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Today, the accelerating trend of urbanization, the lack of guidance and urban management, national and regional inequalities, and differences in the socio-economic base of individuals have led to the growth and expansion of informal housing. Due to this situation, informal housing has been expanding in Tehran's metropolitan area. The present study seeks to find key factors affecting informal housing in the study area and also to determine the relationships between criteria through structural-interpretive modeling (ISM). Are; Which is applied in terms of the nature of the application and in terms of the combined method (quantitative and qualitative) and in terms of the inductive research approach In this method, a questionnaire tool was used and in order to analyze the relationships and present their structural model, the interpretive structural modeling method was used, The results of MICMAC analysis and the classification of key factors in the four matrix clusters It shows that the factors of economic growth, redistributive policies, decentralization and transfer of authority, regional equilibrium policies, revision of development and sanctions laws and regulations and its effects are in the fourth cluster,which are in fact variables of research. In fact, key variables are research, and the only factor in housing policies is the cluster of link variables, which will guide other factors, and change will affect the entire system.

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Today, due to the conditions of globalization, branding of cities is very important due to the tourism potential and most areas with planning in this area try to further economic development and deprivation through tourism. In this study, the research strategy is deductive and its purpose will be practical. The required data and information are from library resources and survey (questionnaire and interview) of experts. The meta-swat technique is based on an inside-out approach and a resource-based perspective and provides competitiveness to cities and regions. The city of Kermanshah has high capabilities to attract tourism in order to be urban, regional and global competitiveness. The findings of this study show that among the capabilities and capabilities of Kermanshah, the existence of historical and cultural monuments such as, Taq-e Bostan, pillars, historic houses, museums, etc., the role of the center of handicrafts, cultural similarities with people living in Iraq and Turkey, culture, Beliefs and customs as tourism potentials of Kermanshah have four characteristics (VIRO) and in fact, this feature is the most strategic fit with macro variables affecting tourist attraction and urban competitiveness through tourism in the city of Kermanshah. Among the major influential variables of the Corona pandemic, the existence of sanctions against Iran, climate change and natural disasters and lack of funding, have the greatest impact on the urban competitiveness of Kermanshah. According to the sources and macro variables, a strategic fit map was drawn and appropriate solutions were provided.

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Public spaces and social interactions have a two-way relationship. While the dense growth of cities, lack of land and lack of attention to these spaces in urban development programs has led to a per capita shortage of open and green space and reduce social interactions. District 10 of Tehran, as the most densely populated area in this metropolis, has a shortage of quantity and quality in public and open spaces. And other issues such as physical deterioration, urban landscape turmoil and a high rate of tenants, Low social security and the floating population have reduced the quality of existing public spaces and the level of social interaction in this area. In this way, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of evolving public spaces in order to promote social interactions in District 10 of Tehran. And its strategy is descriptive-survey , Data has collected by documentary and field studies and SWOT and QSPM techniques has used for analysis. The results have revealed that the diversity of activities, integration of land uses, social inclusion, access to public transport, social security, memorability, safety, use of all senses, readability, visibility, flexibility, urban furniture, materials on the urban furniture and pavement, climate comfort, and environmental health are effective factors on promoting social interaction in public spaces and the right conditions for the presence of children and the elderly will lead to increased supervision and social security. Strategies in the superior scenario including aggressive strategies (SO₁: Enhancing social security in existing public spaces, SO₂: Promoting per capita open and open spaces, SO₄: Developing local hangouts and micro spaces for community gathering, SO₅: Allocating multicultural, artistic spaces, sports venues, etc.) and conservative strategies (ST₁: reusing existing spaces inactive municipal ownership, ST₂: increasing citizens’ social participation). At last, for possibility of 6 prioritized strategies, 18 policies and 31 action plans are formulated.
 

