Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

Effects Of Different Focus Of Attention Conditions On Skilled Futsal Players’ Agility Performance

Moslem Bahmani

Aim: One of the recent research challenges in the field of attentional focus instructions, are the study of its effects on the performance of elite athletes in continuous tasks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different attentional focus instructions on performance of agility in elite futsal players.
Methods Participants included 12 elite futsal players (mean age 23.91±1.56) that were selected from the first league of Division Qom via convenience sampling method. Participants were asked to perform the agility L run test under three attentional focus instructions (the internal, external and control) in three trials. Rrepeated measure Analysis of Variance and paired t test were used for analysis of data.
Result: The results showed a significant effects of the type of attentional focus instructions on test execution time. Analyses showed that performance in the external focus of attention was higher than the internal focus conditions. Also, the result demonstrated that there is no significant difference between internal focus of attention and control conditions, and also between external focus of attention and control condition.
Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence that in skilled athletes, executing the continuous tasks improve through verbal instructions that conduct focus of attention externally.

Self-Esteem Changes And Motor Proficiency Influenced By Manipulating The Environment Of An Extracurricular Physical Education Class Using The New Inclusive Learning Method In A Boy With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Mix Method Study

behzad mohammadi orangi

Aim: Inclusive education refers to the placement of people with disabilities alongside their peers. Recent studies have found this method to be effective when it comes to manipulating the environment. The study investigated the effects of an inclusive education learning method applied in an extracurricular physical education to promote self-esteem and motor proficiency in a child with developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).
Methods: The research is a critical case study that involved one obese boy with DCD (age =8 years, height=127 cm and weight =33 kg) who participated in physical education activities with 14 other children without disability over a period of 9 weeks. Three tools, Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire, developmental coordination disorder questionnaire and Bruininks-Oseretsky-2 test and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data.
Results: Results of semi-structured interviews showed independence, belief, pleasure, family relationships, educational relationships, and social relationships improved. The Cooper Smith questionnaire also showed general (10 score), family (5 score), social (4 score), and educational self-esteem (6 score) increased. While motor proficiency increased (9 score), the body mass index decreased (1.24 score).
Conclusion: Results emphasized the importance of applying nonlinear pedagogy in physical education by manipulating the environment and the task without direct instructions and feedback in inclusive settings.

The Simultaneous Changes In EMG Patterns And Motor Function During Learning Dart Throwing Skill In Dominant And Non-Dominant Hand

Elahe Arab Ameri

Aim: Although much research has been conducted on the concept of motor learning at the performance level, this concept has not been investigated at the level of EMG patterns and the comparison of these patterns in the dominant and non-dominant hand. The aim of this study was to investigate simultaneous changes in EMG pattern during learning dart skill in dominant and non-dominant hands.
Method: The participants of the present study consisted of 10 non-athlete students with a mean age of 23 ± 2.5 years who were randomly selected from the student community of the University of Tehran and divided into two groups of dominant hand (5) and non-dominant hand (5). Repeated measures ANOVA were used to measure data at the dart throwing performance and changes in EMG activity.
Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the absolute error of dart throwing at the performance level and an increase in EMG activity at the muscle level along with a decrease in muscle co-contraction in the acquisition and retention stages in both groups. Also, there was no significant difference between EMG activity in the dominant and non-dominant hand groups after skill acquisition.
Conclusion: Generally, the results of this study showed that along with relatively constant changes in performance during dart skill learning, relatively constant changes in EMG patterns also occur, so that the concept of motor learning is also observed at the muscle level. Also, the results of this study supported the existence of the same motor program for dominant and non-dominant hand control, even in the conditions of bilateral transfer control.

