Cities are open systems that constantly change and bring about changes in inside and outside neighboring areas. With the rapid growth of urban population in the world, cities sprawl and occupy surrounding lands. In this situation, attention to the developments inside urban space could be a key principle in urban planning. The aim of this study was determining and prioritizing economic, social and ecological factors which influence inside urban space indicators in City of Gorgan using Delphi method and literature review. Following the increase in population, developments inside urban space in the future is inevitable. Understanding and recognition of this process is essential to effective management in the field of conservation of the urban environment. Four expertize requirements should be taken into account: knowledge and experience of the field of study; ability and willingness to participate; adequate time to participate; and effective communication skills. Experts’ panel included fifteen specialists from municipality, city council, academics, cultural and medical service providers, police, urban planners and citizens, whose points of view were collected using questionnaires. Data collection for questionnaire was repeated 4 times to reach a consensus. Overall, twenty - four factors were identified for the economic, social and ecological factors, and then the degree and percentage of importance for each one was determined. Results showed that the most important indicator is feeling of security followed by the noise pollution and environmental pollution. Results could be helpful to urban planners and related organizations to improve inside urban space for welfare and life quality of citizens. Prioritization of these indicators provides an appropriate action agenda for the managers.

Due to the importance of forests in natural and anthropogenic environment, the effects of meteorological drought on the dryness of oak forests in Ilam province were investigated. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of Zagros forests with drought occurring in the area. The results of the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for the time periods showed that the most drought occurred in 2007, 2008, 2011, 2015 and 2016. Remote sensing data (MODIS images) were used to investigate the vegetation trend (NDVI) of trees during the period 2016–2016. The vegetation trend (NDVI) was significant over the period with the index drought index (SPI) with R2 = 0.9999. Ground harvesting of oak drying points and simulation using Landsat satellite imagery with 15 m pixel output from GIS software showed that 17894 hectares of area forests from 2000 to 2016 were dried and destroyed and prepared with oak forest and integrated layer. The output layers from the drought zoning were shown visually and the statistical analysis was performed in three 5-year time series. The results of these analyzes from 2002 to 2006 showed that the correlation coefficient between meteorological drought and oak drought 96.6% with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.985, for the time series of 2007 to 2011 the correlation coefficient between scratches Meteorological and oak dryness of 95.4% with R2 = 0.980 and coefficient of correlation for meteorological drought and oak drought of 98.8% and R2 = 0.995 of coefficient respectively. Its fluctuations in time series show the intensity and duration of the drying up of oak forests in the region. According to the results of this study, it is predicted that if the drought goes through this process, 1118.4 hectares of oak forests in Ilam province will be dried and destroyed annually.

The present study investigated the impacts of NAO and ENSO on the precipitation in the southern shores of Caspian Sea. The accumulated monthly and annual rainfalls from 5 synoptic stations during the years (1956-2017) were taken through Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorology Organization (IRIMO) and the Multivariate Enso Indices (MEI) and NAO activity years are obtained from National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. Pearson correlation was used to investigate the relationship between indices and precipitation amounts of selected stations. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between precipitation and NAO index in some months in all stations but this correlation was not following a particular pattern in all the stations. The maximum correlations were observed at Babolsar and   Anzali station and the least correlation was found at  Gorgan stations. The correlation between precipitation and different phases of NAO showed that there was a positive correlation between precipitation and negative phase of the index in Ramsar station and a negative correlation between precipitation and positive phase in the Gorgan station.The results of the Pearson correlation show a significant correlation between the MEI and rainfall amounts in the autumn in some stations in the early winter. In Review drought and wet periods with both Indicator it was observed that the behavior of the stations in the El Niño period, which was with different phases of the NAO was not entirely harmonious but the coefficient of 89% of rainfall in normal and more than normal during the period of El Niño showed that Elnino is better fitted to normal and more than normal rainfall in these stations also coefficient of 60%  of weak to severe droughts in the Lanina period in the selected stations Indicates that the LaNina phase was more related with severe droughts in the under studied period.

To conduct this research, first, the data of monthly observations of synoptic and hydrometric precipitation from the National Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy during the 30-year period (2006-2005) were obtained. To examine the prospect of future rainfall changes, the historical data of the period (1976-2005) and the simulated climate data of the period (2050-2021) using two models of CM3), (CSIRO-Mk3.6 from the series) Models (CMIP5) and according to 4 scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5) that are available with a spatial resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 with the BCSD method have been used.Mean-based (MB) strategy has been used to correct the bias in the output of these models. The results of the AOGCM models showed that the CSIRO-Mk3.6 error coefficient was less than the GFDL-CM3 model for simulating precipitation in the case of Large Karun.The average future rainfall (2021-2050) in the whole basin compared to the average observed rainfall during the statistical period of 1976-2005 shows, in both models and scenarios in both basins in terms of amount and area of ​​precipitation is decreasing significantly.Heavy rains in the Greater Karun Basin have been concentrated in all scenarios and models east of the basin. The highest rainfall was in the central foothills. The lowest rainfall is in the southwest and southeast. The final results of the present study are expected to be 83-116 mm. Both models are expected to have the highest rainfall in the Greater Karun Basin, with two scenarios: rcp4.5 and rcp2.6.

