---

In geopolitics literature, small and low-endowment states that compound lesser geopolitical potentiality and weight are considered as the trivial scale agents in comparison with the first and second level powers. These agents, in spite of the local geopolitical codes but sometimes can effect on the regional and even global events of geopolitics. The Caucasian region, historically, have had a field for appearance and exposition of sub-khans that their overall actions and agencies effected the events of the region and due to its cultural proximities to Iran, have effected in Iran’s geopolitical functions in national scale. The present paper with descriptive-analytical method, have studied historical role of the local agencies in geopolitical events of the Caucasia and their impression on the great scale events. Secondly, the paper has studied the quality of the chosen countries of the region in current circumstances of the global system. Results indicate that the Caucasian countries act according to their historical legacy as a small-scale agents among the great scale actors.

---

Extratropical cyclones according to the frequency, duration, and intensity, the major cause of mid-and high-latitude precipitation across the Mediterranean during winter and autumn. For this research using network data of ECMWF climatic variables with 6-hour time resolution and 0.25 × 0.25 spatial resolution from1979-2016 and were used of 4 Basin stations precipitation data from the Asfezari database from 1979-2016. The results showed that the first pattern is the Mediterranean trough pattern which has the highest frequency of 42%. In this pattern, the low-level due to the presence of a high-level that acts as a barrier have caused the deepening of the Mediterranean low-level and its axis extends to the Red Sea, and due to the collision of low-level and high-level on the region, instability is intensified and has caused the most rainfall among the patterns.  In contrast to the first pattern, The fourth pattern has the lowest frequency of 10% Which is the trough pattern of western winds which is located on the Caspian Sea but due to high-level in the south of the region has prevented the entry of low-level and is located in the northern part of the study area due to this, the isobar in the north of the region have become orbital as a result, fewer cyclones enter the area, resulting in less rainfall between patterns. The results also showed that the frequency of cold-core cyclones was 60% in winter and 40% in autumn, but the frequency of hot core cyclones was 62% in winter and 38% in autumn, which in winter, the frequency of hot core cyclones has increased compared to cold-core cyclones, while in the fall the frequency of hot-core cyclones has decreased compared to cold-core. In the last decade, both the frequency of occurrence of cyclones and their intensity has decreased compared to the last two decades. In terms of cyclogenesis places, the western part of the study area has always been active, And with the onset of the cold season from autumn to winter, cyclogeneses places are gradually becoming more active.

---

از مسائل مهم حاکم بر مدیریت و برنامه­ریزی شهرهای ما، نگرش فرم محور است؛ یعنی می خواهند مسائل شهرها را عمدتاً از طریق تغییرات کالبدی حل کنند و در مطالعات خود بر ویژگی های فیزیکی تاکید دارند. در مقابل این نگرش، دیدگاه فرایند محور قرار دارد که سعی می کند فرایندها را بیشتر مورد تحلیل قرار دهد زیرا این فرایندها هستند که فرم­ ها را به وجود می ­آورند. هدف پژوهش این است که بر روی فرایندها و علل در محلات تاریخی شهر اصفهان تاکید شود و نگرش فرایند محور به عنوان حلقه مفقوده برنامه­ریزی شهرهای ما مورد توجه ویژه خواهد بود. پژوهش حاضر به روش ترکیبی انجام شده است تا از این طریق از مزایای هر دو روش کیفی و کمی بهره گیریم. در روش تحقیق کیفی، داده ­ها از روش­های مصاحبه، مشاهده و مطالعات کتابخانه ­ای جمع­آوری شده است و در روش تحقیق کمی از آزمون تی  تک نمونه­ای استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می­ دهد فرایندهای جغرافیایی موثر در شکل­ گیری فرم­ها در محلات تاریخی شهر اصفهان عبارتند از: «وجود حیاط مرکزی در مساکن»، «امکان  ارتباط با عناصر طبیعی مانند درخت، آب و نور طبیعی»، «امکان تماشای آیات الهی مانند آسمان، خورشید، ماه و ستارگان»، «اهمیت منابع آبی مانند زاینده­ رود، قنات و مادی­ ها در آفرینش فضاها»، «هماهنگی با اقلیم گرم و خشک»، «اهمیت باغ های خصوصی و خانگی» و «رعایت حریم عناصر طبیعی مانند حریم چاه، قنات، مادی و غیره». از میان  فرایندهای مورد مطالعه نیز «اهمیت منابع آبی مانند زاینده ­رود، قنات و مادی­ ها در آفرینش فضاها» با میانگین 4 بیشترین میانگین را به خود اختصاص داده و مهم ­ترین فرایند موثر در شکل­ گیری فرم­ ها در محلات تاریخی شهر اصفهان می­ باشد.
 

