Journal title
عنوان نشریه
Literary Studies
Literature & Humanities
http://jls.khu.ac.ir
1
admin
doi
fa
jalali
1400
6
1
gregorian
2021
9
1
8
21
online
1
fulltext
fa
بررسی میزان کارآمدی نظریه گفتمانی فوکو در مطالعات شرقشناسی
با مطالعه رویکرد مستشرقان همعصر در بازنمایی ایران
Investigating the extent of the applicability of Foucault’s “discourse” theory in orientalism, relying on different approaches of contemporaneous orientalists, Curzon and Brown, in their representations of Iran
تخصصي
Special
پژوهشي
Research
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">طبق منطق گفتمانی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">فوکو،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انسان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شکل­گیری</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نقش</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آغازکننده</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ندارد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مخیر</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">صاحب</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اراده</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">محسوب</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نمی­شود،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بلکه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سوژه­ای</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">است</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">هویت،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شغل</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جایگاهش</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جامعه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بهدست</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمانهای</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گوناگون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">روابط</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">قدرت</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ضوابط</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان­ها</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شکل</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">میگیرد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تعیین</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">میشود. از</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نگاه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ادوارد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سعید، «شرق­شناسی» گفتمانی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">است</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شرقشناسان،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">طبق</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ضوابط</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">روابط</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">قدرت</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">موجود</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">این</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">همسو</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مقاصد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سلطه­جویانه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تصویری</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سطحی،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کلیشه­ای</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انحرافی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">خاورزمین</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ارائه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می­دهند. ادوارد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">براون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جورج</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کرزن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دو</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ایران­شناس</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">همعصر</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بودند</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بسیاری</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جنبه­های</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">زندگی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با هم نقاط اشتراک</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">داشتند؛ ازاینرو،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">هردو باید تحتتأثیر</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">امپریالیستی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">حاکم</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دوره</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ویکتوریا</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">خدمت</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">این</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">راستای</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">اهداف</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">استعماری</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">قلم</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می‎زدند. اما</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">این</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انتظار</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">درباره براون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">برآورده</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نمی­شود. او</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">درست</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نقطه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مقابل</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کرزن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">قرار</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دارد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سیاست­های</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ددمنشانه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">افرادی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">چون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کرزن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انتقاد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می­کند. وجود</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شرقشناسان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نادری</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">چون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">براون، که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دل</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">حاکم</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">زندگی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می­کردند،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ولی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تحتتأثیر</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">قرار</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نگرفتند</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">حتی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مقابله</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">برخاستند،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تعریف</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شرقشناسی را، بهمثابه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">پدیده­ای</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">صرفاً</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمانی،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">چالش</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">جدی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مواجه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می­کند. در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">این</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مقاله،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سعی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شده</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">است</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ارائه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">زندگی­نامه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ایندو</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مستشرق</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">عواملی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">باعث</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آنها</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سفرنامه­ها</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دیگر</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نوشته­هایشان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دو</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">رویکرد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کاملاً</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">متفاوت</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">درباب</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ایران</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در پیش بگیرند،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تکیه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ادوارد</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سعید</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بر</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">منطق</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمانی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">فوکو</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">میزان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کارآمدی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">آن</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">در</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تعریف</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تحلیل</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شاخه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مطالعاتی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">شرق­شناسی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بررسی میشود. این</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">بررسی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نشان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">می­دهد که نمی­توان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">فعالیت­ها</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نوشته­های</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">مستشرقانی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">چون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">براون</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">را،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">با</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">انساندوستی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">و</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">خیرخواهی</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">از</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">حقوق</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ملت</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ایران</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">دفاع</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کردند،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">براساس</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نظریه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">گفتمان</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">فوکو،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">که</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">متعلق</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">به</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">سنت</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">ضدانسان­گرایانه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">نیچه</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">است،</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">تحلیل</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">کرد.</span></span><br>
</div>
Foucault’s discourse theory implies that man is not the origin of a discourse since he is not considered to be a creature of will and decision, but a mere "subject" whose identity, profession and position in the society are formed by different discourses and the power relations and rules of those discourses. In Edward Said’s view, Orientalism is a discourse with colonizing imperatives under the dictates of which and in accordance with its rules, power relations and colonizing purpose, orientalists present a superficial, stereotypical and distorted picture of the Orient. Edward Brown and George Nathaniel Curzon are contemporaneous orientalists who have common grounds in some important aspects of life. Hence, it is expected that both be under the influence of the dominant imperialist discourse of the Victorian age and write in line with its colonizing purpose. However, this expectation is not realized about Brown. He is diametrically opposed to Curzon and criticizes his bestial policies toward Iran. Rare orientalists like Brown, who live in the heart of the dominant discourse but are not affected by it and even go against it, pose a big challenge to the definition of Orientalism as merely a discourse. The present study is an attempt to evaluate Said’s reliance on Foucault’s discourse theory and its efficacy in his definition and analysis of Orientalism as a discourse by presenting the biographies of these two Iranologists and the reasons why they took completely different approaches to Iran in their travelogues and other writings. This evaluation shows that it is impossible to analyze the activities and writings of those orientalists like Brown, who defend Iranians' rights humanistically and benevolently, based on Foucault's discourse theory which belongs to Nietzsche's anti-humanistic tradition.<br>
سعید, شرقشناسی, فوکو, گفتمان, کرزن, براون, زندگینامه, سفرنامه, بازنمایی, ایران
Foucault, discourse, Said, Orientalism, Curzon, Brown, biography, travelogue, representation, Iran
95
117
http://jls.khu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-472-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Azam
Rezaei
اعظم
رضایی
std_arezai@khu.ac.ir
1003194753284600769
1003194753284600769
No
Kharazmi University
دانشگاه خوارزمی
Kamran
Ahmadgoli
کامران
احمد گلی
1003194753284600770
1003194753284600770
Yes
Kharazmi University
دانشگاه خوارزمی