Broiler is one of the most common sources of poultry meat which has become one of the most popular and fastest poultry production in the world. The performance of broilers is directly affected by increasing or decreasing temperature and heat & cold Stress. In this study, it has been attempted to evaluate the cooling and heating degree-days (HDD and CDD) at different broiler breeding periods for Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, monthly mean temperature data for the statistical period (1988-1998) derived from 13 synoptic stations of the province were used. The cooling and heating degree-days were calculated for each of the breeding weeks based on specific thresholds and their spatial distribution was assessed. In the next step, the relationship between the cooling and heating degree-days and geographical parameters were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing latitude, the cooling degree-days decreased and the heating degree- days increased. The northern and western regions of the province have shown greater heating requirements in all broiler breeding periods, while the cooling requirements at different stages of broiler breeding have been higher for the eastern and southern regions of the province. In terms of total cooling and heating requirements, the northeast, southwest and western regions of the province; the cities of Khaf, Gonabad, Kashmar, Sarakhs and Sabzwar have the least heating-cooling requirements in the six-week broiler breeding period and are considered suitable climates for the development of this economic activity.

  Geotourism is one of the important ecotourism species with a responsible and conservation-oriented approach that emphasizes the popularization of the earth sciences and the cultural, social and economic development of indigenous communities. Geosite, as the concept of the basis of geotourism, emphasizes places with geological or geomorphologic values, along with added and complementary values. In order to evaluate the geotourism conditions of a region and to assess its capabilities for management, it is necessary to value Geotourism has been identified and evaluated. The city of Firozkouh, with its numerous heritage land, is one of the areas prone to geotourism. In this research, through library and survey methods and using geotechnical assessment methods including Fascias method, GAM method and land degradation method, the city's geocytes from different perspectives were evaluated and analyzed. The results show that most of the geocytes of the region have a weak link with the native community despite their high profile and high educational potential and aesthetic value, and their vulnerability and their risk of collapse are increasing. It also faces a major challenge in terms of conservation and tourism services. In proritizing geosites, the Waznah geosite, Vashi Strait and Burnik Cave were favorable for investment and marketing. Also, in terms of Geopark capabilities, it turned out that the city could not become an independent geopark, but could play an important role as part of the geopark of Damavand.

Resiliency is one of the approaches to reducing the vulnerability of communities and strengthening peoplechr('39')s ability to deal with the dangers of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, and has economic, social, institutional, physical, and environmental dimensions. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and research method. The researcher-made questionnaire with 102 items was a tool for collecting research data. The sample size was 386 simple based on Cochranchr('39')s formulas and the sampling method was random. Exploratory factor analysis and path analysis were used in the SPSS25 software platform for data analysis and factor modeling. The results indicate that Parsabad city has the lowest scores in terms of social and physical resilience and is in a moderate to good condition; environmental resilience is in a moderate condition, institutional and economic resilience are in a bad situation. Also question factorization, 13 factors for social dimensions, (behavior during the crisis, crisis awareness, crisis preparedness, knowledge, cooperation, trust, assistance, reliance, interaction, accuracy, attitude, first aid, and necessary measures); 3 factors (Damages, Compensation and ability to return) for economic dimensions; 5 factors (performance of public institutions, the performance of semi-public institutions, institutional communication, institutional measures, and institutional context) for institutional resilience; 4 factors (open space, building resistance, public access and Relief access) for physical resilience and 3 factors (environmental, nutritional and soil factors) for environmental resilience. Finally, the modeling of resilience indicators for Parsabad city was presented.

The purpose of the present study is to assess the land surface temperature in relation to landuse for the city of Tabriz using remote sensing technology and GIS. Landsat 8 satellite image was used to map the land surface temperature for the study area. Atmospheric correction was applied to the desired image using the FLAASH method and the land surface temperature was estimated using the split-window algorithm for the study area with an accuracy of 1.51 degrees. Landuse map of Tabriz city in 6 classes was obtained using the object-based approach in eCognition software with an accuracy of 90/03. The results of studying the relationship between land surface temperature and landuse indicate that agricultural lands with a temperature of 18.22 °C have the highest land surface temperature. Also, water areas (rivers) have the lowest (10.30 °C) land surface temperature, because of their radiant power close to one. The research results also indicate that the split-window algorithm provides reliable results for land surface temperature estimation that can be used in environmental studies and earth sciences.

Climate change and global warming are very important issues of the present century. Climate change process, especially temperature and precipitation changes, the most important issue is environmental science. Climate change means a change in the long-term average. Iran is located in the subtropical high pressure zone in arid and semi-arid regions and the Hyrcanian forest is a green area between the Caspian Sea and the Alborz mountain range. At the 43rd UNESCO Summit, the Hyrcanian forests were registered as the second natural heritage of Iran. Beech is one of the most important tree species and the most industrial species of Hyrcanian forests It accounts for about 18 percent of the northern forest volume (from Astara to Gorgan with a life span of about 250 years). The study area is located in the Shanderman basin in western Guilan province. In this research using tree dendroclimatology, Use of vegetative width of beech tree rings, Weather station statistics located in the study area, And Mann-Kendall nonparametric statistical method, To Investigate Climate Change Trend on Growth Time Series and Pearson Statistical Method, in order to evaluate the correlation of diameter growth of beech tree rings with climate variables in the region, an attempt was made. Results of time series of beech tree growth rings over 202 years. Using the nonparametric method Mann- Kendall showed, Changes in growth rings of beech trees have a downward and negative trend, at level 5 %, it was significant. Temperature Minimum, Average, Maximum, and Evaporation during the growing season, there was an upward trend and Annual precipitation there was a downward trend. Using the Pearson method Fit correlation of growth ring diameter with temperature, For the average monthly in February and the average minimum temperature in July, August and September and Negative correlation, for average maximum temperature in February, July, August and September at 95% level, it was significant and precipitation in June, the correlation was 95% positive and significant.