---

The climatic conditions of each region of Iran are important parameters in the design and provision of thermal comfort in the design of housing. The purpose of this study is to provide appropriate models of climate design in Shiraz according to thermal comfort indicators. The research method in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and using modeling software (simulation) will be powerful Grasshopper software and is based on applied purpose. Climatic elements of Shiraz city in Ladybug plugin, download epw file of Shiraz city has been extracted from this method and in Ladybug plugin has been used for the simulation process. Then, using software to extract climate tables, diagrams of flowerbeds, and solar conveyors for optimal orientation for buildings, psychrometric diagrams were extracted to achieve the best design solutions compatible with the climate. The results of the research shows. The city of Shiraz in winter and spring, in the climate comfort zone and this situation is the same in February, March, and April, ie in terms of the temperature of these months (except 13 to 16 April) outside the climate comfort range Is located. ; In addition to placing most of the windows on the south side, the use of auxiliary heating equipment is also necessary. In June, July, August, and September, it is above the comfort level, so in addition to materials with high thermal mass, suitable canopies, as well as the use of a water cooler can bring the conditions inside the building closer to the comfort range.

---

Shia political Islam, centered around Iran, is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has undergone numerous transformations in recent decades. Understanding the future trends of this intellectual and political movement is of great importance to analysts, politicians, and the general public. This article employs a futures studies approach to examine the trends of Shia political Islam within Iran's political geography. This foresight approach allows us to look beyond the current situation and outline various scenarios for the future of politics and society in Iran. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, utilizing library and documentary sources, including qualitative and quantitative analysis of historical data, expert interviews, and content analysis of media and religious texts. The research findings indicate that Shia political Islam in Iran's geography is undergoing a period of transformation, influenced by various factors such as demographic changes, social and economic developments, and geopolitical shifts. Several potential scenarios for the future of Shia political Islam in Iran's political geography are presented, including: the Continuity Scenario, the Reform Scenario, the Radicalism Scenario, and the Secularism Scenario. Considering these scenarios, the analysis of probable trends and events in the scenarios, and political and security developments with a view to challenges and opportunities in the Middle East region, the Islamic Republic of Iran, adhering to the Continuity Scenario along with the Reform Scenario, aims to strengthen republicanism (religious democracy) while emphasizing the preservation of independence and indigenous Islamic identity in the region, and to have a more prominent presence in the Middle East.
 

---

The country of Iran, with its geopolitical foundations, which is influenced by its geography, has always been the focus of the countries of the world, especially the world powers, throughout history. The use of this capacity and conditions for the economic prosperity of the country depended on the ability of the statesmen and the type and structure of the government systems in formulating foreign policy, and how effective they were in changing the social environment and the way of economic livelihood of the people. In a fundamental and theoretical way, this thesis has analyzed the formulation and presentation of the national strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on its geopolitical characteristics.
The results of this research show that the spirit that governs it according to the structure it entails (statehood), is economic regardless of geographical and geopolitical infrastructure, and this field of foreign policy has not only failed to achieve success, but is also passive. And it has become introspective and stopped from being effective and dynamic. While looking at Iran's geopolitical and geographical foundations, we find that its geopolitical position does not have a global effect and is not below the regional level.

