Showing 39 results for Water
Joan Amini, Mehri Akbari, Zahra Hejazizadeh, Ali Akbar Shamsipur,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
Green spaces have a key role in moderating urban micro-climatic conditions, beautifying urban landscapes, citizens' leisure time, and also reducing noise and air pollution and absorption of Aerosols. In addition to the significant advantages of green space, water consumption and irrigation needs is one of the main limitations of green space development in Tehran that nowadays faced to critical water shortage. Calculating water footprint in green spaces, as the total amount of fresh water required to maintain green space throughout the year, is one of the indicators by which the compatibility of tree and plant species with climatic conditions can be assessed. The main object of this study is to estimate the water footprint of Laleh Park in Tehran province of Iran. The Green space soil water balance (SWB) model was used to calculate water footprint in this park. The required data that including: average daily temperature, total precipitation and moisture depth of zero to 30 cm of soil, were obtained from the Geophysical meteorological station of Tehran for 2018. Data related to soil water drainage were also estimated based on standard laboratory samples of green space soils. The results indicated that in the warm months (June to September) of the year, the total water footprint of Laleh Park in Tehran was 4 to 5 thousand cubic meters per month (m3/m), while the winter months (December to March) total estimated water footprint were less than 1400 cubic meters per month. The generalization of 30 Centimeters depth soil moisture data of the geophysical meteorological station to Laleh Park, released that, in the warm month of the year, Green Water (groundwater or surface water) had the largest portion (more than 90%) in the water footprint of Laleh Park, While in the winter months (December and to march), the green water (water from snow and rain) is main participant in providing soil moisture, more than 90% of the total water footprint of Laleh Park has related to this source.
Mr Alireza Shojaei Nouri, Dr Gholamreza Janbazghobadi, Dr Sadrodin Motevalli,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
Coastal environmental degradation as a result of Caspian Sea water level fluctuation are very probable and human behaviors in non-optimal choice of the land use locate intensify these losses. Coastal tourism, as one of the coastal land uses is heavily influenced by fluctuations in sea level in both marine transgression-regression statuses. In current study, to investigate the Caspian Sea water level fluctuation impacts on coastal land use and urban tourism (Noor and Royan Cities), at first, sea level historical recorded data in Baku, Bandar Anzali and Nowshahr tide gauge stations were studied during 1840 to 2019. Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite images and histogram filtering were used to extract the shorelines corresponding to the mentioned levels. Survey the tide gauge data showed that the lowest and highest water levels were recorded in 1977 (-28.5 meter) and 1993 (25.24 meter), respectively. According to the latest water level data, its value on November 2019 has reached the lowest level in the last three decades (-27.31 meter). 214 hectares of coastal lands of Noor and Royan Cities have been submerged due to the Caspian Sea water level rising from 1977 to 1995. Analyzing the Royan city land use in relation to the shoreline of July 1995 shows that 11 city blocks have went beyond this shoreline and have expanded to the sea. Interesting facts about these 11 blocks is that they are residential and tourism land uses. Also, in the coastal zone of Noor city, three important utilities of coastal tourism, including groin built in the breakwater of Noor recreational port, Negin Noor coastal complex and floating pier of Aryan Hotel, are the most important utilities related to Caspian Sea water level fluctuation that their performance is strongly influenced by these fluctuations.
Dr Fariba Esfandyari, Mr Ehsan Ghale, Ms Maryam Mohamadzadeh Shishegaran,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
One of the dangers that has occurred in many areas in recent years is the dangers of subsidence. Iran's geographical location has put many of its regions at risk. High precision radar interferometry technique is one of the most suitable methods for detecting and measuring subsidence. In this study, in order to identify and measure subsidence in Ardabil plain, the Sentinel 1 radar image interference technique of 2015 and 2020 has been used. In order to verify, the data of piezometric wells and land use maps in the area were used. According to the results, the maximum subsidence rate in 5 years in the region is estimated at 17 cm. The results also showed that the highest subsidence rates in the period 2015 to 2020 are in the next categories of rangeland uses with a value of 17 cm, soil value of 14 cm and rainfed agricultural and residential areas with a value of 13 and 12 cm. respectively, 12 cm subsidence for residential use can be due to demolition and construction of large buildings. Also, the relationship between subsidence and changes in groundwater level showed that in a period of 5 years, the groundwater level has decreased by 4 meters. This drop in groundwater level has led to land subsidence in the study area.
