abandoned. A study of the housing pattern of this group in cities shows that attention and application of effective indicators of housing sustainability is one of the categories that should be considered in the process of housing planning. This article, with the aim of analyzing the factors affecting the housing survival of low-income groups, has reviewed the theoretical literature and tested research hypotheses. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Mehr dwelling in Sirjan. After distributing the questionnaire, data analysis was used at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. The validity of the structure was confirmed by factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was also calculated using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient test of o.7. Data analysis was performed from Sstructural Equation Modeling using Smart PLS software. Findings indicate the relationship between quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing on durability. Quality index with cultural and social criteria and components such as security, privacy, sense of place, user participation has the greatest impact on Durability of low-income housing in Sirjan.