---

Iraq is considered the most important part of Iran's foreign policy. For Iranian policymakers, Iraq is a more critical and therefore more sensitive operational theater than other countries where Iran supports local militia groups. History has shown that events in Iraq can have important consequences for Iran's stability. Iraq continues to be a threat to Iran's national security, and that is why Iran seeks to shape Iraq's internal policy and strategic direction. Since 2003, Iran has skillfully infiltrated the Iraqi Shia population by taking advantage of the long common borders and cultural, religious and economic relations with Iraq. Iran's influence is multifaceted and includes access to a wide range of political and social actors. Therefore, this research seeks to investigate the different factors of geoculture in Iran-Iraq relations. To achieve this goal, descriptive-analytical method and Wizard software were used. The findings of the research showed that the divergent factors in geoculture relations between Iran and Iraq were in critical and semi-critical conditions. The robust scenario board consists of 8 different possible situations. Out of these 8 possible situations, 3 are critical, 1 is semi-critical, 1 is static, 2 are semi-optimal, and 1 is optimal. Meanwhile, it should be stated that the majority of Iranian and Iraqi citizens have a common religion, and that is Shia Islam. Hozas or seminaries in the religious cities of Qom in Iran and Najaf in Iraq are centers of Shiite education. However, they were developed under two distinct and competing traditions. Therefore, this factor could be used to improve the situation.

---

A healthy city is an idea to prevent the development of various diseases through the issues of urban design and land use. Shiraz city and Fars province have the highest number of road and pedestrian accidents. Also, depression of the elderly is the basis of other diseases and requires social and health care and increasing awareness in this field to increase life expectancy and strengthen the sense of belonging in society. The present study was investigated to measure indicators and explain healthy urban spaces with a smart city approach in Shiraz city. This research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical regarding its nature and method. The statistical population of the research was selected from a group of university experts and municipal employees to identify the ideas of the health-oriented city with the smart city approach. The collection of information required for research is based on detailed library studies. In this study, to analyze the data from an inferential method, the single-sample t-test; analysis of variance test (ANOVA); Scheffe's post hoc test, and factor analysis test were used. To analyze the data, SPSS software was used. The results showed that the indicators of this research are not in conflict with each other and play a role in the health of the citizens. Also, 11 factors have been identified as effective dimensions for a healthy city with a smart city approach, which are: air quality, social interaction, safety level, social participation, climatic comfort, social security, access to water, sewage, and waste management, social justice, urban green space, education, poverty, and employment. Finally, the hypotheses of the research have been confirmed.
 

---

In this research, the most important synoptic patterns of widespread snowfall in the eastern half of Iran have been investigated. For this purpose, the current weather code data and snow depth of synoptic stations in the eastern half of the country during the statistical period of 1371-1400, for the months of October to March, were received from the country's meteorological organization. In order to investigate widespread snowfall, the days when more than 70% of the studied area saw snowfall at the same time were extracted as a widespread day. In order to perform synoptic-dynamic analysis of widespread snowfall in the eastern half of Iran, the classification method using cluster analysis was used and the maps of the representative days including atmospheric temperature, moisture flux, geopotential height, vorticity, front formation, jet stream, omega index and orbital and meridian wind data were drawn. Trend analysis was also performed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that 3 patterns justify the snow cover in the studied area. These patterns are: high pressure in Siberia and central Europe-low pressure in eastern Iran, high pressure in western Iran-low pressure in Sudan, high pressure in central Europe-low pressure in eastern Iran and Afghanistan. In all the patterns in the middle of the atmosphere, the intensification of the meridian currents of the western winds along with the formation of high pressure and low-pressure centers has caused blocking in the path of the western currents and has provided the conditions for the ascent of the air. The concentration of the negative omega field and the relative positive advection, along with the location of the northeastern region of Iran in the left half of the outlet of the Subtropical Jet, have caused severe instabilities and widespread snowfall in the region. Also, the results showed that despite the absence of a trend in the number of snow days in the northeast of Iran, the number of snow days has decreased over time.
 