Dr Ahmad Rashidi Nejad, Dr Murad Kaviani Rad, Dr Afshin Mottaghi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-1921)
Abstract
Security complex represents a unique group of countries where the process of "security building" and "making insecure" or both for this group of countries are increasingly related with each other. In other words, their main security concern is so intertwined that their security problems cannot be solved independently. Thus conceived, "hydropolitic complexes" include those countries which are geographically the owner and from technical point of view, are the user of part of the shared river. In fact, a group of the countries which are considered to be part of a region due to their water resources (rivers, lakes and aquifers), would have no common geographical borders but their "national security" and "hydropolitic security" are so interrelated that their security and hydropolitc problems cannot be resolved without their cooperation. The methodology of current descriptive-analytic study focused on Mesopotamia and Hirmand drainage basins (in parts of Iran), is grounded on the hypothesis that in a hydropolitic complex in the same way that the threatening of water security of each one of the member states might lead to the threatening of national security of other members, some threats can be posed against the water security of each one of the member states due to the threatening of the national security of other members. The data required for this research have been collected using library sources (books, journals and internet). The results of this study showed that how hydropolitic security is endangered following the eruption of insecurity in Afghanistan. At Tigris and Euphrates Basin, the climate changes and Turkey's inattention to hydropolitic security of Syria (by closing the floodgates of the dams) provided the ground for the emergence of internal crisis in Syria, and its reverberations posed serious threats against the security of Turkey, Iraq and Iran.
Hossein Asakereh, Mehdi Dostkamian,
Volume 15, Issue 36 (6-2015)
Abstract
All the water vapor of atmosphere is contained in a column of the atmosphere that is capable of precipitation and it is from the ground to the final of water vapor called perceptible water. This element influenced by topography and height. The purpose of this study is survey about impact of local and spatial factors on distribution of perceptible water maximums in Iran.For this reason, pressure data, especially moisture, orbital and meridional components extracted from NCEP/NCAR and analysis. Correlation and regression methods were used in this study. In order to better survey about perceptible water gradient changes and gradient changes of maximum of perceptible water has been calculated. Results showed that among the spatial factors, height has greatest impact on the spatial distribution of the maximum of perceptible water. Unlike many scientists who believe that by increasing the latitude perceptible water reduced, this rule is less In Iran atmosphere. However, most of the gradient changes of perceptible water occurred in some parts of the Zagros highlands, West and South West. The results of cycle analysis showed that the maximums of perceptible water in Iran have short term cycles between 2 to 4 years.
Yadollah Balyani, Mohammad Saligheh, Hossein Asakereh, Mohammad Hossein Nasserzadeh,
Volume 15, Issue 37 (9-2015)
Abstract
Precipitation is one of the most intractable elements. The oscillating behavior of the crucial environmental planning (explicit and tacit knowledge of the behavior), is the key variable. Spectrum analysis techniques to understand the behavior of overt or covert methods suitable for the extraction and analysis of climate oscillations with different wave lengths. The size range of the distribution variance across all wave lengths may provide time series. In this study, data from 37 stations Heleh and Mond watershed (both rain and synoptic) from its inception until 2011, who had over 30 years of data, to analyze the cycle of annual rainfall, interest has been taken. So that the space is 3-2 year cycles in every area of study, the highest annual rainfall events are returned. On this basis, the Story of annual precipitation 95 percent for each of the stations under study and cycle meaningful estimate of the time series of basin data were extracted.
