Mr Mehrzad Kharestani, Dr Hasan Mohamadzade,
Volume 13, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of mental imagery, observational learning, combined (imagery and observational learning) and physical training on mental representation and performance of novice golfers. To this end, 60 students(age:22.8±2.11) were randomly assigned in four groups: 1) mental imagery, 2) observational learning 3) combined (imagery + observational learning) and 4) physical training. After the pre-test, the participants in each group performed the golf putting for 3 consecutive days (60 attempts per day) and the post-test was performed on the third day. Two days after the post-test, a retention test was taken. Performance accuracy and structure of mental representation of participants were measured as dependent variables. Results showed that in the golf putting variable, the physical training group was better than other groups. Also, the performance of the combined group was better than the imagery and observational learning group. In addition, in the mental representation variable, the combined group had a more structured and accurate mental representation than than other groups. In addition, the imagery group had a better mental representation than the observational learning and physical training group. Overall, The result of this study show that physical training compared to other methods increases the accuracy of golf putting. Also combined imagery and observational learning training, has a greater impact than other methods used in this study.
Habib Allah Hamedyan, Mehdi Namazi Zadeh, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Musavi, Marziye Balali,
Volume 13, Issue 25 (9-2023)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical maturity and chronological age on the motor abilities of students aged 7-12 years. 600 students aged 7-12 years were selected in three age categories. To determine the state of physical maturity, the estimation of the percentage of adult height obtained at a certain age was used. Finally, the motor ability test was used to assess motor ability. The results of the present study showed that the effect of chronological age was significant for the variable of motor abilities in girls and boys studied. Also, the effect of maturity level was significant for the variable of motor abilities. Comparison of means showed that students born at normal maturity levels have higher mean motor ability than students born at early and late maturity levels. According to the results of the present study, the level of maturity has a significant effect on the performance of motor skills. Finally, the results of this study are limited to the current population and limited to the age range of 7-12 years in Tehran and do not represent all age groups.
Sanaz Hosseini, Rasoul Yaali, Golnaz Faezi, Sara Oftadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
How the process of acquiring and learning new motor skills can be enhanced is one of the basic questions in theoretical and applied movement science, rehabilitation and sport. The Differential Learning (DL) approach is mainly characterized by taking advantage, for the purpose of learning, of fluctuations that occur, without movement repetitions and without corrections during the skill acquisition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Differential Learning (DL) and Contextual Interference (CI) on the Retention and Transfer of Badminton backhand short serve. Prior to the implementation of the protocol, all participants of the pre-test were taken. Then, each group of research performed for 8 sessions according to the type of training. One day after the completion of the practice protocol, of all participants were taken the tests of Retention and Transfer. The analysis t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between the groups DL and CI in tests Retention and Transfer (p= 0.00). In fact, the results of the research show the effectiveness of the DL approach on the Retention and Transfer of Badminton backhand short serve. Based on the results of the research, the conclusion is that the DL approach is useful for learning skills, and can discover adaptive solutions by creating oscillations in the individual and helped to improve and learning skills.
Zahra Nezakat Alhosseini, Saleh Rafiee, Sadegh Nasri,
Volume 13, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of observational practice on anticipation and visual search behavior in handball players in handball defense positions. The participants were 23 male handball players aged 16-19 years, who were members of Isfahan national youth and Pishgaman team. The players viewed clips of handball defense positions using eye-tracking glasses. They verbally expressed their anticipation about the outcome of the ball position during the pre-test. The players were divided into two groups: gaze behavior, which was observed (observation of output clips of eye-tracking glasses) and observation group, which observed only handball clips. Then the two groups were retested after 10 sessions of 45 minutes. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance and Muchly test with sphiricity assumed illustrated that the anticipation accuracy and visual search behavior of the gaze behavior group in the post-test were significantly better than the observation group. Defending handball players in the 3×3 position compared to the other two positions (2 × 2, 1 × 1), focused on the background and kinematics of the attacking player to anticipate and identify the attacking player pattern.
