1. Dehkhoda AA. Dehkhoda dicctionary Tehran, Iran. 1931. https://tinyurl.com/3ynzrku3.
2. Cambridge Dictionary. https://tinyurl.com/cwh5n27w.
3. Cartmill EA, Beilock S, Goldin-Meadow S. A word in the hand: Action, gesture and mental representation in humans and non-human primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012;367(1585):129-43. [
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4. Alibali MW, Bassok M, Solomon KO, Syc SE, Goldin-Meadow S. Illuminating mental representations through speech and gesture. Psychological Science. 1999;10(4):327-33. [
DOI:10.1111/1467-9280.00163]
5. Dargue N, Sweller N, Jones MP. When our hands help us understand: A meta-analysis into the effects of gesture on comprehension. Psychol Bull. 2019;145(8):765-84. [
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6. Soylu F, Lester Jr FK, Newman SD. You can count on your fingers: The role of fingers in early mathematical development. Journal of Numerical Cognition. 2018;4(1):107-35. [
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8. Graham TA. The role of gesture in children's learning to count. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1999;74(4):333-55. [
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9. Alibali MW, DiRusso AA. The function of gesture in learning to count: More than keeping track. Cognitive development. 1999;14(1):37-56. [
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10. Goldin-Meadow S, Nusbaum H, Kelly SD, Wagner S. Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science. 2001;12(6):516-22. [
DOI:10.1111/1467-9280.00395]
11. Brooks NB, Barner D, Frank M, Goldin‐Meadow S. The role of gesture in supporting mental representations: The case of mental abacus arithmetic Cognitive Science 2017:1-22. [
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12. Novack MA, Congdon EL, Hemani-Lopez N, Goldin-Meadow S. From action to abstraction using the hands to learn math. Psychological Science. 2014;25(4):903-10. [
DOI:10.1177/0956797613518351]
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DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.005]
14. Andersen RA. Coordinate transformations and motor planning in posterior parietal cortex. In: Gazzaniga MS, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995. p. 519-32.
15. Hayhoe MM, Shrivastava A, Mruczek R, Pelz JB. Visual memory and motor planning in a natural task. Journal of vision. 2003;3(1):6-. [
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16. Salway AF, Logie RH. Visuospatial working memory, movement control and executive demands. British Journal of Psychology. 1995;86(2):253-69. [
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17. Wagner SM, Nusbaum H, Goldin-Meadow S. Probing the mental representation of gesture: Is handwaving spatial? Journal of Memory and Language. 2004;50(4):395-407. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.002]
18. Cook SW, Yip TKY, Goldin-Meadow S. Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math. Language and cognitive processes. 2012;27(4):594-610. [
DOI:10.1080/01690965.2011.567074]
19. Marstaller L, Burianová H. Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2013;20(3):496-500. [
DOI:10.3758/s13423-012-0365-0]
20. Carlson RA, Avraamides MN, Cary M, Strasberg S. What do the hands externalize in simple arithmetic? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2007;33(4):747-56. [
DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.747]
21. Sternberg RJ, Sternberg K. Cognitive psychology: Nelson Education; 2016.
22. Hand DJ, Taylor CC. Multivariate analysis of variance and repeated measures: A practical approach for behavioural scientists. London: CHAPMAN & HALL; 1987. [
DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-3143-5]
23. Guthrie L, Mayer J, Vallée-Tourangeau F. The hands that guide the thinking: Interactivity in mental arithmetic. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. 2014;36.
24. Cowan N, Elliott EM, Saults JS, Morey CC, Mattox S, Hismjatullina A, et al. On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cognitive psychology. 2005;51(1):42-100. [
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25. Engle RW. Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current directions in psychological science. 2002;11(1):19-23. [
DOI:10.1111/1467-8721.00160]
26. Ballard DH, Hayhoe MM, Pook PK, Rao RP. Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1997;20(04):723-42. [
DOI:10.1017/S0140525X97001611]
27. Carlson RA, Cassenti DN. Intentional control of event counting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2004;30(6):1235-51. [
DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1235]
28. Shafiei F, Ghassemzadeh H. The emerging approaches in the study of cognition: A review. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry. 2021;7(6):126-39 (In Persian). [
DOI:10.52547/shenakht.7.6.126]
29. Cappuccio ML. Handbook of embodied cognition and sport psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 2019. [
DOI:10.7551/mitpress/10764.001.0001]