, , ,
Volume 16, Issue 42 (12-2016)
Abstract
In this study is predicted the groundwater level of Sharif Abad catchment using some artificial intelligence models. For this purpose used of monthly groundwater levels for modeling in the three observed wells located in the Sharif Abad watershed of Qom. To compare the results of the hybrid model of wavelet analysis-neural network (WNN), genetic programming (GP) multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN), two criteria of root mean squared error (RMSE) and nash-sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E) is used. The results of the study indicated that the WNN models provide more accurate monthly groundwater level predicted in compared to the ANN, GP and MLR models so the nash-sutcliffe coefficient in WANN model for piezometers 1, 2 and 3 are 0.98, 0.98 and 0.95, respectively.
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Ahmad Reza Arabameri, Mohammad Hossein Ramesht,
Volume 16, Issue 43 (12-2016)
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the natural result of human activities. If an appropriate management system do not use to this problem, it may lead to environmental pollution and jeopardize the human health. Landfill site selection in urban areas is a critical issue due to its huge impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health. Therefore, numerous criteria must be considered and the selection process is a complicated since it has to integrate social, environmental and technical parameters. In this study, the most suitable candidate sites for locating landfill in Shahrood-Bastam watershed, as a case study area are determined by using an integration of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. For this purpose, 12 data layers including Elevation, Stream density, Fault density, Habituate density, distance to road, plan curvature, lithology, slope, Temperature, soil, land use and distance to protected area extracted with Arc GIS 10.1 are prepared and one of MCDM methods which is Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is implemented. For determination of criteria weight, analytic hierarchy process was used. Lithology, land use and slope criteria with the highest score (0.24, 0.18, and 0.14) had the greatest impact on landfilling. The results showed that, zone 2 for the reason of low fault and drainage density, suitable distance of Urban areas, appropriate slope, topography and lithology has obtained the lowest Euclidean distance from ideal positive (0.026), the highest Euclidean distance from ideal negative (0.228), and the lowest relative distance from the ideal solution (0.894), as a result, The greatest weight and highest priority is allocated for landfill. The results of this research will be fruitful in systemic management approach of urban regions
Saman Alimoradi, Asadollah : Khoorani, Yahya Esmaeilpoor,
Volume 17, Issue 44 (6-2017)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to retrieve land surface temperature (LST), air temperature (AT) and precipitation and to study their relationship with vegetation in rang lands of Karun watershed of Khuzestan province. For this purpose, land surface temperature (LST) and NDVI was drived from NOAA-AVHRR for maximum amount of greenness (April) for a period of 27 years. In order to extract LST, Price algorithm was used. Also air temperature and precipitation were interpolated for selected weather stations using IDW method. Spatial correlation outcomes (on 0.05) between NDVI with LST and air temperature show a reversed relation. This spatial relation is stronger for LST, so that this coefficient is often upper than 0.6, while seldom is 0.4 for air temperature and precipitation. Spatial regression models show that 62 percent of NDVI changes is determined by LST (R2=0.62) and air temperature and precipitation determine very limited amount of NDVI dynamics.
Alireza Jafarzadeh Estalkhkouhi, Parviz Rezaei,
Volume 17, Issue 44 (6-2017)
Abstract
Among the various processes that destroy lands, soil erosion is a complex and hazardous environmental process that constitutes a serious threat to preservation of soil and water resources in Iran and has inflicted its negative effects on the vital ecosystem with the intensified utilization of nature by human beings. The present descriptive and analytic research employed the PSIAC model to study erosion and compare it with other empirical methods and models by investigating the effects of nine important and influential factors in soil erosion and sediment production in various parts of the Sefidrood Basin through giving intra-layer numerical scores to them. Erosion and landform zoning maps and also zoning maps for the nine factors were then extracted. Results indicated that 77 percent of the lands in the plain landforms faced very little erosion and 23 percent little erosion, 14 percent of the lands in the mountainside landforms were exposed to very high erosion rates, 55 percent with high erosion rates, and 31 percent with average and low erosion rates, and 17 percent of the lands in the mountain landforms experienced very high erosion rates, 58 percent high erosion rates, and 25 percent average erosion rates. In other words, the rates of erosion changed from low in the plain landforms to very high in the mountain landforms. This implies that pastures and natural resources are confronted with numerous problems. In general, considering the study carried out on the nine influential factors in the soil erosion model (the PSIAC model), we notice that the mountainside and mountainous regions are more sensitive to erosion and influential factors in erosion are more active in these regions.