---

After the victory of the Islamic revolution, a new form of attitude towards science and technology was formed in Iran. This scientific discourse was directly influenced by the Islamic revolution and Islamic ideology and formulated new values and goals for the development of science and technology. After the revolution, since the statesmen considered science and technology as one of the key factors for the development and excellence of the society, they formed scientific policies and plans in order to realize the revolutionary and Islamic goals. This attitude towards science and technology in Iran during that period had a significant impact on the country's scientific and technological development. Considering the fact that the Islamic Republic of Iran has been at the helm of scientific leadership in the region after 1357, Iran and its role in the development of scientific power in post-revolution governments. In order to achieve this goal, the descriptive-analytical method and reliable statistics in domestic and foreign sources were used. The findings of the research showed that the type of discourse in different governments includes focusing on industrialization through the substitution of imports and capital resources (1360-1368), modernization and institutionalism and focusing on advanced technologies (1376-1368), focusing on technologies advanced, innovation and export development, and social justice mainly relying on knowledge industries (1384-1376), focusing on the transition of the industry towards knowledge-based innovation in the economy (1384-1392) and emphasizing the increase of international cooperation with an emphasis on identity and Rationality was in compilation and implementation (1392-1400). The results of the research show that in each period, according to the dominant discourse, measures such as the development of higher education and scientific research, the establishment of universities and research centers, and the creation of domestic and international scientific networks can be mentioned.
 

---

There are various indicators to monitor and management of agricultural water resources in arid and semi-arid countries including Iran, some of which can be extracted directly in situ, and some can be retrieved using remote sensing technology and satellite images. Aim of this study is to propose the most appropriate and efficient indicators of agricultural water resource management for achieving maximum production and maximum water efficiency using remote sensing technology, therefore, Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and Surface Energy Balance Algorithm (SEBAL) were used to estimate Evapotranspiration (ET). In the first step, ET rate was calculated using SEBAL algorithm for six Landsat 8 satellite images related to the wheat growth period. Then, zoning of this index was done in the range of zero to one, in four categories of very low, low, medium and high, which respectively indicate the lowest to the highest amount of ET. In next step, CWSI was calculated based on Idso equation, and its results show different changes both in cold season and in warm months. Comparison of ET and CWSI shows a significant relationship between these two indices in warm months, while in cold months, no significant relationship can be seen. These findings along with the established relationship between ET and CWSI can inform water management strategies in arid environments for sustainable crop production.

---

---

Drought is one of the most destructive natural disasters in human societies that cause irreparable impacts on agriculture, environment, society and economics. So, awareness of occurrence of droughts can be effective in reducing losses. In this study, in order to modeling and forecasting drought severity in a 37 year time period (1971-2007) in 21 meteorological stations, located in the cold semi-arid region of north-west Iran, artificial neural networks was used. The input data was annual rainfall data and annual drought precipitation index for all stations that 80% of the data (1971-2000) used for training the network and other 20% (2001-2007) used for testing it and in the next step drought severity predicted for the years 2008 to 2012 by the trained algorithm without using actual and existed data in this period. The appropriate structure for the network, based on Multi Layer Perceptron with three hidden layer, Back Propagation algorithm, Sigmoid transfer function and 10 neurons in middle layer. The results show that the artificial neural networks are well able to predict the non-linear relationship between rainfall and drought as it can simulate drought precipitation index values largely consistent with the real values with more than 97% regression and less than 5% error. So, drought can be predicted by this method in future and also it is useful in water resources management, drought management and climate change. 