The Effect of BiSensory Feedback Using the Eye Movement Sonification on Decision-Making: Challenging on Specificity of Learning Hypothesis

mahin aghdaei

Objectives: Using auditory concurrent feedback with the goal of gaze path learning is a novel method in the attention field. The present study aimed to determine the effect of bisensory feedback using eye movement sonification on the decision-making of the badminton clear shot direction.
Method: In a semi-experimental strategy, with pre-post design without a control group and clinical method, participants performed recognizing the direction of the shot under unisensory and bisensory training conditions. Response accuracy, response time, and fixation duration were measured in the pre-test, immediate retention, and delayed retention.
Results: The results showed that in the immediate and delayed retention, the bisensory group had higher response accuracy and shorter response time than the unisensory group. The bisensory group had a longer fixation duration in key areas than the unisensory group in both times.
Conclusion: The use of auditory feedback can probably be considered as a way to improve decision-making skills at the novice level.

The Role Of Autonomy In Motor Learning: An Exploration Of The OPTIMAL Theory And Self-Controlled Learning

Jalal Dehghanizade

Introduction: Motor learning has been measured differently based on two essential factors of OPTIMAL theory (autonomy support and increased expectations). Giving choice has been widely used in this field, but it has not been fully investigated in the learning of throwing skills according to these two factors.
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the benefits of giving choices using the order of practice choice on learning the putting accuracy skills and the psychological components of perceived autonomy and self-efficacy beliefs.
Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 24 novice participants with a mean age of 24.87 ± 3.26 were randomly assigned to experimental (n=12) and yoked (n=12) groups. Immediately after a 10-trial pretest, participants practiced three new tasks (visual cues, auditory cues, chest bar) to putt a golf ball into the center hole in six blocks. Then, the learning was measured during a 24-hour follow-up period under conditions completely similar to the pretest (10 trials).
Findings: The study assessed participants' skill accuracy, perceived autonomy, and self-efficacy across all three experimental phases. Mixed-design analysis of variance revealed that the order in which practice was structured significantly influenced golf putting accuracy, self-efficacy, and perceived autonomy (p ≥ 0.05).
Conclusion: The possibility of task-related small choices enhances perceived autonomy self-efficacy and, which leads to improved motor learning. Therefore, these findings are consistent with optimal theory.

The Effectiveness Of The Physical Education Classroom Of Dynamic Schools On The Development Of Physical Literacy Of 9-Year-Old Students

Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mosavi

Introduction and Aim: Physical literacy is a topic that has attracted the attention of sports and health science researchers in recent years, and research is necessary and important to promote physical literacy. In this regard, the aim of this study was to the effect of physical education classroom of dynamic schools on the development of physical literacy of 9-year-old students.
Methods: To achieve this goal, one class from dynamic schools (31 people) and one class as control group (34 people) were selected. To assess physical literacy, the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy was used, which evaluates general body literacy as well as the subcategories of daily behaviors, knowledge and understanding, physical competence, and motivation and self-confidence.
Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups for the variable of daily behavior (p=0.506) and knowledge and understanding (p=0.052). But this difference is significant on physical competence (p=0.010), motivation and self-confidence (p=0.01) and the total score of physical literacy (p=0.000). With this solution, all variables improved more in the experimental group than the control group from pre-test to post-test.
Conclusion: In general, the results of this study confirmed the positive impact of dynamic schools on physical literacy, which reveals the need to pay attention to the activities of dynamic schools. And its results can be used in schools and kindergartens.

Postponement Of The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Is An Opportunity Or A Threat

Hossein Zareian

Aim: The outbreak of Covid-19 disease has had several effects on the sports industry in general and championship and professional sports in particular. One of these effects was the one-year postponement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics as the world's largest sporting event. The main question of the present study was whether the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics is an opportunity or a threat for our country's sports caravan?
Methodology: Grounded theory qualitative research method was used. The results indicate that a total of 92 independent initial marks were generated in the extracted codes.
Findings: Opportunity codes include 6 items (maintaining the health of athletes and people, increasing fitness, earning quotas, improving injuries, coherent planning, increasing youth experience) and also codes identifying threats of postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics include 8 items (physical and mental injuries, disorder). In the training program, there was a decrease in the level of performance, athletes' injuries, athletes' retirement, uncertainty of quotas, coaches' contracts, financial difficulties).
Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, although the one-year postponement of the Olympic Games due to the spread of the Corona virus was an opportunity for the athletes to gain more experience, heal the injured and increase the chances of getting a quota for the Iranian sports caravan, However, the use of these opportunities in the circumstances of the crisis depends on the written planning of the country's officials and sports officials so that they can increase the chance of winning medals for our country's athletes and improve the status of the Iranian caravan.

