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Referring to the lack of coordination and agreement among Iranian linguists and Iranian men of letters, the author of this article discusses the negative consequences of such discordance. Then, he discusses the contributions of linguists to literary studies. The author offers  a way by which linguistic methodologies can demonstrate the inferences of the men of letters objectively. Since long, there has been argument over the three terms; verse, prose, and poetry. As a result the boundaries among the three have not been clear-cut. In an attempt to solve the confusion, the author examines the three terms linguistically and presents the differences among them. Along the same lines, he seeks to drive some objective rules in order to make a clear distinction between language and literature. He also offers a basis on which the position of verse, prose, and poetry can be determined as three artistic modes of the same name, i.e., ‘verbal art’.
 

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The universal culture has turned about some binary elements.
An Obvious indication of this state is the contrast between spoken and written language, which has, in turn, influenced the human culture to the extent that Derrida considers it as the source of errors in the two-millennium tradition of Western culture. Any reform in the world communities has been attributed to the above contrast and the so- called revolution of the written language. In Islamic culture, the revelation of the Holy Quran is considered as the first revolution of the written language and Adonis has beautifully illustrated the written / spoken dialectic in the Islamic culture. In this declaration, he discusses the position and role of Rhetoric as an art of speech and explores rhetoric from various perspectives: substantial features, its functions, training and persuasion, ultimate goal and significance as well as its triadic underlying principles; commonly agreed upon by rhetoric scholar's composition, harmony and style. Also, it covers such topics as anatomy of rhetoric, its status in the Ignorance era and the Islamic age as well as its impact on Arabic poetry and rhetoric.
The paper proceeds with highlighting the major distinctive features of speech and prose and sheds lights on their functions as well as aesthetics.
 

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This article attempts to discuss freedom, liberation and deliverance in language and literature. To this end the author uses two theories: Bloomfild`s “language application” theory and Karl Popper`s “Conjecture and Refutation” theory. It is  argue that language may considered as a substitution for stimulus and real responses and in  so doing it rescues man from the nature determination. Moreover drawing upon Popper`s the paper indicates how literature may exceed real world limitation and constructions and in so doing, paves the way for individual innovations. Literature in deed goes beyond the limits imposed by the two worlds – the real world and the language system and ends p with liberty.
 

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In this article, first, the author introduces Abolhassan Kharghani – the great Iranian Sufi- in brief. Then, the remains of old language in Ghumis region (a part of the newly-established province of Semnan) will be sought. The old language of Ghumis has lived on in the words of Kharghani through a thousand years. This language manifests the differences between modern terms, verb structures and prefixes of Dari and those of Ghumis language dating a thousand years ago. Up to now, no study -neither Iranian nor Orientalist or European one- has been carried out on Ghumis language. Thus, this work can break the ground for such studies. The newly-discovered, yet old, sources of Maghamat– e Kharghani and Maghamat-e bayazid upon which this study builds have not been accessed by researchers.
 

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This article attempts to present a comprehensive scheme for the analysis of poetic language. To this end, first, the classical theory of poetic language is examined. Then, the positions of early and contemporary researchers concerning poetic language are critically reviewed. It is argued that, so far,  despite the invaluable research findings, no exhaustive model for the analysis of all aspects of poetic language has been provided. Finally the author introduces his own model consisting of three layers along with some distinctive criteria for establishing the artistic value of each layer.
 
 

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Unlike general linguistics which, practically speaking, prefers spoken language to written language, in studying the standard language and standardization, priority goes to written language. The logic behind this phenomenon must be found in social, cultural, and technical bases as well as the unique functional and structural characteristics of the written mode. Whereas features of written language contribute to its tendency for standardization, the nature of the spoken language has proved it more standard-resistant, so that some scholars, even, push the argument further denying the existence of any standard spoken language. Nevertheless, the sociolinguists have identified a standard variety for the spoken language but they have hardly suggested any precise definition for it yet. Although, standard spoken language should, by nature, have its own norms and criteria, in practice, the norms and criteria of written language dominate it and the written language functions as a prototype model. It is argued that the narrower the gap between the written and spoken modes in a given language, the higher the standard value of that language would be. The gap between written and spoken language has, at times, resulted in language death.
 