---

Global warming and the meaningful relationship between temperature and precipitation changes over different areas of the earth with temperature increment of the earth, are considered as the most important patterns of this century’s climate changes. Today, there is debate over climate change and global temperatures increasing. Damaging effects of this phenomenon on the planet is one of the most challenging issues in global scale. Because of this, the research ahead is done for the detection of global warming on maximum temperatures, monthly and periodic (hot and cold) as well. For this study, two groups of data, temperature data of 17 synoptic stations and corresponding amounts of data in global temperature anomalies were figured out over 60 years period of time (1951 to 2010). Goals, the Pearson correlation method for detecting relationships between data's, linear and polynomial regression for trend analysis time series data , To illustrate the correlation between the spatial distribution of temperature data with global warming stations nationwide Geostatistical model Finally, non-parametric test for detecting significant temperature change Man - Kendall were used. According to the results impact of global warming on the maximum temperature in the cold months like January, December and November should be much lower, and the highest in spring and summer season in the southern stations such as Abadan, Ahwaz and Shiraz seen. The above process is also evident in periods of hot and cold temperatures and the influence of the stations temperature of the warm period of global warming were higher than cold period and represent an increase in the temperature of the warm period of years. In between, the number of stations as well as Anzali, Urmia and Khorramabad stations in some months had the opposite influence of global warming and seen drop in the maximum temperatures of them. It is also observed in the results obtained from the analysis period. Station's maximum temperature trend change is represents significant in the summer month. Changes trend in the months of July, August and September, is significant that the process is more pronounced in the southern stations. Significant analysis trend changes have been taken in periods (cold and hot) in studied stations indicative of its significance in warm period.

---

Variation of snow cover area (SCA) in small to large scale catchment can be studied using MODIS snow products on daily to montly time step since the year 2000. However, one of the major problems in applying the MODIS snow products is cloud obscuration which limits the utilization of these products. In the current study, variation of SCA was investigated in Karoun basin, western part of Iran, using MODIS 8-day snow cover product (MOD10A2). More over in order to overcome the cloud barrier in application of snow cover products, a simultaneous employment of the images from both MODIS optical sensor and AMSR-E microwave sensor was recommended. Meeting our target, the combination of MODIS and AMSR-E daily images was exercised to accomplish snow cover area in daily interval and afterwards, a comparison was made between the result and those which had been obtained by the sole utilization of either of them while the weather had been either cloudy and not been overcast. Validation of snow cover gained by combined images was additionally compared with the discharge of one of the catchments existing in Karoun basin. The results demonstrate that regardless of the fact that microwave data, featuring a coarse spatial resolution, can penetrate the cloud cover, on average, AMSR-E images approximately show 16% more snow cover in comparison to MODIS images. The results also illustrate that the correlation existing between snow cover rate of AMSR-E and MODIS images during cloudless days, the difference of average snow cover area decreases from 16% to 5%. Moreover, the upshot of validation by the exercise of daily discharge data indicates that by possessing a correlation coefficient of 0.66, the correlation of snow cover and discharge in combined images features a higher accuracy in comparison to MODIS images with a correlation coefficient of 0.55.

---

  Climate control centers in each area are diverse and understanding how they relate to the atmospheric components of the Earth's surface contribute to prediction of climate fluctuations.   In this study, by using Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression in a thirty-year period (1961-2010), the relationship between widespread rainfall anomalies in entire of Iran west with temperature and pressure of atmospheric centers in East and West of Mediterranean Sea in 5 atmospheric levels (SLP, 850, 500 and 300 Hpa) were analyzed and modeled. Based on the results, the correlation of atmospheric control centers in the East and West Mediterranean Sea with anomalies of rainfall in West of Iran is inverse and meaningful in 95% level. In this study, statistical indicators such as temperature differences and standardized  pressure between West and East Mediterranean sea were identified as the most important indicators in relation to changes of rainfall in the study area.   Based on the designed indicators, whenever indicators DT and DH is positive, this means higher temperature and higher atmospheric standardized pressure in the Western parts of Mediterranean sea in compare with its East and therefore the wet spells (Monthly) occur in the study area, and If the above mentioned index is negative, means that the occurrence of drought in West Iran. As for the indicators introduced for lower levels of the atmosphere, especially in the case of temperature, meaningful strong and direct correlation is seen with rainfall abnormalities in entire West of Iran. Modeling provided some indicator for Mediterranean region using multivariate regression that they showed a relatively strong correlation in this regard of the selected components that include the pressure difference in sea level, the temperature difference in 925 and 850 hPa level in the West (Compared to its East) Mediterranean sea. Also check the regression model using real data confirm the accuracy of the relative performance of the model.  

