Volume 11, Issue 21 (7-2021)                   JRSM 2021, 11(21): 56-70 | Back to browse issues page


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Abdoli B, Azimzadeh E, Ahmadi N, Ekradi M, Asgari Z. Psychometric properties of the Persian Version of Test of Performance Strategies among Young Athletes. JRSM 2021; 11 (21) :56-70
URL: http://jrsm.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2665-en.html
1- Shahid Beheshti University
2- Shahid Beheshti University , elhamazimzadeh@gmail.com
Abstract:   (4028 Views)

Self-report psychological questionnaires are important tools for assessing cognitive and emotional status of athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of test of performance strategies (TOPS) among athletes. For this purpose, 209 males (n=125) and females (n=84) national and champions athletes aged 15 to 18 completed TOPS measure. It was used confirmatory factor analysis to test the construct validity of questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for testing internal consistency of each factor items. The results of factor analysis identified eight subscales of goal-setting, automaticity, emotional-control, imagery, activation, positive self-talk, relaxation, attentional control/negative thinking for the practice and competition. The results of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicated appropriate internal consistency of subscales items of practice (.70 to .95) and competition (.77 to .88). It seems that this questionnaire is an appropriate tool for measuring psychological skills among young athletes.

Full-Text [PDF 1128 kb]   (1104 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: motor behavior
Received: 2018/05/22 | Accepted: 2019/10/26 | ePublished ahead of print: 2020/10/24 | Published: 2021/07/1