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In the field of spatial planning of border areas, the macro-perspective view of geography should be applied in order to identify the possibilities, capabilities and limitations of border areas, at least to avoid the tensions and challenges due to unbalanced development. , Deprivation and spatial heterogeneity arise, prevented. The research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this regard, using a combination of multi-criteria decision-making techniques similar to the ideal option (TOPSIS) and Shannon entropy coefficient, the distribution and development of spatial development indicators in health-service sectors in Kurdistan province evaluation The border cities of this province have been classified according to the level of having these indicators. The question of the present study is what is the situation of the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of spatial distribution of health and service indicators? It seems that the level of enjoyment of any of the border cities of Kurdistan province is not at the desired level. The findings of this study indicate that Kurdistan province, despite having a special position and high geopolitical potential, is still one of the most deprived provinces in the country. In addition, there is a kind of imbalance and heterogeneity in the distribution and development of facilities and development indicators in the border cities of the province. Based on the analysis of 13 indicators of the space organization from a total of 4 border cities of this province, Saqez and Baneh cities in the semi-privileged (semi-deprived) group and the two cities of Marivan and Sarvabad in the category without (deprived) place Taken. Based on the results of this study, the space organization in the border cities of Kurdistan province is highly heterogeneous and these cities are in the middle to lower level in terms of health-service development that is necessary in terms of health and services This border province should be given special attention to ensure the lasting security of the border citizens of Kurdistan.

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Relative humidity is considered as one of the most important climatic parameters and atmospheric phenomena. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the regional algorithms for estimating relative humidity using remote sensing data in Hormozgan province. In this regard, the products (MOD05 and MOD07) were used to for estimating the total perceptible water, air temperature and sea- level pressure. Also the product (MOD35) was used for cloud testing, which by performing this test, 2190 cloudless images with 95% confidence for processing was identified. To evaluate the results, radio sound data of Bandar Abbas and synoptic stations in all over the Hormozgan were used. The results showed high accuracy of the used algorithms and experimental model so that R2 and RMSE values of the recorded layers of the sensor and ground data were acceptable. They are in good agreement with ground station measurements. The results showed that the climate of the province is semi-desert with a long warm season and a short cool one. With a closer look, it was found that sea-level pressure and total perceptible water (TPW) in this province are highly correlated with the topography of the region, so that, maximum total perceptible water and sea level pressure were recorded in coastal lowland areas and minimum in the highlands of the province. According to zoning maps, Hormozgan province can be divided into four parts due to relative humidity: from very dry climate with less than 20% relative humidity which is recorded at the highlands to humid areas with more than 65% relative humidity at the coastal area.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of destination image and service quality on the competitiveness of tourism destinations studied: Tabriz city was written. This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population consisted of incoming tourists to the city of Tabriz, the sample size of which was estimated to be 384 using the Cochran's formula for an unlimited population. In order to collect field information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, the validity of which was confirmed by experts. Cronbach's alpha method and combined reliability were also used to evaluate the reliability, and the results of these tests confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire used. In order to analyze the data and information of this research, SPSS and LISREL software were used. The results of the research hypotheses showed that the destination image and service quality have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. According to the path coefficient obtained for these two independent variables, the effect of the destination image variable on the competitiveness of tourism destinations was higher than the quality of services.

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The morphology of river is one of the issues in geomorphology, engineering and river management. The marginal sections of the rivers have always been subject to the riverbed due to the special social and economic conditions. The Dare Ourt River is one of the permanent rivers in Ardabil province. In recent years, there have always been floods and changes in the morphology of the duct. In this study, the Dare Ourt river was analyzed using Rosegen model at levels one and two. The main data required for this study include: 1: 2000 river topographic maps, hydrometric data and boundary conditions (Ardabil Regional Water Authority). The HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model was also used to more accurately extract the main indices of the Rosegen model. The results showed that most parts of the river have a C6c type with alluvial substrate and other dominant types observed in the four studied ranges include B6c-E6b-F6-D types. Also, the results of field visits indicate a change in the type of river type D range 4 from type C to type F, which is difficult due to the fact that reconstruction and restoration of the river in type F is difficult. Recommended restrictions on the type F is prevented from turning the river.