Dr. Abdolmajid Lababpour,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
Providing enough microalgae biomass is required for various applications in sectors such as food, medicine and energy. The biomass resources such as land, water, nutrient and carbon dioxide are essential in cultivation feasibility study for biomass production as well as cost benefits. The aims of this research is therefore, site assessment and prioritization of potential site locations, carbon dioxide and water requirement for microalgae biomass production in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea coastal areas. This analysis was undertaken to provide a preliminary assessment of the demands that may be expected on land, water, and CO2 resources in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea coastal areas required for the large volume of biomass feedstock production by autotrophic microalgae. Emphasize was placed on the finding proper sites to achieve higher biomass productivity. The areas were selected to provide examples where geographical differences in water evaporation and solar resources, land availability profiles, water demand profiles and stationary CO2 sources would be possible alternatives for large scale production.
Dr. Tayebeh Kiani, Mrs. Zahra Yousefi,
Volume 17, Issue 47 (12-2017)
Abstract
حذف شدیک جمله Identify water resources management and proper application of relevant officials and managers are the main concern. Groundwater as a most important natural resources of Iran needs to planning and management of all aspects. In this regard, a study done of the Shaharchay river basin in the west of the Urmia Lake and the northern structural, sedimentary zone of Sanandaj - Sirjan. The aim of the study is to identify areas where the water table is higher in groundwater. To achieve this, an interpolation of (IDW) water level underground of Shaharchay by using the data of piezometeric well, then matching results with the position of faults and available tectonic seismic data. fractures were checked and the role of basin natural characteristics such as slope, lithology, soil type, ages of Geological, precipitation and landuse on groundwater level fluctuations were checked as well. Investigations show 4 different patterns of movement of groundwater in the basin area. Except of fault, other criteria alone are not much of a water table. The results show that the the western part of the water table is located in a very low of zoning , which has very high mountains with high slopes, high rainfall, no fracture Quaternary and pasture. Eastern part of the basin is located in the area of medium and high underground water level only a part of the shores of Urmia Lake in this zoning has a very high water table. With very little gradient, local average precipitation, high permeability, active Quaternary faults, the garden and the city landuse. But the center of the basin zoning was very high with very low permeability, high slope, average precipitation and mixture of garden, forest and grassland usages. basin center located on high seismic intensity zone and density Quaternary faults. only because of the high level in the basin center of Silvaneh are active faults and a high intensity tectonic seismic.
Dr Maryam Bayatvarkeshi, Ms Rojin Fasihi,
Volume 18, Issue 48 (4-2018)
Abstract
Modeling provides the studying of groundwater managers as an efficient method with the lowest cost. The purpose of this study was comparison of the numerical model, neural intelligent and geostatistical in groundwater table changes modeling. The information of Hamedan – Bahar aquifer was studied as one of the most important water sources in Hamedan province. In this study, MODFLOW numerical code in GMS software, artificial neural network (ANN) and neural – fuzzy (CANFIS) method in NeuroSolution software, wavelet-neural method in MATLAB software and geostatistical method in ArcGIS software were used. The results showed that the accuracy of methods in estimation of the groundwater table with the lowest Normal Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) include Wavelet-ANN, CANFIS, geostatistical, ANN and numerical model, respectively. The NRMSE value in Wavelet-ANN method as optimization method was 0.11 % and in numerical model was 2.2 %. Also the correlation coefficients were 0.998 and 0.904, respectively. So application of neural combination models, specially, wavelet theory in estimated the groundwater table is most suitable than geostatistical and numerical model. Moreover, in the neural intelligent models were applied latitude, longitude and altitude as available variables in input models. The zoning results of groundwater table indicated that the decreased trend of groundwater table was from the west to the east of aquifer which was in line with the hydraulic gradient.