Foresight Of Iran’s Educational Sports With A Balanced Scorecard Approach By The Horizon of 2035

Ghasem Rahimi sarshabadarani

Aim: The purpose of this foresight of Iran's educational sports with a balanced scorecard approach was in the horizon of 2035. The current research was of mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) and its design was of sequential exploratory type.
Methods: The participants of this research were educational sports experts. The sampling method was snowball and based on theoretical saturation, 12 people were selected. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data and Lincoln & Guba (1985) criteria were used for its audit, which included validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability. In order to analyze the data in the interview analysis section, the coding method was used, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen the indicators and the structural analysis and scenario writing method was used in the future research section.
Result: By analyzing the interviews, 150 effective factors on the future of Iran's educational sports were identified based on the balanced scorecard, and by combining the primary codes in the secondary coding stage, these factors were reduced to 105. Then, in the axial coding stage, 18 subcategories based on 6 aspects of the balanced scorecard were formed by aggregating the final concepts adapted from the interview text, and the results of the Delphi analysis showed that the calculated factors correctly explain the desired phenomenon. Finally, based on the findings, 4 key drivers of efficient management, increase in audience satisfaction, development of information capital, and socialization of educational sports were obtained, which are the basis of the two main scenarios of transformation and fruitless willfulness.
Conclusion: As a result, it is suggested that in order to develop educational sports in Iran, synergy and efficient management, increase audience satisfaction, development of information resources, and socialization of educational sports should be implemented.

The Role Of Customer Relationship Management Dimensions In Promoting Public Sports From The Perspective Of Sports Managers

Seyed Jalil Miryousefi

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the customer relationship management dimensions in promoting public sports from the perspective of sports managers in Kerman.
Methods: The research method is descriptive correlation and the statistical. The population of this study included all managers of clubs and sports organizations in Kerman city, that 150 persons selected by full number method. For data gathering, the questionnaires of the customer relationship management and the public sports are used. In order to analyze the data obtained for the research variables, the structural equation modeling the Smart PLS software is used.
Result: Findings indicated that three dimensions of customer relationship management namely Customer focus, relationship management and knowledge management has a direct and significant impact on promotion of public sports.
Conclusion: According to the research results, it can be concluded that all managers of clubs and sports organizations governmental and nongovernmental need to do their utmost In order to communicate with the customer to encourage community participation and promote in public sports.

Modeling Of Carbon Monoxide Pollutant Emissions Caused By Sports Events In Cities Under Multiple Scenarios (Case Study: Azadi Stadium In Tehran)

Ali Fahiminejad

Aim: The purpose of this research is to measure and model the release of carbon monoxide pollutant in the surrounding space of Azadi Stadium in Tehran during sports competitions.
Methods: Basic data were obtained by laboratory measurements and inquiries from specialized centers. Modeling was done by Austal View software, Version 7 and under four scenarios. The prediction of pollutant concentration was simulated at a height of 5 meters. The modeling area was considered a circle with a radius of 1 km from the center of the site. The resulting data were compared with national and international standards. The initial concentration of the pollutant in the hot and cold seasons of the year was 1.432 ppm and 2.331 ppm, respectively.
Result: The amount of pollutant emission for the state of "completion of parking capacity" and "semi-complete state" was 81.45 and 37.5 kg, respectively. Zoning maps showed that in all four scenarios, the highest amount of emission was in the east direction. The highest amount of carbon monoxide production and emission is related to the first scenario (completion of the parking capacity and the cold season of the year) and the lowest amount of carbon monoxide pollutant emission is under the fourth scenario (failure to complete the parking capacity and in the warm season of the year). Although the condition of this pollutant in Tehran's Azadi sports complex and during sports competitions has not exceeded the standard.
Conclusion: By using management and engineering solutions such as: not keeping lights on in place, using exhaust filters, properly designing the parking space and reducing the duration of stopping, it is possible to avoid the production and release of a large part of pollutants.