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plants needs a certain amount of heat at the time of planting and during its growth period, The temperature requirements of the 704 single-cross cultivar of maize in Moghan weather conditions have been found in this study to determine its temperature requirements in its different growing stages in order to investigate the feasibility of its planting in the north west regions of Iran. Daily weather statistics presenting the minimum, maximum and average temperature of 51 Synoptic stations from Meteorological Organization of Iran have been used in this study, their statistical periods range from 1 to 30 years (1365-1395), the statistics and information about 5 main phenology stages of 704 single-cross variety maize which are recorded continually in Agricultural Weather Service of Moghan station in Pars Abad from 1390 to 1391 are provided. Then the 15-day averages from April 21st to July 22nd is obtained. The relationship between the temperature and the height in the linear regression is calculated .Map of heat supply date for seed sowing in all stations from the first half of May was drawn in the GIS. The plant collective growth degree days and the number of days in every phenology phase are calculated for all of the stations and the related maps are plotted.Then,the final map plotted by combining the layers thermal, height, slope and land use in the study area. The results of this study only 27.6% of the study area is able of maize cultivating.

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Today, the cities of the country are faced with a kind of duality and inequality. As urban inequality has become one of their spatial characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to Zoning of spatial inequality neighborhoods of Isfahan metropolis based on economic indicators for better planning for organizing, empowering and enhancing their quality of life. This study is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical. The research data were obtained from Statistical Blocks of Iran Statistical Center (2016). The statistical method used to analyze the data, compile the indices and extract the final urban poverty indices with AHP, Topsis and Hotspot. The findings show that the coefficients of influence on the components of the main occupational, occupational, housing and vehicle components respectively are: 0.266, 0.317, 0.223 and 0.184. According to the final index of poverty status in terms of economic indicators, 23 neighborhoods (11.98%) have good quality, 37 neighborhoods (19.27%) have relatively good quality, 52 neighborhoods (27.08%) are in moderate condition, 64 Neighborhoods (33.33%) are in poor condition and finally 16 neighborhoods equivalent to 8.33% of all metropolitan areas of Isfahan are in poor condition. In total, about 42% of all metropolitan areas of Isfahan are in poor condition. The results of the Hotspot model show that neighborhoods with higher than average values in the south and partly in the center of the city and neighborhoods with lower than average values are located in the east and partly west of Isfahan. In fact, the city can be divided into northern and southern parts.

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Kermanshah province, especially Ravansar city is one of the important regions of the country in the agricultural and horticultural sector, most of the time the hail phenomenon causes significant damage to these sectors. One way to reduce this damage is to install an anti-hail system. To achieve this goal, 37 station hail data were clustered and three main clusters were obtained representing hail days; Each of the clusters has been plotted and analyzed in terms of geopotential height of 500 hPa, moisture level of 700, and map of 1000 to 500 hPa of temperature and omega. The results of the study of hail patterns show; A low-altitude system is essential in the Middle East; To direct hot and humid air from the southern offerings to the region; At the same time, it is necessary to have high instability and weak static stability in the atmosphere on the surface of the earth, as well as the presence of sufficient moisture that can provide showers. Hierarchical analysis (AHP) method was used for location in GIS environment and parameters such as (slope, slope direction, temperature, humidity ...) were evaluated. These criteria were classified as operating maps, each separately and were scored according to the degree of priority in establishing the device. The final map shows the location of the system: Parts of the northwest of the region (Mansour Aghaei and Ghori Qaleh) and northeast of the central part of Ravansar and parts of the southwest of the area due to the appropriate geographical conditions and appropriate to them, sufficient temperature and humidity and the direction of the southwest slope, and having Favorable conditions for severe instability followed by hail; Anti-hail system is very important for construction in these areas. In general, about 32.6 square kilometers have relatively favorable conditions and about 3 square kilometers have very favorable conditions for the construction of the system.