30. Rosenbaum DA. Human motor control. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2009.
31. Dehkhoda AA. Dehkhoda dicctionary Tehran, Iran. 1931. https://tinyurl.com/3ynzrku3.
32. Cambridge Dictionary. https://tinyurl.com/cwh5n27w.
33. Cartmill EA, Beilock S, Goldin-Meadow S. A word in the hand: Action, gesture and mental representation in humans and non-human primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012;367(1585):129-43. [
DOI:10.1098/rstb.2011.0162]
34. Alibali MW, Bassok M, Solomon KO, Syc SE, Goldin-Meadow S. Illuminating mental representations through speech and gesture. Psychological Science. 1999;10(4):327-33. [
DOI:10.1111/1467-9280.00163]
35. Dargue N, Sweller N, Jones MP. When our hands help us understand: A meta-analysis into the effects of gesture on comprehension. Psychol Bull. 2019;145(8):765-84. [
DOI:10.1037/bul0000202]
36. Soylu F, Lester Jr FK, Newman SD. You can count on your fingers: The role of fingers in early mathematical development. Journal of Numerical Cognition. 2018;4(1):107-35. [
DOI:10.5964/jnc.v4i1.85]
37. Garber P, Goldin-Meadow S. Gesture offers insight into problem-solving in adults and children. Cognitive Science. 2002;26(6):817-31. [
DOI:10.1207/s15516709cog2606_5]
38. Graham TA. The role of gesture in children's learning to count. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1999;74(4):333-55. [
DOI:10.1006/jecp.1999.2520]
39. Alibali MW, DiRusso AA. The function of gesture in learning to count: More than keeping track. Cognitive development. 1999;14(1):37-56. [
DOI:10.1016/S0885-2014(99)80017-3]
40. Goldin-Meadow S, Nusbaum H, Kelly SD, Wagner S. Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science. 2001;12(6):516-22. [
DOI:10.1111/1467-9280.00395]
41. Brooks NB, Barner D, Frank M, Goldin‐Meadow S. The role of gesture in supporting mental representations: The case of mental abacus arithmetic Cognitive Science 2017:1-22. [
DOI:10.1111/cogs.12527]
42. Novack MA, Congdon EL, Hemani-Lopez N, Goldin-Meadow S. From action to abstraction using the hands to learn math. Psychological Science. 2014;25(4):903-10. [
DOI:10.1177/0956797613518351]
43. Raghubar KP, Barnes MA, Hecht SA. Working memory and mathematics: A review of developmental, individual difference, and cognitive approaches. Learning and individual differences. 2010;20(2):110-22. [
DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.005]
44. Andersen RA. Coordinate transformations and motor planning in posterior parietal cortex. In: Gazzaniga MS, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995. p. 519-32.
45. Hayhoe MM, Shrivastava A, Mruczek R, Pelz JB. Visual memory and motor planning in a natural task. Journal of vision. 2003;3(1):6-. [
DOI:10.1167/3.1.6]
46. Salway AF, Logie RH. Visuospatial working memory, movement control and executive demands. British Journal of Psychology. 1995;86(2):253-69. [
DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02560.x]
47. Wagner SM, Nusbaum H, Goldin-Meadow S. Probing the mental representation of gesture: Is handwaving spatial? Journal of Memory and Language. 2004;50(4):395-407. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.002]
48. Cook SW, Yip TKY, Goldin-Meadow S. Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math. Language and cognitive processes. 2012;27(4):594-610. [
DOI:10.1080/01690965.2011.567074]
49. Marstaller L, Burianová H. Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2013;20(3):496-500. [
DOI:10.3758/s13423-012-0365-0]
50. Carlson RA, Avraamides MN, Cary M, Strasberg S. What do the hands externalize in simple arithmetic? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2007;33(4):747-56. [
DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.747]
51. Sternberg RJ, Sternberg K. Cognitive psychology: Nelson Education; 2016.
52. Hand DJ, Taylor CC. Multivariate analysis of variance and repeated measures: A practical approach for behavioural scientists. London: CHAPMAN & HALL; 1987. [
DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-3143-5]
53. Guthrie L, Mayer J, Vallée-Tourangeau F. The hands that guide the thinking: Interactivity in mental arithmetic. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. 2014;36.
54. Cowan N, Elliott EM, Saults JS, Morey CC, Mattox S, Hismjatullina A, et al. On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cognitive psychology. 2005;51(1):42-100. [
DOI:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001]
55. Engle RW. Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current directions in psychological science. 2002;11(1):19-23. [
DOI:10.1111/1467-8721.00160]
56. Ballard DH, Hayhoe MM, Pook PK, Rao RP. Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1997;20(04):723-42. [
DOI:10.1017/S0140525X97001611]
57. Carlson RA, Cassenti DN. Intentional control of event counting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2004;30(6):1235-51. [
DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1235]
58. Shafiei F, Ghassemzadeh H. The emerging approaches in the study of cognition: A review. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry. 2021;7(6):126-39 (In Persian). [
DOI:10.52547/shenakht.7.6.126]
59. Cappuccio ML. Handbook of embodied cognition and sport psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 2019. [
DOI:10.7551/mitpress/10764.001.0001]
60. Rosenbaum DA. Human motor control. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2009.