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Sanaee is a Persian poet with his unique style in Persian literature. Poets are generally aware of the significance of his works and have attempted to uncover the hidden aspects of his poetry. Nostalgia is a technical term of psychology which has entered literature. Nostalgia or regret verses express the poet's and authors' regret about the past. This research initially attempts to present the meaning of the term nostalgia under collective and individual concepts and examines the functions of nostalgia in Sanaee's poetry. Also, the language functions of nostalgia in his poetry are examined.

 

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Mohammed Ali Bahmani is one of the most famous sonneteers in contemporary Persian literature and his emotional and attractive language has charmedmany readers. The aim of this article is to study Bahmani's poetic language and to investigate the important techniques that play an essential role in the literary structure of his poems and have made him so popular. The research method in this study is both descriptive and analytic, that is, the researchers have selected and studiedsome of the poet’s lyrics.It is concluded that Bahmani's syntax, the high frequency of his modern and commondiction, and the rich and pervasive music of his language are some of the causes which have made his poems charming and fascinating. Moreover, Bahmanishows a remarkable abilityto usethe living and current language of the society and common people and displays anadmirable skill in manipulating the images, emotions and music of this language in his poetry.
 

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The study of language has been put into focus of attention by many researchers in literature and philosophy and several outstanding works have been composed in Persian and Arabic languages. The previous studies in this area helped to establish the science of language among Persian speakers and consequently necessary terms for most branches of this science, such as syntax, stylistics, semantic, rhetoric and phonology, were coined. On the other hand, Language in the recent century welcomed the modern way of language studies and many books and articles were translated from western languages, and new words and terms were devised irrespective of local studies. The present study is an attempt to investigate the terms devised in modern branches of linguistics and common terms of local studies and in this way makes a comparison and a link between the old and new achievements.

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The literature scholars of the subcontinent were the vanguard and the pioneers in various fields in Persian language, such as rhetoric, biography and especially lexicography. Unlike the Iranian literati, they are the initiator and founder of the theoretical basis of lexicography, rhetoric, biography and even criticism to the extent that the theoretical principle of each of these arts can be extracted from the content of the works in each subject. In this article, first we briefly review the development of Persian language in the subcontinent during different periods, and then we discuss the lexicography in the subcontinent and show how effective the subcontinent was in the formation and development of this process. Therefore, we will explore the written dictionaries in India and mark their most distinguishing features. In the end, we point out the important functions of these dictionaries.  

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Mir Kermani was one of the contemporary poets of Khwaju Kermani, whose complete collection of poems were published based on a manuscript copy belonging to Saeed Nafisi. His poems, despite being rich and full of meaning, have remained unknown for some reason. In this library research article, using the descriptive-analytical method, the Kermani poet was introduced, and his lyrics were studied from phonetic, linguistic, intellectual, and literary perspectives. Investigating the different aspects of Mir’s lyrics indicated that his lyrics lacking monorhymes were more compared to his contemporary poets, but the nominal monorhymes were considerable in his lyrics. Various types of literal arrays such as pun and balance were abundant in his poetry. The lyric poems had a fluent language, but occasional over-attention to figures of speech and the aesthetics of the words made his verses artificial. The motif of Mir’s lyrics was romantic, and the poet mostly used lovely descriptions of the beloved. Among the forms of imagery, simile was abundantly used in his poetry, while metaphors could rarely be seen and the share of novel metaphors in his lyrics was very small. Allusion and metaphor, the devices of brevity were rarely seen in Mir’s lyrics. Generally, the poet mostly focused on thematic concepts.   
 

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The speeches that have been made in The Maqalat-e Shams- are considered as valuable literary and mystical heritage. So far, they have been studied from various perspectives of literary criticism and theories, and research achievements have been obtained from them. In this research, with a new approach, the following topics such as the nature of linguistic sign (signifier and signified), discourses on non-linguistic signs, analysis of discourses from Shams based on the relationship between companionship and substitution in language, syntactic and lexical critique, and preference of essays on Shams , In the light of Saussure's linguistic views, is shown ,Reflecting on his speeches, one can see his linguistic and semiotic perception in the face of texts, traditions and phenomena of existence, which is surprising to today's readers and gives a contemporary dimension to his work. In the present study, the design and description of this important issue has been discussed.