Hossein Alimohammadi, Javad Adabi Firouzjah, Tahereh Gholami, Samira Akbari,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the environmentally friendly behavior of active sports tourists in Bushehr. The sample included 102 tourists who completed the research questionnaire. The research tools were questionnaires of compliance with the environment, environmental policy, environmental inclination and word-of-mouth advertising by Kontojiani and Kotoris (2014). Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used in PLS3 software for data analysis. The results showed that the environmental compatibility of the services of sports recreation centers has a significant effect on the word-of-mouth advertising of tourists, and the friendly policy of protecting the environment among tourists has a significant effect on their willingness to preserve and care for the environment. The desire to preserve the environment was not causally related to word of mouth. The compliance of sports tourism service centers with environmental protection indicators did not have a significant effect on the desire to protect the environment, and therefore sports tourists who have an environmentally friendly policy show their desire to protect the environment in any situation. Based on the results, it is suggested that various training courses and programs be held for sports tourists in order to familiarize themselves with environmental issues and to improve their environmental practices and attitudes.
Hormatosadat Borhani, Mohammad Hami, Vahid Shojaei,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to comprehensively elucidate and identify the entrepreneurial and goal-oriented strategies of sports startups entering both domestic and international markets. The research employed a qualitative method, falling under the category of exploratory studies in terms of objectives, foundational and applied research regarding outcomes, and was grounded in the postmodernism paradigm. The research population comprised experts in marketing, sports management, and successful entrepreneurs with experience in launching sports startups. Purposeful sampling was employed for participant selection. To construct the initial research tool, the researcher, after reviewing relevant studies on sports startups, developed a semi-structured questionnaire for in-depth interviews with experts. The research strategy followed a phenomenological approach, and data analysis was conducted using MaxQDA software, version 20. The results of the data analysis unveiled eight key concepts within the entrepreneurial strategies section, pertaining to the entry of sports startups into domestic and international markets. These concepts encompass partners, stakeholders and customers, tolerable loss, flexibility and adaptability, experiences, uncertainty, service quality, available financial resources, and operational strategies. These concepts were derived from the interviews, contributing to theoretical saturation. Furthermore, in the section on goal-oriented strategies, five concepts were identified: exports, communications, market strategies, market research, and risk management.
Mohadeseh Sadeghi, Mohammadreza Moradi, Morteza Hatefi,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The aim of this research was to identify and prioritize the criteria for selecting youth basketball coaches using the DEMATEL technique and network analysis in fuzzy conditions. The statistical population consisted of 10 university experts with experience in coaching youth basketball teams or relevant education in sports human resource management. Initially, criteria for selecting youth basketball coaches were identified through library studies and expert interviews. After identifying the criteria, the DEMATEL method was employed to clarify the internal relationships among them. Subsequently, a questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each criterion through the Analytic Network Process (ANP).
The results indicated that among the main factors, technical and legal competence, psychological and communicative skills, and willingness to grow and excel held higher importance. In terms of sub-criteria, holding a coaching card, participating in special coaching courses, and mastery of growth psychology concepts were prioritized. Ultimately, all identified criteria significantly influence the selection of youth basketball coaches. Therefore, it is essential for managers to consider these criteria when choosing coaches for youth teams. This research provides a structured approach to enhance the coach selection process, ensuring that qualified individuals lead youth basketball programs effectively.
Faezeh Zamanian, Majid Vesalinaseh,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
Attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender-role norms may cause to some psychological and physical problems. This issue is concerned as gender-role conflict phenomenon in female athletes. However, research findings did not support sufficiently this notion. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender-role norms in the context of soccer and experience of gender-role conflict as women who participate in a traditional masculine sport such as soccer. 15 women soccer players between the age of 19 and 32 years old on Iranian super league were interviewed. The results indicated that women soccer players perceived numerous discrepant gender-role norms in the context of soccer. Also, it was explored three different types of gender-role conflict. Participants used various strategies to manege and coping with the gender role conflict. Overall, it is not an intense internal state of conflict, and applying some of those strategies can help them avoiding conflict.
Majid Bahrami, Mina Mostahfezian, Mahnaz Marvi Esfahani,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
As a developing sport in Iran, kabaddi has seen a lot of progress, but at the same time, challenges may still affect its future, especially since there is limited understanding about its possible future and the ways in which there is a corresponding future to be traversed. In this study, a multi-stakeholder scenario planning was used to develop future scenarios of Iran's Kabaddi sports, using stakeholders' points of view on the trends and critical uncertainties that may shape the future of Kabaddi sports to create action-oriented strategies. The participants of the present study included 28 domestic and foreign beneficiaries of Iran's Kabaddi sports, who were selected based on targeted sampling. Data was collected through interviews and open questionnaires. Data analysis was done with the six-step model of combined scenario planning of Lipzig and Rollandberger. The findings and analysis of 29 main factors obtained led to the production of two key uncertainties and four scenarios with titles of champion, super league, active lifestyle and always loser. In order to develop Kabaddi sports in Iran, there should be a transformation in the structure of the process with the aim of institutionalizing Kabaddi sports in geographical dimensions with a professional and universal approach.