Hamdollah Sojasi Qidari, Hamide Mahmoodi, Hoori Havvaei,
Volume 18, Issue 49 (5-2018)
Abstract
Higher quality of services provided in the rural areas requires feedback, consulting with villagers, and their active participation in rural development process. Water services are one of the most basic services provided in rural areas. Accordingly, the present study seeks to evaluate the satisfaction level of rural residents with the quality of services provided by Rural Water and Wastewater Company. This study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, and the population was comprised of 132 households randomly selected from rural residents living in rural areas of Central District of Neyshabur County with an acceptable reliability score. Investigating the relationship between the five dimensions of the study and the individual characteristics indicates that there is a significant relationship between age, gender and education level and satisfaction with quality of the services in sample villages. At the same time, assessing the satisfaction with the quality of water services in sample villages indicates that the quality of water services in sample villages is at a satisfactory level. The analytical results of the confirmatory factor analysis of the research indicators showed the highest percentage of variance of the research dimensions belonged to 'empathy', with 30.91% and the least value of variance belongs to ‘tangible changes’ (21.28%). The spatial analysis of villagers' satisfaction with drinking water supply services in sample villages showed that the village of Sheikhlan with 103.10 Qi had the highest satisfaction level, and the village of Turani with 0.990 Qi had the least satisfaction with the quality of services..
Tayebeh Dehghani, Mohammad Saligheh, Bohloul Alijani,
Volume 18, Issue 49 (5-2018)
Abstract
In order to detect climate change, a variety of climate indicators can be used which is often considered temperature and precipitation. In order to investigate the effect of climate change on the amount of precipitation in the north coast of the Persian Gulf, it simulated the precipitable water for 2017-2050 based on the RCP4.5 model of the Hadcm3 model. The NCEP / NCAR base-station data with an arc-value of 0.125 was used to analyze the past and present precipitable water patterns and to reveal the process of this time series. Time series analysis of precipitable water was performed using two SENS tilt estimators and Man-Kendall test. The results indicated that the annual time series of rain water was increasing in the region, every year, 0.05 mm, the precipitated water increased and it tended to become more homogeneous, this increase in the significance level of 0.95. The precipitation rate in the eastern part of the region was higher than other areas. Before 1989, several fluctuations were observed in the rainy season of precipitable water, but none was statistically significant at the confidence level of 95%, but since 1989, the trend has increased significantly at a confidence level of 0.95. This spatial behavior of precipitable water can actually have occurred in response to the increase in the overall temperature of the area and can be considered as a profile of climate change in the region.
Sayad Asghari Saraskanrood, Zeynab Dolatshahi,
Volume 18, Issue 50 (6-2018)
Abstract
Parviz Kardavani, Farideh Asadian, Mohammad Reza Fallah,
Volume 18, Issue 51 (7-2018)
Abstract
Indiscriminate exploitation of underground aquifers shahriar Plain loss of ground water in the region has created. Water penetration can increase the volume of groundwater reservoir and reduce the loss of it. One way of artificial recharge of aquifers, infiltration of water from riverbeds or running water. In this study, we have tried By examining the characteristics of Karaj River and its flood flows, parameters infiltration GIS examined, For this purpose, The different factors affecting this environment GIS to prepare maps of each factor was prepared. Then using acquired the weight of each layer map by weighted factors to locate the combine And using Boolean logic final map in two classes and is not appropriate was prepared. by matching the map obtained with the river Karaj identified were Due to Construction Dam Amir Kabir And the supply of drinking water in Tehran harvest Abundant by pools traditional and modern Drbaladst Karaj River, Karaj River with flood flows its role Lower in improving groundwater Shahriar Plain is capable.