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The expansion of arid and semi-arid regions in Iran has caused that most of the mentioned phenomena to be seen in the study area.  Alluvial Fans are the landforms that are spread in different areas.  Identifying the productive processes and assessment of their effects can help to manage natural hazards, as well as help the land use planning. In the present study, the tectonic activity at the surface of alluvial fans in the south of Kharqan Mountain in the northeast of Hamadan province was studied. The studied Alluvial Fans were located in the south of the Kharqan Mountain in the northeast of Hamadan province. First, the process of development of Alluvial Fans in the area using different maps was investigated (consisting of two Gozel Valley, Celery conifers, and several small Alluvial Fans), and the available evidence on the tectonics of alluvial Fans in the area were studied. The obtained results of the research show that in parts of area such as the eastern of the gozel valley cones the tectonics is active, and the areas such as alluvial Fans that be located between the Gozel Valley was inactive. Other evidence in the bed of the Gozel Alluvial Fans shows the changes in terrain due to the activity of faults in the eastern part of the study area, which changed the pattern of waterway movement in the riverbed and led to the destruction and exploration of the river. Also, the drainage pattern and sediment depth at the surface of alluvial fans were due to tectonic activities in alluvial fans. The prepared geological logos show the slow and active periods in different geological periods in the region. Therefore, it started with a long slow period, then continued with tectonic activities and fluctuations.

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 many geomorphic landforms have fractal structures and their formation and transformation can be explained by mathematical relations. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the fractal behavior of landforms of macro geomorphologic regions of Iran,as well as studying and analyzing topographic and landform characteristics based on fractal relationships, and also, analyzing the characteristics of dominant geomorphologic processes based on the theory of fractals. In this study, the contour lines of different landforms of Iran (according to the territorial types) including mountains,hills, plateaus, Plain Domains, Fan Breakout, fan alluvial, for pixel sizes of 30,90,200 m, were drawn and their fractal dimension was estimated by using the box-counting method. The morphometric characteristics of the landforms and their fractal dimensions with indexes (max, mean and standard deviation) related to the five variables (height, gradient, profile curvature and planar curvature of the metric) were analyzed by Arc GIS software at each layer.After investigating their correlation with the fractal dimension, the regression analysis was performed binary and the relationship between the fractal dimension,topography, landforms and processes was analyzed. The fractal dimension has the highest correlation coefficient with the gradient and the standard deviation indices, and the lowest coefficient with the profile curvature and the mean index Moreover, for larger pixel sizes, the correlation coefficient decreases between the indices and the fractal dimension.This research can provide a ground for further research on fractal geometry in geography, geomorphology, geology, environment and other Earth sciences.

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      The purpose of the present study is applied and in terms of method: descriptive-analytical. Using GIS software, maps related to the status of each of the objective sub-indicators based on Bojnourd city police stations have been drawn. For mental indicators that have 8 items, a questionnaire The sample size in the whole city of Bojnourd is 383 people. The results of this study show that police station area 13 of Bojnourd (in region one) is the best area in terms of security index. The worst area in terms of security is related to police station area 12 (area two) in terms of index. It is security.

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As cities become more physically in structure and demographically wider, the rate of crises is also increasing consequently, and cities become more vulnerable to natural disasters for a variety of reasons, including economic and cultural poverty, fault alignment and non-compliance to regulations of earthquake-related issues.  What matters is the level of community's preparedness and the degree of vulnerability of the city and its residents, which can be reduced to the lowest level if properly planned and principle policies are adopted.  In this research, considering the high potential of Sanandaj in terms of seismicity and the existence of many faults in the vicinity and around of the city, it is tried to gain an authentic understanding of the subject with identifying the factors affecting the earthquake and combining indicators using the  Classification Tree Analysis (CTA) model. The results indicate that a large area of   the city is in the category of moderate to high vulnerability.52% is in the middle vulnerability category, 16.5% is in the high vulnerability category and 1% of the city is considered to be in the very high vulnerability category, which exactly matches the same marginal, old and densely populated neighborhoods. This situation does not render a proper structure and needs more consideration in prospective development plans.

