Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the process of retirement from professional sport from perspective of sports administrator and retired athletes. This survey was descriptive that 42 administrators and 70 retired athletes from Guilan province took part in it. Data gathered through SCT questionnaire which it's content and face validity was confirmed by 15 experts and reliability was computed in a pilot study that included 20 retired athletes and 15 sports administrator (r=0.91). The data were analyzed by using repeated measure, Pearson correlation coefficient and Independent t test. The results showed that, the reasons for sport retirement included achievement of goals championship, sport injuries, financial problems and having problems with coaching staff. Also health-related and job-related problems were the most problems which retired athletes were confronted them. Results showed there were significant differences among problems of sport retirement from the perspective of sports administrator and retired athletes. Also, there were significant relationships between reasons and problems of retirement (p≤0.05). With offering programs such as economic and financial, educational, professional, Public health and nutrition consultant, etc., sport organizations can prepare athletes to face with retirement and its likely problems.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of managerial
changes on the performance of football clubs in Iranian premier league. The
statistical population of present study contains all clubs which participated in 12
seasons of Iranian football clubs premier league from 2001 to 2013. The whole
data was extracted from the archive of premier league organization and Foolad
Mobarakeh Sepahan sport club. Improvement or degradation of football clubs in
each season compared to the previous season based on managerial changes or
stability has been investigated. The data was analyzed with one way ANOVA with
Gabriel post hoc test, and independent sample t test in significant lower than 0.05.
Results revealed that managerial stability had significant effect on improvement of
the performance, and successive changes of executive managers had significant
impact on degradation of performance. Results showed that managerial changes
caused a 2.48 decline in their rank on the league schedule, and managerial
stability caused a 1.00 improvement in their rank on the league schedule.
Generally analysis of results supported the hypothesis that managerial stability
provides enough time for implementation and realization of long term and short
term goals and final improvement on clubs performance.