Najmeh Shafiei, Mohamad Ali Zanganeh Asadi, Javad Jamalabadi, Zeinab Mojarrad Titkanlo,
Volume 19, Issue 52 (3-2019)
Abstract
In evaluating and studying natural phenomena, we sometimes encounter certain seemingly independent forms and processes and phenomena that are related to each other and can be analyzed through a series of mathematical equations and correlations, but sometimes paired phenomena It is found that they have certain relations with each other, but these relationships can not be called correlation, but their relationship has caused them to be presented as a double (a type of conjugacy) and they would appear to be opposing reactions in terms of collocation. The tectonic changes, especially the neonate movements, and its effects and consequences on groundwater reserves of these types of reactions. The purpose of this study is to investigate causes of groundwater drops in the framework of geodetic theory. With regard to the fact that in recent years, the water level in the northern plain of Mangasani has fallen sharply. Undoubtedly, non-structural activities in the region, along with other influential factors (uncontrolled harvesting of groundwater resources, droughts, etc.), can be attributed to The title is one of the main causes of water loss in the region. For this purpose, with the aim of evaluating the tectonic activity of the area, some geomorphic indices such as basin shape index (BS), drainage asymmetry index (AF), inverse topographic symmetry (T), mountain front sinus index (J), hypersonic integral (Hi), Valley Depth Wide Index (VF), River Sinusity Index (S), Longitudinal River Gradient (SL), Relative Tactical Rating Index (Iat), and Hierarchical Anomalies Index (Δa) have been used. The results show that the whole basin is dynamic in terms of tectonic activity. The tectonic situation in the range and the results of statistical data indicate a change in the level of groundwater table as a result of tectonic changes in the southern plain of Nur Abad, as evidenced by the fact that the depth of the station was 89 meters less than 82 meters The highest drop in the Khomeghar well is about 26 meters in the southern part of the basin, in line with Kazeroon's active fault.
Dr. Mohammad Javad Vahidi, Dr. Rasoul Mirabbasi,
Volume 19, Issue 53 (7-2019)
Abstract
In order to protect soil and water resources should be identified erodible areas of watersheds, to be able to prevent land degradation and to control erosion in the form of soil conservation planning or watershed management. Therefore, the present study aimed to classification and delineation of susceptible areas to water erosion in the Hervi watershed using Hjulstrom curve, has been conducted. Increasing of accuracy, speed and facility of spatial achievement, using GIS technology, are advantages of the present study. In this study, were separated 10 sub-watersheds based on the feeding levels of streams. Spatial variability of soil properties in sub-watersheds, such as texture and the mean diameter size of the particles using hydrometer method were measured; also the maximum potential velocity of outlet in sub-watersheds based on the characteristics of each sub-watershed were calculated. Then, status of erosion and sediment in watersheds and sub-watersheds was studied using Hjulstrom curve (based on the mean diameter size of sediment particles and the maximum potential velocity of outlet), and was comparatively classified in term of erodibility. Finally, delineation map of susceptible regions to water erosion in the study area were obtained. The results revealed that the upstream and side areas of the watershed including: Sub-watershed No.4 (8.94% of the land), has very high erodibility, and Sub-watersheds No.1 and No.9 (36.94% of the land) have high erodibility. These areas are steep and often devoid of vegetation or have poor vegetation (such as poor pastures and rain-fed farming); so, it is necessary a proper strategy to prevent further erosion.
Dr. Ali Bayat, Mr. Saeed Mashhadizadeh Maleki,
Volume 19, Issue 53 (7-2019)
Abstract
Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is one of the most important quantities in meteorology and climate studies. PWV in Earth's atmosphere can be measured by Sun-photometer, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and radiosonde from surface, atmosphere and space-based systems, respectively. In this paper, we use PWV measured by Sun-photometer located in Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), AIRS and 29 Iranian synoptic stations data include temperature, dew-point temperature, pressure and relative humidity. For validation of AIRS data, the correlation coefficient between AIRS and Sun-photometer data calculated. The correlation is 90%. Average of PWV measured with sun-photometer and AIRS are 9.8 and 10.8 mm, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients between PWV of AIRS data set and temperature, dew-point temperature, pressure and relative humidity for synoptic stations are calculated. Correlation between PWV and temperature, dew-point temperature, pressure, and humidity are 73%, 74%, -40% and -30%, respectively. PWV and temperature correlation coefficient map shows a positive trend between latitude and correlation coefficient. Rising a degree in latitude lead to increasing 2.8 percent in the correlation coefficient.