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By evaluating the functions and ecosystem services of protected areas, it is possible to help planners and decision makers of land management and sustainable development in the region and the country. The present study specifically assesses water and soil resources in the Gando Protected Area and the economic valuation of these services. In order to model the ecosystem services of water balance, soil protection and water quality, a hydrological model -WWPSS- based on RS data was used. The simulation was performed using a series of one-degree square meters (one hectare) on a monthly scale. In order to evaluate the economy, the Invest model and the alternative cost method were used. The results showed that the total water produced in this region is 401,205,344 m³ per year. Also, the minimum, maximum and average water budget of all three are negative and are equal to -1492.76, -38.04 and -639.24 mm per year, respectively, which indicates the lack of rainfall and the intensity of evapotranspiration in this region. The average potential of surface water pollution is 4.5% and this area prevents erosion of 2 tons per hectare per year. The real economic value of water production and soil protection in 2019 with inflation reform of 20.18%, 67.54 and 2729.65 billion rials, respectively, is estimated. Three scenarios with discount rates (combined) of 8, 12 and 15% in 5, 10, 15- and 30-year periods were used to determine the economic value of the functions of these resources. The results showed that for example; With a discount rate of 15% and over a period of 30 years, the economic value of water production and soil protection will reach 4471.82 and 180.730 billion rials, respectively. totally, the economic value of water production and soil protection is 0.35 and 14.17% of the total value of the region.

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Abstract
 Evaluation of indicators of sustainable development, as the axis of human excellence, is the dominant basis of urban planning and land management and has a decisive role in spatial dispersion and the formation of environmental behavior of human societies. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its main tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were collected using library and survey methods (questionnaire tool). The statistical population is 35 neighborhoods of Bandar Mahshahr that the sample size through Cochran's formula with 95% confidence level using the number of households in Mahshahr 382 people who through simple random sampling in the neighborhood has distributed a questionnaire.  Based on the research criteria, the results show that the neighborhoods of Bandar Mahshahr are in a state of instability and the severity of instability is different between them.  So that in the selected indicators from the 35 neighborhoods, only neighborhoods 1, 2, 6, 15, 16, 17, 19 are at a stable level and other neighborhoods (28) are in an unstable situation, this situation is affected by their position in  It is the spatial structure of the city, which has led to the formation of neighborhood inequalities in terms of indicators of social stability and segregation.  The results of route analysis have shown that all economic, social, physical, environmental and spatial justice indicators have a positive and significant effect on sustainable development of Mahshahr city, among which the economic index has the greatest effect on sustainable development of urban areas.
 Keywords: evaluation, sustainable development, neighborhoods, planning, Mahshahr

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Correct analysis of the housing market situation and correct knowledge of the factors affecting housing, especially in terms of its price and the extent of the impact of each of them, can help planners and officials in the correct analysis and forecast of the future situation and appropriate Provide appropriate solutions. The aim of this study was to identify the drivers of housing price in Khorramabad. Theoretical data were prepared by documentary method and experimental data by survey method based on Delphi method. The statistical population of the study is 30 experts and specialists in the field of housing in Khorramabad city were selected by purposive sampling. Delphi methods, cross-sectional analysis and MicMac software were used to analyze the data. For this purpose, first 23 factors were identified by Delphi method and using descriptive questionnaires by experts. In the next step, the matrix of cross-effects was designed to measure the impact of factors on each other and provided to experts. Finally, out of a total of 23 initial factors affecting housing prices in Khorramabad, 12 factors were identified as key factors of the system. Size: Household income, land price, building density, number of units and floors, access to urban facilities and services, population density, geographical location of lands, uninhabited future uses, number of rooms, security status, size of property plots, demand status.