Hossein Zareian, Zohre Rezaei, Fatemhe Saeidi, Sohrab Hemati,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The outbreak of Covid-19 disease has had several effects on the sports industry in general and championship and professional sports in particular. One of these effects was the one-year postponement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics as the world's largest sporting event. The main question of the present study was whether the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics is an opportunity or a threat for our country's sports caravan?
Methodology: Grounded theory qualitative research method was used. The results indicate that a total of 92 independent initial marks were generated in the extracted codes.
Findings: Opportunity codes include 6 items (maintaining the health of athletes and people, increasing fitness, earning quotas, improving injuries, coherent planning, increasing youth experience) and also codes identifying threats of postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics include 8 items (physical and mental injuries, disorder). In the training program, there was a decrease in the level of performance, athletes' injuries, athletes' retirement, uncertainty of quotas, coaches' contracts, financial difficulties).
Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, although the one-year postponement of the Olympic Games due to the spread of the Corona virus was an opportunity for the athletes to gain more experience, heal the injured and increase the chances of getting a quota for the Iranian sports caravan, However, the use of these opportunities in the circumstances of the crisis depends on the written planning of the country's officials and sports officials so that they can increase the chance of winning medals for our country's athletes and improve the status of the Iranian caravan.
Marziyeh Azadegan, Ghasem Rahimi Sarshabadarani, Rasoul Nazari,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this foresight of Iran's educational sports with a balanced scorecard approach was in the horizon of 2035. The current research was of mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) and its design was of sequential exploratory type.
Methods: The participants of this research were educational sports experts. The sampling method was snowball and based on theoretical saturation, 12 people were selected. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data and Lincoln & Guba (1985) criteria were used for its audit, which included validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability. In order to analyze the data in the interview analysis section, the coding method was used, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen the indicators and the structural analysis and scenario writing method was used in the future research section.
Result: By analyzing the interviews, 150 effective factors on the future of Iran's educational sports were identified based on the balanced scorecard, and by combining the primary codes in the secondary coding stage, these factors were reduced to 105. Then, in the axial coding stage, 18 subcategories based on 6 aspects of the balanced scorecard were formed by aggregating the final concepts adapted from the interview text, and the results of the Delphi analysis showed that the calculated factors correctly explain the desired phenomenon. Finally, based on the findings, 4 key drivers of efficient management, increase in audience satisfaction, development of information capital, and socialization of educational sports were obtained, which are the basis of the two main scenarios of transformation and fruitless willfulness.
Conclusion: As a result, it is suggested that in order to develop educational sports in Iran, synergy and efficient management, increase audience satisfaction, development of information resources, and socialization of educational sports should be implemented.
Hiwa Bahramfard, Ghodratallah Bagheri, Asadullah Kordnaeij, Ali Saberi,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Given the rapid pace of technological changes, any business that fails to adapt to environmental changes will undoubtedly fall behind in the competition. Therefore, in order to take advantage of emerging opportunities, entrepreneurs must make decisions in the shortest possible time. This makes entrepreneurial decision-making more complex and challenging. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate opportunity exploitation decisions with an emphasis on the role of entrepreneurial personality in sports businesses.
Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods approach and is classified as developmental-applied in terms of its objective. In the first step, through meta-synthesis of 32 scholarly articles, 36 indicators were identified. In the second step, using thematic analysis of interviews with academic experts, 36 indicators were extracted, of which 27 were confirmed through the Delphi method. In the third step, narrative inquiry was used to explore the lived experiences of six entrepreneurial leaders in the field of sports, leading to the identification of 34 themes.
Findings: Based on the results, after integrating the three stages, 44 indicators were classified into seven dimensions. The validity and appropriateness of these dimensions were confirmed using the t-test and the four criteria of coherence, comprehensibility, generalizability, and control.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that entrepreneurial personality significantly contributes to improving decision-making regarding opportunity exploitation in sports and reducing environmental risk. This is achieved through the development of seven key roles: self-efficacy, autonomy, risk-taking, personal traits, creativity, perseverance, entrepreneurial networking, and entrepreneurial skills and experience.
Seyed Ahmad Nejadsajadi, Seyed Jalil Miryousefi, Hossein Bakhshandeh,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the customer relationship management dimensions in promoting public sports from the perspective of sports managers in Kerman.
Methods: The research method is descriptive correlation and the statistical. The population of this study included all managers of clubs and sports organizations in Kerman city, that 150 persons selected by full number method. For data gathering, the questionnaires of the customer relationship management and the public sports are used. In order to analyze the data obtained for the research variables, the structural equation modeling the Smart PLS software is used.
Result: Findings indicated that three dimensions of customer relationship management namely Customer focus, relationship management and knowledge management has a direct and significant impact on promotion of public sports.
Conclusion: According to the research results, it can be concluded that all managers of clubs and sports organizations governmental and nongovernmental need to do their utmost In order to communicate with the customer to encourage community participation and promote in public sports.
Mohadeseh Kalooti, Ali Fahiminejad, Bagher Morsal, Hooman Bahmanpour,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this research is to measure and model the release of carbon monoxide pollutant in the surrounding space of Azadi Stadium in Tehran during sports competitions.
Methods: Basic data were obtained by laboratory measurements and inquiries from specialized centers. Modeling was done by Austal View software, Version 7 and under four scenarios. The prediction of pollutant concentration was simulated at a height of 5 meters. The modeling area was considered a circle with a radius of 1 km from the center of the site. The resulting data were compared with national and international standards. The initial concentration of the pollutant in the hot and cold seasons of the year was 1.432 ppm and 2.331 ppm, respectively.
Result: The amount of pollutant emission for the state of "completion of parking capacity" and "semi-complete state" was 81.45 and 37.5 kg, respectively. Zoning maps showed that in all four scenarios, the highest amount of emission was in the east direction. The highest amount of carbon monoxide production and emission is related to the first scenario (completion of the parking capacity and the cold season of the year) and the lowest amount of carbon monoxide pollutant emission is under the fourth scenario (failure to complete the parking capacity and in the warm season of the year). Although the condition of this pollutant in Tehran's Azadi sports complex and during sports competitions has not exceeded the standard.
Conclusion: By using management and engineering solutions such as: not keeping lights on in place, using exhaust filters, properly designing the parking space and reducing the duration of stopping, it is possible to avoid the production and release of a large part of pollutants.
Zahra Fazli, Masoumeh Majidiparast, Ali Asghari Sarem, Mohammad Jalilvand,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current research was to provide a work-life balance model for working women with an emphasis on improving the quality of free time.
Methods: The current research was interpretative, applied and qualitative based on thematic analysis method. The statistical population was sports management professors and leisure experts, 17 of them were interviewed using the snowball method and considering information saturation. The measurement tool included a semi-structured interview and data were analyzed according to the six stages of thematic analysis.
Result: The results showed that the work-life balance model for working women with an emphasis on improving the quality of leisure time has three dimensions of effective factors (cultural factors, inhibiting factors, motivational factors, facilities and equipment, Consciousness, the characteristics of physical activities in the leisure time program, financial issues and management issues), strategies (educational, managerial and financial strategies) and consequences (increasing vitality, increasing health, economic development and sustainable socio-cultural development).
Conclusion: Leisure time managers should pay attention to educational and management issues and by privatization, proper budget allocation and incentive packages, they should contribute to the prosperity of free time as much as possible and to balance the work and life issues of working women.
Masoumeh Dehghan, Chalak Majidi,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The study aims to examine and compare the motivations for watching esports among Generations X, Y, and Z, highlighting generational differences and similarities in engagement with competitive gaming content. Understanding these motivations can provide valuable insights for esports marketers, organizers, and content creators to tailor experiences and communication strategies effectively.
Method: A quantitative approach was adopted. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling through online esports communities, social media platforms, and gaming forums. Data collection employed a structured questionnaire measuring various motivational factors, including entertainment, social interaction, competition, skill development, and escapism. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests to identify significant differences across generations.
Results: Generation Z exhibited higher scores for social interaction, escapism, and skill development, reflecting their digital nativity and integrated online social networks. Generation Y showed balanced motivation, emphasizing entertainment and competition, while Generation X primarily focused on competition and entertainment, with relatively lower social and escapism motivations. ANOVA results confirmed significant differences in motivational dimensions across generational cohorts, particularly in social interaction and escapism (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analyses further indicated that Generation Z significantly differed from Generations X and Y in these dimensions, whereas Generations X and Y did not differ significantly from each other in entertainment and competition motivations.
Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of generational segmentation in understanding esports audiences. Marketers and organizers should design differentiated content and engagement strategies to address generational preferences. Generation Z may respond best to interactive and socially connected esports experiences, while older generations may prioritize competitive and entertainment-oriented content.
Neda Karimi, Alireza Elahi, Hossein Akbari Yazdi,
Volume 15, Issue 30 (12-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Predicting spectators’ behavioral intentions through perceived value represents a novel approach in analyzing sports consumer behavior. By focusing on the audience’s subjective perceptions, this framework enables the design of effective strategies for attracting, retaining, and enhancing engagement with sporting events. The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of overall satisfaction and emotional satisfaction in the relationship between perceived value and behavioral intentions of football spectators.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and employs a correlational design with a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The statistical population consisted of spectators present at Azadi Stadium during the 2017–2018 season. A non-random, voluntary sampling method was used, resulting in a sample size of 383 participants. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires: Perceived Value (Luskiu & McDougall, 1996), Overall Satisfaction (Lourie & Arnett, 2000), Emotional Satisfaction (Reynolds & Beatty, 1999), Intention to Re-attend and Word-of-Mouth (Carroll, 2009), and Willingness to Pay More (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Findings: The results indicated that perceived value indirectly affects behavioral intentions through emotional satisfaction in a statistically significant manner. Based on the VAF index, emotional satisfaction mediates 48% of the relationship between perceived value and behavioral intentions. In contrast, overall satisfaction did not show a significant mediating effect in this relationship.
Conclusion: Emotional satisfaction plays a crucial role in shaping the behavioral tendencies of football spectators. It is recommended that sports managers and marketers implement strategies that enhance emotional satisfaction among spectators to strengthen their behavioral engagement and loyalty.
Ghodsieh Sangtarash, Vahid Saatchian, Javad Mohammadkhani, Mohammad Keshtidar,
Volume 15, Issue 30 (12-2025)
Abstract
Aim : This study aimed to identify sustainable revenue generation dimensions
Methods: The current research was conducted to identify sustainable income generation strategies for selected sports federations (Karate, Judo, Taekwondo Federations). The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory analytical in terms of method, and based on the type of operations used, this research is of a mixed type. The statistical population of the research includes professors of sports management, managers of selected federations, and opinionated managers, who were investigated based on previous experiences using a purposeful sampling method with a snowball approach until the saturation point, in the number of 15 people. In the Delphi phase, the components and sub-components of the research were determined. Then the extracted factors were stratified using Q modeling. Data analysis was done by factor analysis method using SPSS_25 software.
Results: The findings showed that the most important revenue-generating factors of the selected federations include the provision of non-sports products used by athletes by the federation, sponsors of athletes, income from the World Federation for the development of basic sports, income from participating in world competitions, annual contributions from the World Federation, incomes from coaching classes, tuition fees for membership in basic teams, annual contributions from the Ministry of Sports, and incomes from participating in world competitions.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that economic activities under the supervision of the federation to provide the products and services needed by athletes and to develop sources of income outside the federation should be included in the agenda of the federations.
Negar Gholipur, Ebrahim Alidoust,
Volume 15, Issue 30 (12-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Physical literacy is a topic that has attracted the Aim:This study identified and explained the factors affecting the dynamics of sports businesses in the post-corona era based on the structural interpretation model.
Method:The method of data analysis was divided into three stages. First, in the fuzzy Delphi method, with the opinion of twenty-six relevant experts, the most important factors affecting the dynamics of businesses were confirmed. Then Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to classify components and create a hierarchical model. Mick Mac analysis was also used to determine how the factors were interrelated.
Result: This study identified 14 strategies related to the dynamics of sports businesses in Iran. The model that was developed has five levels. Also, Mick Mac analysis showed that there were five independent variables, two dependent variables and seven link variables.
Conclusion: This study shows that the development of dynamic capabilities in sports organizations requires legal revision and improvement of governance performance. In addition, sports organizations must use digital technology, employee empowerment and comprehensive collaboration between different bodies to advance their capabilities.
Seyed Mahdi Fareghi, Nassrin Azizian Kohan,
Volume 15, Issue 30 (12-2025)
Abstract
Aim this research focous on study and explore customer behavior and the relationships between sports good's consumers based on the results obtained from data mining, using the gathered information, and identifying profitable segments as the target market.
Methods The research method is quantitative and its purpose is practical The target population of the study is online buyers of sports equipment After determining the variables based on the literature and designing a questionnaire derived from structural equation studies, and obtaining formal and content validity, and after collecting and screening the responses, a total of 300 samples were left for analysis based on rule of ten times For reliability, validity, and data fit analysis, SPSS and Amos version 24 software were used, and for data mining, Excel and Weka 3.9.6 software were utilized.
Results indicate that Big cities, especially the capital, can be considered as ideal markets for the sale of sports equipment, and in preference among customers, employed and single people can be considered more profitable goals for marketers than unemployed or married people in the field of sports equipment, and women pay more attention to quality in choosing sports products than men, and men's priority in buying sports equipment is more reliant on the aspect of entertainment.
Conclusion By combining the three factors of singles, employed, and High income, a cluster can emerge that will yield the highest profitability for sellers. In addition, attention will be paid to other gender characteristics of the program, and this should be the focus of marketers and sellers
Farhad Farzan Moghadam, Rasool Norouzi Seyed Hossini, Mina Mostahfezian,
Volume 15, Issue 30 (12-2025)
Abstract
Aim: To remain competitive in the sports industry, enhancing brand equity has become a crucial issue for private sports clubs. Accordingly, understanding the causal relationships of the determinants of enhancing brand equity in private sports clubs is essential.
Methods: The method of this research is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative section, the research strategy is grounded theory with an emerging approach, and in the quantitative section, it is interpretive structural modeling. The participants in this research consisted of experts in the field of marketing and sports marketing. A purposive sampling method was used for sampling, and based on this, 15 people were selected. The data collection tool in the qualitative section was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative section, it was a 10×10 square matrix. The qualitative data were analyzed with three stages of open, selective, and theoretical coding, and the quantitative data were analyzed with the interpretive structural modeling method and MICMAC analysis.
Result: The findings showed 10 general determinants related to enhancing brand equity in private sports clubs.
Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that enhancing brand equity in private sports clubs is a complex and multidimensional process, shaped by multiple factors operating at different levels. To effectively strengthen their brand equity, clubs must adopt a comprehensive approach that considers these factors and develop appropriate strategies tailored to each of them.
Mina Parhamzade, Elahe Kahdouei, Mohammad Siavashi,
Volume 15, Issue 30 (12-2025)
Abstract
Aim: Mountain sports destinations have great attractions for tourists due to their special natural and physical characteristics, and one of the ways to contribute to sustainable development in these areas is the development of responsible tourism. The aim of the present study was to develop a responsible tourism development model in mountain-based sports destinations.
Methods: The research method was qualitative, of a grounded theory type, and the tool used was semi-structured interviews. The research population consisted of experts in the field of mountain sports tourism, and the sampling method was purposeful. The validity of the interviews was confirmed by experts, and reliability was established using the method of agreement between two coders (80%). The findings from 19 interviews were analyzed through coding and model presentation using MAXQDA 2020 software.
Result: The findings showed that causal conditions included a lack of smooth pathways and guide signs, tourist culture and local community, privatization, and security. Contextual conditions included neglect of carrying capacity, inadequate accommodation infrastructure, and poor transportation. Intervening conditions included price instability, lack of waste management, and rational policymaking. Strategies included hosting sports events, training specialized personnel, increasing interactions, and community-based planning. Consequences included regional economic development, adhering to sustainable development principles, and preserving cultural and natural heritage.
Conclusion: It is suggested that sports events at mountainous tourist destinations be held and planned with a focus on responsible tourism, including community-based training and employment of local personnel.
Hojjat Mardaneh Taleshmekaiel, Fariba Askarian, Hosein Akbari Yazdi,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Majid Yazdanpanah, Hossein Akbari Yazdi, Alireza Elahi,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Purpose: Developing the Strategy Map and Prioritizing the Strategies of Developing Sports at National Iranian Gas Company throughISM and AHP approaches
Methodology: The present study has used a mixed methods approach (qualitative and quantitative), and it is an applied-developmental study in terms of purpose. Nine personswere selected as the members of the strategic council. The upstream documents, literaturereview and ideas of the members of strategic council were examined. The questionnaireswere distributed among the selected expertsand the data were collected after the confirmation of the questionnaire validity by university professors. At first, the experts determined the strategies of the company, through AHP method, resulting from the studies of strategic planning committee of the mentioned organization in terms of the mutual impacts, thenISM method was employed to identify the important relationships in developing the strategy map.
Findings: Sports strategy map is divided into five levels and the strategies for developing thehealth-basedplans and activities, enhancing the mutual interactions with the sports organizations and boosting the sports motivations and culture have been placedon the first level.
Conclusion: the results of AHP analysis employed to prioritize the strategies showed that the development of health-based sports activities, promotion of position and structure of sports affairs and boosting the sports motivations and culture are the three first sports strategies pursued by National Iranian Gas Company.
Keywords: Strategy, Strategic Map, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Interpretative Structural Model (ISM)
