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The purpose of this study was the comparative study of barriers of sport participation among athletes and non-athletes’ female teachers in Hamadan, using Crawford hierarchical barriers. This was a cross-sectional study design including all female teachers in Hamadan (N =923). The sample was determined using Morgan’s Table (n=230) people were selected using stratified sampling (108 athletes and 122 non-athletes) .Data collection measure was a 40 – item questionnaire with five response options (Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability= 0.86). The barriers to sport participation were measured in the three following areas: constraints model (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) and six subscales:  1) socio-cultural, 2) financial economics,3) human resources specialist, 4) attitudes of family, 5) equipment and facilities, and 6) advertising and the media were investigated. Dependent variable was the lack of participation in sport activities. Each of the six factors was considered as independent variables. SPSS software was used to run the analysis. To analyze the data one –sample T-test andFriedman test were used.  Results indicated that lack of athletic participation of female teachers was related to economic, social and cultural factors as well as to the attitude of the family. Barriers of sport participation in three domains among athletes and non athletes female teachers were same and respectively 1-structural 2-inter personal 3-intra personal. It seems that it is not possible to extend the Crawford pyramid model to all those people and different conditions in which they live. This prioritization will be different due to the social, economic and cultural societies. Consider to the results of this study, we indicated that in Iran the structural and infrastructural barriers in sport community is necessary and removing the structural barriers in the promotion of sport culture and public health can be a useful step in participation in leisure and recreational activities. 

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The purpose of this study is to classify different dimensions of organizational justice of administration of Youth and Sports of Tehran Province. The statistical population of this research includes all employees of administration of Youth and Sports of Tehran Province (N=180). Statistical sampling was based upon the whole with an equal volume with relevant society. For the purpose of data collection, questionnaire of Chester & Tad (2007) used for organizational justice. The validity and content of questionnaires were specified by the comments of specialists and professors of Sport Management. Then, it was possible to find out reliability of mentioned questionnaire by the use of Chronbach alpha (&alpha=0.94). The research method is descriptive and reliable which was performed on field basis. Some descriptive indexes and Kolmogorov–Smirnov, single sample t, independent t, Pierson correlation coefficient and Friedman's classification test were applied for further data collection. According to the results, the average grade of organizational justice was 65.84±16.95, distributional justice was 8.19±4.04, procedural justice was 30.55±9.46 and transactional justice was 27.10±7.01 which are lower than average level accordingly. The results showed that there is a significant difference between organizational justice of male & female staff. Furthermore, there was not significant relation between the age and job records and organizational justice (p>0.05).  The results showed that there is a positive relation among distributional justice dimensions, procedural justice and transactional justice (p&le0.05). The results of Friedman's classification test showed that various dimensions of organizational justice are respectively as: distributional justice, transactional justice and procedural justice. It is clear that procedural justice rather than the other dimensions was run better by the administration. Finally, it was resulted that the administrators should pay more attention to procedural and interactional justice which had the lowest averages and by usingthea practical solutions provide understanding of justice for staff.

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Physical education teachers are an essential component of Sports teaching in schools and as the founder exercise much influence on all the sports section of country, Recognition of professional competence necessary is their main purpose of this survey. This qualitative study and practices underlying theory (Grounded) was performed. The statistical population was included of elite physical education in schools and subjects was conducted by theoretical and snowball sampling. The tool of data collection was semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed from interviews to the underlying encryption method. Thus grouping codes revealed 50 components in four areas: emotional, skill, cognitive and behavioral. Emotional competence of interests and tendencies is essential for physical education teachers. competence of Professional Conduct visual behaviors by teachers for successful implementation of teaching physical education in schools, The cognitive competence, knowledge and mental skills is set in the identification and it will help teachers identify and analysis of issues related to education and Professional skills of teachers is concerned that part of the qualifications is the skills and abilities of teachers in the learning process.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of secondary task relevant and non-relevant to the free throw basketball skill on the free throw accuracy of basketball skilled players in choking under pressure. Twenty right-handed female players (aged 18-30) each with at least three years of experience in basketball took part study after completing the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Annett Handedness Questionnaire (AHQ) and measuring their anthropometric characteristics. The study included two testing sessions with an interval of 2 days. In the first and second session (no-pressure and high pressure, respectively) participants warmed up and performed 10 free throws in three conditions: 1) free throw, 2) free throw with relevant secondary task, 3) free throw with non-relevant secondary task. Results showed that the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks to free throw have effects on accuracy in no-pressure (P=0.012, P=0.001) and high pressure (P=0.001, P=0.018) conditions. Also, there was significant differences between relevant and non-relevant tasks effects on accuracy in high pressure situation (P=0.001).
Overall, it may be used the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks in choking under pressure situations for reduction of pressure imposed on athletes. Also, properly designed secondary tasks for free throw may be used to increase the accuracy of skilled participants under the pressure situations.

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In this correlational study, physical activity of girls’ has been predicted using ecological approach. For this purpose, 374 girls aged 10-12 years selected and completed Self-report questionnaire and physical activity children with reminders 7 days (PAQ-C), Perceived physical competence questionnaire (PPFS), Perceived School Climate Questionnaire for physical activity (Am & et al,2005) and Social Support Questionnaire (Grier and et al, 2008). The BMI index and Lincoln Oseretsky Motor Skills Test was calculated for all subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed Children's fitness, physical competence, perceived climate of the physical environment and social support of  friends and family (social environment) are significant predictors for amount of children's  physical activity (P <0.5). In this regard, based on effect coefficients it would be say that Fitness (10%), physical competence (15%), Motor Skills (12%), physical environment (23%) and social environment (24%) can predict children's physical activity. According to results, it would be suggested using the well- known ecological variables to predict children's activities.

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