---

Morphotectonic is one of the new reconition methods of tectonic movements and earthquakes knowledge. Study and measurement of landscapes and forms which made by active tectonics are important objects in morphology science. Active tectonic movements have recorded in the morphology of rivers, drainages, alluvial fans and mountain fronts in a region. Research area is located between 55° 30' -57° 00' E and 32° 00' -33° 00' N in Central Iran structural zone. In this paper, we have studied geological map of Abdoughi and processed satellite images, digital elevation model (DEM), geomorphic and morphotectonic indices along the main faults. Also tectonic activities were measured in this area. The results of mountain- front sinuosity (Smf), ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf) and ratio of valley width to valley height (V) indicate respectively: 1/15, 0/94 and 9/88 values. The displacement of the rivers, alluvial fans and triangular facets indicate tectonic activity during Quaternary along the faults. The morphotectonic evidences and seismicity data show which Abdoughi area is an active region.

---

This study tries to identify, classify, and analyze synoptic cold wave in North West region of Iran. This study applies standardized (z scores) index of Minimum Temperature in the period of 1951-2010.as such cold waves were classified based on the intensity of occurance. Out of occured cold wave in North West of the coldest identified wave pertaingt each class for synoptic analyzes were selected. This study suggests that the prevailing pressure pattern during the relevant wave indicates high pressure over the earth surface as well as deep trough in upper layer. From the continuing cold standpoint, the role of changing position from pavallel wind in to meridional corresponel to blocking is very offective. Blocking in turn leads to reduction in speed of cold air masses which are originating from higher latitude. They were assouclated with cold waves. More precipitation as so ciated with higher latitude as well as low speed flows will lead to strong and continious waves.

---

Expansion of urban areas has impacted on climate in local and global scale. As a result, residents’ life would be influenced accordingly. In this study, the effects of changes in land cover and land use change on climate of Shiraz and Fasa were studied in a long-term period. To ensure the normal data, Kolmogrov-Smirnoff test was employed. The minimum and maximum temperature parameters and relative humidity were evaluated using non-parametric Mann-Kendall and regression method in a 45-year period (1966-2010). The results showed a decreasing trend for the minimum temperature and humidity for Fasa and minimum and maximum relative humidity for Shiraz whereas other quantities showed an increasing trend. The study examined the effects of land use changes and land cover types in the 23-year period (1987-2010) using images of LANDSAT satellite of TM sensor on temperature pattern in two cities. During these 23 years, a reduction of 113 square kilometers for barren land of Shiraz and 5/7 square kilometers for barren land of Fasa and extending 110 kilometers residential users and 3/5 square kilometers in Shiraz and Fasa were reported.

---

An AO is an example of teleconnection pattern in the northern hemisphere’s winter. In this study, the effect of AO on the monthly minimum temperatures in the North-East region of Iran is investigated. The required statistics, including statistics monthly minimum temperatures for 17 synoptic stations of the under study area was provided from Iran Meteorological Organization’s (IRMO). Pearson correlation analysis as the main method used in this study Show an inverse relationship between minimum temperatures and most selected stations and AO index.The results of this study shows that there is a significant relationship between the AO teleconnection pattern and minimum temperatures of north-east of Iran during the cold season of the year. This shows decrease of temperature in positive phase of the AO and rise of temperature is negative phase. In terms of time correlation coefficients were calculated showed a significant negative correlation between the temperature of stations and the AO Among the studied stations, the relationship between the minimum and average monthly temperatures in Birjand and Bojnoord station more than other stations, affected by the AO pattern, has been fluctuated and significant correlation coefficients between the minimum and average temperature of Birjand and Bojnoord Stations with AO has been calculated. The effect of Arctic oscillation on mean temperature of the studied area, north-east of Iran, during the three months, January to march, and ,two months, January to February, is very distinctive against any other periods of time.