References
1. 1. Katsikas Christos, Argeitaki Polixeni, Smirniotou Athanassia (2009), Performance strategies of Greek track and field athletes: Gender and level differences. Biology of Exercise, 5(1): 29-38. [DOI:10.4127/jbe.2009.0023]
2. Drund-Bush, Natalie. Salmela.H, John. (2002), the development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: perceptions of world and olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14: 154-171. [DOI:10.1080/10413200290103473]
3. McCaffrey, N., Orlick, T. (1989). Mental factors related to excellence among top professional golfers. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 256-278.
4. Thomas Patrick, Over Ray (1994), Psychological and Psychomotor Skills Associated With Performance in Golf. The Sport Psychologist, 8: 73-86. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.8.1.73]
5. Gould Daniel, Dieffenbach Kristen (2002), Psychological Characteristics and Their Development in Olympic Champions. Journal of applied sport psychology, 14: 172-20. [DOI:10.1080/10413200290103482]
6. Lane, Andrew M.; Thelwell, Richard C.; Lowther, James; Devonport, Tracey J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(2): 195-201. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195]
7. Wadey Ross, Hanton Sheldon (2008), Psychological Skills Usage and Competitive Anxiety Responses: Perceived underlying mechanisms. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3): 363-373. [DOI:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599500]
8. Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2001). The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2: 89-101. [DOI:10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00014-5]
9. Jackson, S. A., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W., & Smethurst, C. J. (2001), Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13: 129-153. [DOI:10.1080/104132001753149865]
10. Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (in press). Mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science.
11. Smith E.Ronald, Smoll Frank, Schutz Robert, Ptacek J.T (1995), Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the athletic coping skills inventory-28. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 17: 379-398. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.17.4.379]
12. Vealey Robin (1988), Future Directions in Psychological Skills Training. The Sport Psychologist, 2: 318-336. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.2.4.318]
13. Woodman Team, Zourbanos Nikoa, Hardy Lew, Beattle Stuart, McQuillan Sandrew (2010), Do Performance Strategies Moderate the Relationship Between Personality and Training Behaviors? An Exploratory Study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22: 183-197. [DOI:10.1080/10413201003664673]
14. Judy M. Chartrand, Douglas P. Jowdy, and Steven J, Danish (1992), The Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports: Psychometric Characteristics and Applied Implications. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14: 405-413. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.14.4.405]
15. Leight Kruer, Kasaundra (2002), the use of mental skills by female and male soccer players at the NCAA division I, II, and III level. Doctoral dissertation, Spalding University.
16. Moffett Aaron (2002), Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of applied sport psychology, 14: 172-204. [DOI:10.1080/10413200290103482]
17. Thomas, P.R., Murphy, S. and Hardy, L. (1999), Test of Performance Strategies: development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes' psychological skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17: 697-711. [DOI:10.1080/026404199365560]
18. Lane Andrew, Harwood Chris, Terry Peter, Karageorghis Costas (2004), Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22: 803-812. [DOI:10.1080/02640410410001716689]
19. Saadatifard E., Keshtidar M., Khoshbakhti J. (2014), Is Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) a Precise Tool for Iranian Adult Athletes? Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 22 (8): 1219-1227.
20. Razali M. A., Azura N. K., Eswaramoorthi V., Bisyri A. H., Musavi M., & Muaza R., M. (2017), Reliability of test of performance strategies competition scale (TOPS-Cs) among youth athletes: A preliminary study in Malaysia. Man in India, 96(12): 5199-5207.
21. Taylor K.Marcus, Gould Daniel, Rolo Cristina (2008), Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies. 19(1): 19-36. [DOI:10.1080/13598130801980281]
22. Donti O, Katsikas C, Psychountaki M. (2006), Reliability and Validity of the Greek version of the TOPS in Greek athletic population. Athlitiki Psichologia, 17: 69-79.
23. Thomas, P.R. Over, R. (1994), Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with performance in golf. The Sport Psychologist, 8: 73- 86. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.8.1.73]
24. Tanaka Shogo (2010), performance strategies of Japanese rugby players. Michigan State University, Master of Science.
25. Frey, M., Laguna, P. L., & Ravizza, K. (2003), Collegiate athletes' mental skill use and perceptions of success: an exploration of the practice and competition settings. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15:115-128. [DOI:10.1080/10413200305392]
26. Hardy Lew, Roberts Ross, Thomas Patrick, Murfhy Shane (2009), Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise: 1-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.007]
27. Katsikas C, Argeitaki P, Smirniotou A. Performance strategies of greek track and field athletes: Gender and level differences. Biology of exercise. 2009 Jan 1; 5(1). [DOI:10.4127/jbe.2009.0023]
28. Durand-Bush N, Salmela JH. The development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: Perceptions of world and Olympic champions. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2002 Jan 1 [DOI:10.1080/10413200290103473]
29. 14(3):154-71. McCaffrey, N., Orlick, T. (1989). Mental factors related to excellence among top professional golfers. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 256-278.
30. Thomas PR, Over R. Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with performance in golf. The Sport Psychologist. 1994 Mar 1; 8(1):73-86. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.8.1.73]
31. Gould D, Dieffenbach K, Moffett A. Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2002 Jan 1; 14(3):172-204. [DOI:10.1080/10413200290103482]
32. Lane A M, Thelwell RC, Lowther J, Devonport TJ. Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social behavior and personality: an international Journal. 2009 Mar 31; 37(2):195-201. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195]
33. Wadey R, Hanton S. Basic psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses: perceived underlying mechanisms. Research quarterly for exercise and sport. 2008 Sep 1; 79(3):363-73. [DOI:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599500]
34. Fletcher D, Hanton S. The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2001 Apr 1; 2(2):89-101. [DOI:10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00014-5]
35. Jackson SA, Thomas PR, Marsh HW, Smethurst CJ. Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2001 Mar 1; 13(2):129-53. [DOI:10.1080/104132001753149865]
36. Crust L, Azadi K. Mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science. 2010 Jan 1; 10(1):43-51. [DOI:10.1080/17461390903049972]
37. Smith RE, Schutz RW, Smoll FL, Ptacek JT. Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 1995 Dec 1; 17(4):379-98. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.17.4.379]
38. Vealey RS. Future directions in psychological skills training. The sport psychologist. 1988 Dec 1; 2(4):318-36. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.2.4.318]
39. Abdullah MR, Musa RM, Maliki AB, Kosni NA, Suppiah PK. Role of psychological factors on the performance of elite soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2016 Mar 1; 16(1):170.
40. Woodman T, Zourbanos N, Hardy L, Beattie S, McQuillan A. Do performance strategies moderate the relationship between personality and training behaviors? An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2010 Apr 30; 22(2):183-97. [DOI:10.1080/10413201003664673]
41. Chartrand JM, Jowdy DP, Danish SJ. The psychological skills inventory for sports: Psychometric characteristics and applied implications. Journal of Sport and Exercise psychology. 1992 Dec 1; 14(4):405-13. [DOI:10.1123/jsep.14.4.405]
42. Kruer KL. The use of mental skills by female and male soccer players at the NCAA Division I, II, and III level. Psy. D (Doctoral dissertation, dissertation, Spalding University, United States--Kentucky. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text database. (Publication No. AAT 3062004).
43. Gould D, Dieffenbach K, Moffett A. Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2002 Jan 1; 14(3):172-204. [DOI:10.1080/10413200290103482]
44. Thomas PR, Murphy SM, Hardy LE. Test of performance strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes' psychological skills. Journal of sports sciences. 1999 Jan 1; 17(9):697-711. [DOI:10.1080/026404199365560]
45. Lane A M, Harwood C, Terry PC, Karageorghis CI. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2004 Sep 1; 22(9):803-12. [DOI:10.1080/02640410410001716689]
46. Saadatifard E, Keshtidar M, Khoshbakhti J. Is Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) a precise tool for Iranian adult athletes? Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2014; 22(8):1219-27.
47. Kaiseler M, Polman RC, Nicholls AR. Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport. European Journal of Sport Science. 2012 Jan 1; 12(1):62-72. [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2010.551410]
48. Abdullah MR, Maliki AB. RELIABILITY OF TEST OF PERFORMANCE STRATEGIES-COMPETITION SCALE (TOPS-CS) AMONG... Man in India. 2016; 96(12):5199-207.
49. Taylor MK, Gould D, Rolo C. Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies. 2008 Jun 1; 19(1):19-36. [DOI:10.1080/13598130801980281]
50. Donti O, Katsikas C, Psychountaki M. Reliability and Validity of the Greek version of the TOPS in Greek athletic population. Athlitiki Psichologia. 2006; 17:69-79.
51. Thomas PR, Over R. Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with performance in golf. The Sport Psychologist. 1994 Mar 1; 8(1):73-86. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.8.1.73]
52. Tanaka S. Performance Strategies of Japanese Rugby Players. Michigan State University. Department of Kinesiology; 2010.
53. Frey M, Laguna P, Ravizza K. Collegiate athletes' mental skill use and perceptions of success: An exploration of the practice and competition settings. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2003 Jan 1; 15(2):115-28. [DOI:10.1080/10413200305392]
54. Hardy L, Roberts R, Thomas PR, Murphy SM. Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2010 Jan 1; 11(1):27-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.007]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb