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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity of adolescents with the role of mediation of perceived competence.  The research sample consisted of 386 adolescent boys. Perceived competence was measured using Physical Ability scale of the short form of the Marshall Self-Descriptive Questionnaire (2010). From the pedometer And physical activity questionnaire for older children was used to measure physical activity,  and using Bruininks-Oseretsky Test test for measuring motor competence and a 1600-meter test for cardiovascular fitness test. The results showed a significant correlation between motor competence, perceived competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity. Perceived competence  mediates association between motor competence and physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular fitness test. Finally, the results of the model showed that perceived competence had the most impact on the participation of adolescent physical activity. Also, motor competence has a greater effect on cardiovascular fitness test than perceived competence. According to the results of the research, educational programs should be designed and designed according to the importance of motor competence and perceived competence to improve participation of physical activity and physical fitness of adolescents.
 

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One of the recent research challenges in the field of attentional focus instructions, are the study of its effects on the performance of elite athletes in continuous tasks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different attentional focus instructions on performance of agility in elite futsal players. Participants included 12 elite futsal players (mean age 23.91±1.56) that were selected from the first league of Division Qom via convenience sampling method. Participants were asked to perform the agility L run test under three attentional focus  instructions (the internal, external and control) in three trials. Rrepeated measure Analysis of Variance and paired t test were used for analysis of data. The results showed a significant effects of the type of attentional focus  instructions on  test execution time. Analyses showed that performance in the external focus of attention was higher than the internal focus conditions. Also, the result demonstrated that there is no significant difference between internal focus of attention and control conditions, and also between external focus of attention and control condition. The results of this study provide evidence that in skilled athletes, executing the continuous tasks improve through verbal instructions that conduct focus of attention externally.
 

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Few studies have investigated dimensions of attention out of laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between internal/external and associative and dissociative attention and its role in expert judo players’ technical performance during competition. mixed method approach with parallel-design was used. In the qualitative section of the study, expert judo players’ attentional strategy was explored using self-confrontation interviews. In the quantitative part of the study, differences between reported foci in successful versus unsuccessful trials was tested.  Analysis of interview transcripts revealed that expert judo players had more focus on external-associative dimension in both preparation and execution phases. In addition, results of chi-square test indicated a significant difference between judo players’ focus of attention in successful versus unsuccessful trials (p < 0.05) with more focus on external-associative attention in successful trials. In conclusion, while this study does not support use or advantages of dissociative attention in skilled performers, provided more support for constrained-action hypothesis as indicated more use and advantages of adopting an external-associative focus for expert level judo players.
 

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the structure of the ball behavior in the futsal teams during the offensive  phase. The type of research was observational and the data extracted from the 12 games in the training matches of the players of the futsal resistance team present at the Premier League matches of 97-98 were recorded and analyzed. Using the SOCNET software, the values of the cluster coefficient were calculated and using the MATLAB software, Shannon entropy values for each team were calculated. The results showed that by increasing the number of training sessions, the values of the cluster and entropy coefficient of Shannon increased in both teams and there is a moderate correlation between the values of the cluster coefficient and Shannon entropy was observed with the number of training sessions. In general, and according to the results of this study, the functional variability of ball behavior patterns increased with training and team experience, and the level of complexity and unpredictability of the team network increased. According to the sensitivity of the behavioral patterns of the ball to the effects of training, sport analyzers can use the information from this level of analysis to explain the team's synergistic behaviors in futsal teams.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention in skilled performance in real conditions, using a mixed-method study. Fourteen expert judo player participated in the study. The stimulated recall was used in the qualitative phase of the study to explore athletes’ attention in real competitive conditions. In the quantitative portion of the study, number and percentages of foci in preparation phase, execution phase, and total (preparation +execution) were associated with performance movement time. Our results indicated that while attention during execution phase was not associated with performance time, attention in the preparation phase was associated with better performance time. specifically, less attentional cues with higher percentages of focus on the opponent resulted in more quick performances. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that focus on opponent during preparation phase is associated with superior technique execution during real competitions.

 

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The aim of this study was to investigate simultaneous changes in EMG pattern during learning dart skill in dominant and non-dominant hands. The samples consisted of 10 non-athlete students with an average age of 23±2.5, which were divided into two group dominant hand (5) and non-dominant hand (5). Repeated measures ANOVA were used to measure data at the execution level and changes in EMG activity. The results showed a significant decrease in the absolute error of dart throwing at the performance level and an increase in EMG activity at the muscle level along with a decrease in muscle co-contraction in the acquisition and retention stages in both groups (P<.05). Also, there was no significant difference between EMG activity in the dominant and non-dominant hand groups after skill acquisition (P>.05). Generally, the results of this study showed that along with relatively constant changes in performance during dart skill learning, relatively constant changes in EMG patterns also occur, so that the concept of motor learning is also observed at the muscle level. Also, the results of this study supported the existence of the same motor program for dominant and non-dominant hand control, even in the conditions of bilateral transfer control.

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The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of motor learning strategies (linear, non-linear, and differential) in the experience of flow and clutch in beginner footballers. Participants (66, M age= 27.49 and SD =2.68) participated in this study voluntarily and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants practiced in three groups: linear, nonlinear, and differential, for three months, two sessions each week and each session one and a half hours. The study method was quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative part, flow and clutch questionnaire was used and in the qualitative part a semi-structured interview was used. The results of Tukey showed nonlinear pedagogy was effective in flow experience and linear method in clutch experience (p<0.05). In the differential learning, flow was experienced more than linear method (p<0.05) and less than non-linear method (p>0.05). In the qualitative part, four factors of purpose, pleasure, effort and exploration are identified that support the results of the quantitative part. Based on the results of this study, nonlinear and differential methods are effective in the flow experience and linear method are effective in the clutch experience.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of training type (full-error and error-less) and skill level on the development of mental representation of putt golf skill. For this purpose, 44 undergraduate physical education students (22 women, 22 men; mean age 22.34 and standard deviation 4.37) were randomly divided into two groups: error-less (near-to-far) and full-error (far-to-near). The two groups practiced in the one-day acquisition phase of 3 blocks of 10 attempts for throwing distances (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 200 cm). The error-less group started training from the closest distance to the goal and reached the farthest distance, respectively, but the full-error group started training from the farthest distance and finally reached the closest distance. At the end, they were tested immediately. One day after the acquisition phase, delayed retention tests, single task transfer (from a distance of 225 cm) and dual task transfer (from a distance of 200 cm simultaneously with audio playback) were performed. To compare the effect of error-less and full-error training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of putt golf skills, data analysis of the acquisition stage was analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (2×8). SDA-M test was used to measure the structure of mental representations formed in the two groups before and after the acquisition period, and hierarchical cluster analysis  0.05) was used to analyze the mental representations.  Our Findings showed significant functional changes in the post-exercise mental representation structure, suggesting that motor skills are associated with functional adaptation of action-related knowledge in long-term memory.

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Considering the rapid process of technological changes, if a business cannot adapt itself to the changes in the environment, it will no doubt stop competing. Therefore, the entrepreneur should make a decision in the shortest possible time to take advantage of the opportunity. It has become more difficult, so this research was done with the aim of deciding to take advantage of the opportunity by emphasizing the role of the entrepreneur in sports businesses. This research is in terms of mixed method, in terms of developmental-applicative goal. In the first step, 36 indicators were identified from 32 articles, and in the second step, 36 indicators were extracted by the theme analysis method, and 27 indicators were confirmed by the Delphi method, and in the third step, 34 themes were identified from the lived experience of 6 people. Sports entrepreneur leaders were identified by research narrative method, and finally, after combining and integrating the three stages, 44 identification indicators were found in a 7-dimensional template, whose suitability and validity were confirmed using the t-test and the four criteria of adaptability, comprehensibility, generalizability, and control. became. Based on the findings, the entrepreneurial personality by creating seven roles of self-efficacy, independence, risk-taking, individual characteristics, creativity, effort and perseverance, entrepreneurial network and entrepreneurial skills and experience in improving decision-making in order to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities in sports and reduce environmental risk. There is a punishment.
 

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The growth of Kabaddi sports, its development and progress, requires the ability to anticipate uncertainties. As a developing sport in Iran, kabaddi has seen a lot of progress, but at the same time, challenges may still affect its future, especially since there is limited understanding about its possible future and the ways in which There is a corresponding future to be traversed. Therefore, in this study, a multi-stakeholder scenario planning was used to develop future scenarios of Iran's Kabaddi sports, using stakeholders' points of view on the trends and critical uncertainties that may shape the future of Kabaddi sports to create action-oriented strategies. The participants of the present analytical and exploratory study included 28 domestic and foreign beneficiaries of Iran's Kabaddi sports, who were selected based on targeted sampling. Data was collected through interviews and open questionnaires. Data analysis was done with the six-step model of combined scenario planning of Lipzig and Rollandberger. The findings and analysis of 29 main factors obtained led to the production of two key uncertainties and four scenarios with titles of champion, super league, active lifestyle and always loser. In order to develop Kabaddi sports in Iran, there should be a transformation in the structure of the process with the aim of institutionalizing Kabaddi sports in geographical dimensions with a professional and universal approach.