Hesam Ramezanzade,
Volume 13, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of high and low reinvestment in the acquisition, retention and automaticity of dart throwing skill based on the interference-error model. One hundred participants were selected and divided into two categories of high and low movement reinvestment. Subjects of each category were randomly divided into five groups: block-errorless, block-errorfull, random-errorless, random-errorfull and random. Based on the results, the best and worst performance was observed for the random-errorless and random-errorfull groups respectively. There was a significant difference between categories of high and low reinvestment in retention and automaticity tests in favor of low reinvestment. In both the acquisition and retention test, the block groups performed better in the high reinvestment category and the random groups performed better in the low reinvestment category. At the automaticity phase, all groups executed better in the low reinvestment category. The results show that the level of reinvestment can play an important role in learning and automaticity of motor skills. People with lower level of reinvestment perform better in practice conditions with more cognitive effort (random practice) and people with a higher level of reinvestment perform better in practice conditions with less cognitive effort (block practice).
Sajad Moemeni, Alal Dehghanizade,
Volume 13, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate relationship of physical activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic with life expectancy and life satisfaction of elderly. Methodology was descriptive-correlational which was done cross-sectionally in the year 2021. Statistical population included all of elderly people aged ≥60 years in Hamadan city. The number of 391 people participated who were selected from public places in Hamadan city by using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Life Expectancy, and Life Satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 software and structural equation method. The average age of the participants was 67.73±7.18 years. Mean and standard deviation of life satisfaction and life expectancy were 18.18±6.56, 19.98±6.85, respectively. 54.2% of people had low level of physical activity, 37.6% Moderate level of physical activity, and 8.2% high levels of physical activity. Physical activity had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction (p<0.01) and life expectancy (p<0.01). According to the results, if the elderly participate in the physical activities, the results will be increasing of life satisfaction and life expectancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Hamdi Salehi, Samira Panahi,
Volume 13, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
This investigation aimed to determine the role of using specific gestures in simple arithmetic. Forty-seven university students (25 females; Mage = 23.45 ± 3.51 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The participants completed two tasks. In the item-counting task, the participants were shown sets of identical colored squares and asked to count a specific color by either finger-pointing, nodding, or without any gestures while counting. After completing the counting task and for measurement of the working memory performance, the participants were asked to recall lists of alphabets that were previously to them. The results revealed that when using finger-pointing or nodding while counting, the participants counted faster and more accurately than when gestures were not allowed. The results of the memory task showed that the participants retrieved significantly more alphabets and more quickly when using finger-pointing or nodding while counting than when not gesturing. Thus, the gestures helped to free up cognitive resources. The findings support the hypothesis that gestures may facilitate cognitive functions by reducing cognitive load. This present investigation, consistent with previous research, suggests that we can benefit from using our hand and head movements to facilitate some simple arithmetic tasks.
Saeed Nazari, Fatemeh Najafian, Shaheen Ramezani, Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah, Farzaneh Barmaki,
Volume 13, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was the effect of visual illusions and focus of attention instructions on the performance and learning of the golf putt. A total of 48 students with an age range of 7-9 years were selected from the community in a targeted manner and randomly divided into four groups (large visual illusion with external focus of attention instruction, large visual illusion with internal focus of attention instruction, small visual illusion with external focus of attention instruction, small visual illusion internal focus of attention instruction) were allocated.The current research was conducted in five different phases of pre-test, acquisition, retention, transfer and dual task. results a mixed two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measure, showed that in all phases, especially the dual task, the two groups of external focus of attention with large and small visual illusion performed better than other groups. These findings showed the importance of external attention and additive Effects of an External Focus and visual illusions in Learning a Motor Skill, which may be platform for encourages implicit learning mechanisms, it is recommended that physical education coaches use psychological variables (external focus of attention and visual illusions) in practicing golf putting skills.
Sara Oftadeh, Rasoul Yaali, Farhad Ghadiri,
Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of visual and skill training on visual and performance skills, retention and transfer of Badminton backhand short service. 20 female students were randomly divided into two groups of 10 combined and skill. Depending on their type of training, the groups performed visual and skill training for 6 weeks. Before and after training, visual and performance tests, retention and transfer of backhand short service were done by the participants. For data analysis, t-test and mixed ANOVA analysis were used with a significant level of 0.05. The data analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between groups in visual skills. The combined group had a significant improvement in performance, retention, and transfer of the service. Also, checking the interactive effect of time and type of training showed that the combined group was more advanced than the skill group. The results of this study show the combined effects of vision and sports more than the individual training of vision and sports, and according to the results of the study, it is suggested that visual training is included as a supplementary training program in the Badminton field exercise.
Zahra Ghadimi Kalateh, Mehdi Shahbazi, Seyyed Fardin Qeysari,
Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of self-control feedback with bandwidth feedback through self-modeling strategies on volleyball service in novice and intermediate learners. For this purpose, two groups of novice and intermediate learners took part in this experiment. Each group practiced volleyball tennis skills in six sessions in two sub-groups of self-control and bandwidth feedback methods through self-modeling strategies. The design involved a pretest, acquisition sessions post-test, retention test and a transfers test. In each session, the self-control feedback sub-group was matched to the number of feedbacks received by bandwidth feedback subgroup; but the self-regulation feedback subgroup has a self-controlled role in when they receive feedback.The results showed that both methods of providing feedback in both groups improved the performance level of the subjects in the post-test, retention test and transfer test significantly (p<0.05). AlsoThe results showed that the beginners benefited from self-regulation feedback more than bandwidth feedback (p<0.05), while the intermediate benefited equally from self-regulation and bandwidth feedback (p>0.05).It seems that the self-control benefits can also be generalized in self-modeling. Therefore, the use of self-control effect in self-modeling feedback in volleyball tennis service training is suggested to coaches and sports teachers in the beginner and skilled groups.
Davoud Fazeli Kasrineh, Hamidreza Taheri, Alireza Saberi Kakhki,
Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of practice variability in physical compared with observational practice on golf putting performance. To this end, 50 male right-handed students (25±3.7 years) participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into 5 groups (physical constant, physical variable, observational constant, observational variable, and control). During acquisition, the physical variable group randomly performed 50 trials from 5 different starting points to 2 different targets, but the physical constant group performed 50 trials from one starting point to one predetermined target. The observational variable and constant groups observed the performance of the physical variable and constant groups, respectively. The control group just participated in pre-and post-tests. Participants performed a test just like the pre-test 10 minutes and also 24 hours after practice. Putting accuracy was measured as the dependent measure. Results showed that variability of practice had a positive effect on performance than constant practice in physical and observational conditions. Maybe the similar underlying mechanisms and also the similar feedback effects resulted in the higher performance of the variable group than the constant group in physical performance and action observation.
Mina Keshavarz, Sepideh Jalali Aghdam, Hasan Mohammadzade,
Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a Pilates exercise period on public health and anxiety in young women during the coronavirus quarantine. This research was a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. For this purpose, 50 young women with a mean age of 25± 2 years were randomly selected and divided into experimental and control groups by convenience sampling method from Urmia. The experimental group practiced Pilates online at home for 3 sessions, 60 minutes each week for 8 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Dependent variables were measured using the Public Health Questionnaire and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. The results of Mixed ANOVA showed that the scores of all components of public health and anxiety of women in the experimental group were significantly better than the control group, which indicates the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on the relevant variables during this quarantine period. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Pilates improves public health and anxiety of young women, and have a regular exercise program is a key strategy to maintain public health during quarantine due to coronavirus outbreak.