Presenting A Work-Life Balance Model For Working Women With An Emphasis On Improving The Quality Of Leisure Time

Masoumeh Majidiparast

Aim: The aim of the current research was to provide a work-life balance model for working women with an emphasis on improving the quality of free time.
Methods: The current research was interpretative, applied and qualitative based on thematic analysis method. The statistical population was sports management professors and leisure experts, 17 of them were interviewed using the snowball method and considering information saturation. The measurement tool included a semi-structured interview and data were analyzed according to the six stages of thematic analysis.
Result: The results showed that the work-life balance model for working women with an emphasis on improving the quality of leisure time has three dimensions of effective factors (cultural factors, inhibiting factors, motivational factors, facilities and equipment, Consciousness, the characteristics of physical activities in the leisure time program, financial issues and management issues), strategies (educational, managerial and financial strategies) and consequences (increasing vitality, increasing health, economic development and sustainable socio-cultural development).
Conclusion: Leisure time managers should pay attention to educational and management issues and by privatization, proper budget allocation and incentive packages, they should contribute to the prosperity of free time as much as possible and to balance the work and life issues of working women.

The Decision To Take Advantage Of The Opportunity By Emphasizing The Role Of The Entrepreneur In Sports Businesses

hiwa bahramfard

Introduction and Purpose: Given the rapid pace of technological changes, any business that fails to adapt to environmental changes will undoubtedly fall behind in the competition. Therefore, in order to take advantage of emerging opportunities, entrepreneurs must make decisions in the shortest possible time. This makes entrepreneurial decision-making more complex and challenging. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate opportunity exploitation decisions with an emphasis on the role of entrepreneurial personality in sports businesses.
Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods approach and is classified as developmental-applied in terms of its objective. In the first step, through meta-synthesis of 32 scholarly articles, 36 indicators were identified. In the second step, using thematic analysis of interviews with academic experts, 36 indicators were extracted, of which 27 were confirmed through the Delphi method. In the third step, narrative inquiry was used to explore the lived experiences of six entrepreneurial leaders in the field of sports, leading to the identification of 34 themes.
Findings: Based on the results, after integrating the three stages, 44 indicators were classified into seven dimensions. The validity and appropriateness of these dimensions were confirmed using the t-test and the four criteria of coherence, comprehensibility, generalizability, and control.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that entrepreneurial personality significantly contributes to improving decision-making regarding opportunity exploitation in sports and reducing environmental risk. This is achieved through the development of seven key roles: self-efficacy, autonomy, risk-taking, personal traits, creativity, perseverance, entrepreneurial networking, and entrepreneurial skills and experience.

Comparison Of Motivations For Watching Esports Across Generational Groups (X, Y, Z)

Masoumeh Dehghan

Aim: The study aims to examine and compare the motivations for watching esports among Generations X, Y, and Z, highlighting generational differences and similarities in engagement with competitive gaming content. Understanding these motivations can provide valuable insights for esports marketers, organizers, and content creators to tailor experiences and communication strategies effectively.
Method: A quantitative approach was adopted. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling through online esports communities, social media platforms, and gaming forums. Data collection employed a structured questionnaire measuring various motivational factors, including entertainment, social interaction, competition, skill development, and escapism. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests to identify significant differences across generations.
Results: Generation Z exhibited higher scores for social interaction, escapism, and skill development, reflecting their digital nativity and integrated online social networks. Generation Y showed balanced motivation, emphasizing entertainment and competition, while Generation X primarily focused on competition and entertainment, with relatively lower social and escapism motivations. ANOVA results confirmed significant differences in motivational dimensions across generational cohorts, particularly in social interaction and escapism (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analyses further indicated that Generation Z significantly differed from Generations X and Y in these dimensions, whereas Generations X and Y did not differ significantly from each other in entertainment and competition motivations.
Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of generational segmentation in understanding esports audiences. Marketers and organizers should design differentiated content and engagement strategies to address generational preferences. Generation Z may respond best to interactive and socially connected esports experiences, while older generations may prioritize competitive and entertainment-oriented content.