Naser Omidzadeh, Mahin Aghdaei, Alireza Farsi,
Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of auditory focus of attention with high and low cognitive load on sports performance and working memory adolescent. The research was semi-experimental and included elementary and high school students of Kohnani city. The statistical sample was 20 students aged 11-13. In the pre-test, soccer chip shot was used. The acquisition stage was performed on 4 consecutive days. In the stages of delayed recall and transfer, n-back test and soccer chip kick were performed. The results showed that in the group of auditory focus of attention with cognitive high load, the effect of auditory focus of attention with high cognitive load on sports performance and working memory was significant (p≥ 0.01) and The group of auditory focus of attention with low cognitive load showed improvement only in working memory (p≥ 0.01). So Cognitive load manipulation has a positive effect on working memory and sports performance.
Hanieh Ghasemian Moghadam, Mahdi Sohrabi,
Volume 14, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of basic taekwondo exercises on the executive functions of children with a learning disorder. For this purpose, 20 boys aged 10 to 12 years with learning disorder in Mashhad were selected and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. The exercise group practiced Taekwondo for 12 sessions, each session lasting 50 minutes, repeating three days a week. The control group also engaged in their normal daily activities during this period. Changes in subjects' executive functions were measured before and after the exercise period by the N-back and the Tower of London tests. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that basic taekwondo exercises improve executive functions in the exercise group; All these changes were significant compared to the control group (p<0/05). Therefore, based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that basic taekwondo exercises help to improve the executive functions of children with learning disorder by affecting brain areas related to executive functions.
Ghazal Nojan, Dr Hasan Mohamadzadeh, Dr Jalal Dehghanizadeh,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight-weeks traditional and sport-education of clay court tennis skills on metacognition and meta-excitement of 15-18 years old feamales.
The method of this study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design. Subjects were included 24 females (age: 16.54± 1.36years) that were randomly divided two groups of 12 people (SE and traditional). Exercises were included 14-sessions for 4-weeks (3-sessions the first two-week and 4-sessions the second two-week). Research instruments including Wells-Metacognition Questionnaire and Mittmansgrober-Meta-excitement Questionnaire. For statistical analysis, were used analysis of covariance and paired t-test.
The results showed that there was a significantly difference between the two groups of SE and traditional in increasing the rate of meta-cognition(p=0.004), positive meta-excitement (p=0.007) and negative meta-excitement (p=0.015). In the SE, metacognition(p=0.001), positive meta-excitement (p=0.001) significantly increased and negative meta-excitement (p=0.001) were significantly improved compared to the pre-test, but This rate of improvement in the group of exercises by traditional was not-significant in metacognition(p=0.881), positive meta-excitement (p=0.116) and negative meta-excitement (p=0.144).
The results show that knowledge and use of SE method strategies have a positive effect on metacognitive performance and meta-excitement. Therefore, it is recommended that beginners enjoy the benefits of improving metacognitive and meta-excitement knowledge by performing SE-type sports activities in addition to using physical benefits.
Ms Soosan Taabodi, Dr Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni, Dr Marjan Namjoo,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Previous research has indicated the effectiveness of parent-based and instructor-based interventions on children with developmental coordination disorder, but investigation of these two approaches in mentally retarded children has not been considered until. The purpose of this study was to compare the parent-based and instructor-based educational approach on motor proficiency and cognitive development of children aged 7 to 10 years with educable mentally retarded. 40 children with educable mental retardation in Jahrom city were selected by available sampling method and were divided into two experimental groups of parent-based (7.7±1.80) and instructor-based (8.10±0.91). In pre-test, participants performed a cognitive development test (my brain cognitive intervention software). After, all participants were tested motor proficiency (Bruininks Ozertsky) in school environment. The intervention for instructor-based group was done individually by the teacher in school and for the parent-based group, the intervention was done by parents at home. The intervention was performed for both experimental groups for 6 weeks and 3 sessions of 45 minutes each week. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that instructor-based exercises compared to parent-based exercises can improve motor proficiency, cognitive development (P≤0.05). Parent-based exercises can as well improve fine skills (P≤0.05).
Mr Shahrooz Shadrooz, Dr Fatemeh Rezaei, Dr Ayub Asadi,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the effect of directing attention in the form of verbal instructions and perceptual highlighting during modeling on children's learning of targeting skills. The current research was a semi-experimental type of research with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of this research included all male students between 7 and 10 years old in Bojnord primary schools (N = 560) who were studying in the first grade in the academic. 60 people from three groups were selected purposefully. The tools of current research included a number of video monitors, a vision tracker, a tennis ball, and a sable at a distance of 3 meters from the line of the throwing place on the wall. Subjects were divided into four training groups: internal focus modeling through instructions, external focus modeling through instructions, internal focus modeling through perceptual highlighting, and external focus modeling through perceptual highlighting. In the acquisition phase, all 4 groups performed 3 blocks of 10 each including 30 over-the-shoulder throws with a tennis ball during 5 sessions, and at the end of each session, they were tested and their scores were recorded by the examiner. The memory test was also performed after 36 hours of non-training. The data were used using the analysis of variance of the intersection test to investigate the effect of directing attention with verbal instructions and perceptual highlighting on motor learning in four groups at different stages of the test. Research results show that the two groups of perceptual highlighting with attention guidance (internal/external) in the phase of acquisition (P=0.005) and memorization (P=0.006) compared to the two groups of verbal instructions with Significant level (P<0.05) had better performance.
Saeed Arsham, Mohammad Garavand, Abbas Bahram,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the type of goal setting and self-recording on acquisition and self-regulation learning of basketball free throw. Seventy middle school student boys were selected for available and randomly allocated to 6 experimental groups and one control group. A factor ANOVA with a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05) was conducted to analyze the self-efficacy and performance data in acquisition and retention tests. The results showed that the goal-setting with the self-recording group has a higher self-efficacy and performance than the goal-setting without self-recording and the control groups in acquisition and retention test of basketball free throw. This research showed that a variety of goals can begin to combine and cause positive results in performance and learning. Self-recording is important for performance and self-efficacy and can be easily taught and used during physical education sessions.
Zahra Bari, Mahin Aghdaei, Alireza Farsi, Hamidreza Kobravi,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
The aim of present study was to determine the effect of different levels of balance task difficulty and muscle pattern sonification on balance elderlies. eleve healthy elderly mean age 66/09± 2/26 yr were selected voluntarily. The study inclusion criteria included no structural postural problems, lack of lower extremity fractures over the past six months, no uncorrected visual impairments, no vestibular disorders, and no use of nerve medications, narcotics, alcohol, and any substance leading to dizziness or lack of focus and affecting balance
Participants were asked to stand still on a stable platform under two conditions (with sonification of muscle activity pattern and without feedback) in three difficulty levels (6, 8, and 10). Stability index scores (Overall, Anterior- Posterior and Medial- Lateral) were calculated by Biodex Balance System. The duration of each test was 20 seconds and rest times were 10 seconds. Results showed that with increasing task difficulty, scores of overall balance ,Medial- Lateral balance and Anterior- Posterior balance. In addition, There was a significant reduction in the scores of Overall balance (p= 0/005), anterior - posterior balance (p= 0/002) and medial - lateral balance (p= 0/022) and sonification of muscle activity pattern condition compared with without sonification of muscle activity pattern condition in the level of 6. Overall, the results of this study showed that increasing task difficulty increases postural sway, and the availability of sonification of muscle activity pattern can improve balance and reduce postural sway.
Keywords: Electrical activity, Stability index, Biofeedback , Task Difficulty
Abbas Bahram, Saeed Arsham, Moslem Bahmani,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention in skilled performance in real conditions, using a mixed-method study. Fourteen expert judo player participated in the study. The stimulated recall was used in the qualitative phase of the study to explore athletes’ attention in real competitive conditions. In the quantitative portion of the study, number and percentages of foci in preparation phase, execution phase, and total (preparation +execution) were associated with performance movement time. Our results indicated that while attention during execution phase was not associated with performance time, attention in the preparation phase was associated with better performance time. specifically, less attentional cues with higher percentages of focus on the opponent resulted in more quick performances. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that focus on opponent during preparation phase is associated with superior technique execution during real competitions.
