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    Motor performance and optimization is one of the most important goals of sports science professionals. Vision skills affect athletic performance and the acquisition of motor skills, which can be improved by practice. The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of visual and skill training on visual and performance skills, retention and transfer of Badminton backhand short service. 20 female students were randomly divided into two groups of 10 combined and skill. Depending on their type of training, the groups performed visual and skill training for 6 weeks. Before and after training, visual and performance tests, retention and transfer of backhand short service were done by the participants. For data analysis, t-test and mixed ANOVA analysis were used with a significant level of 0.05. The analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between groups in visual skills (p =0.00). The combined group had a significant improvement in perfomance, retention and transfer of the service (p = 0.00). Also, checking the interactive effect of time and type of training showed that the combined group was more advanced than the skill group (p = 0.00). The results of this study show the combined effects of vision and sports more than the individual trainings of vision and sports, and according to the results of the study, it is suggested that visual training be included as a supplementary training program in the Badminton field exercise.

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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity of adolescents with the role of mediation of perceived competence.  The research sample consisted of 386 adolescent boys. Perceived competence was measured using Physical Ability scale of the short form of the Marshall Self-Descriptive Questionnaire (2010). From the pedometer And physical activity questionnaire for older children was used to measure physical activity,  and using Bruininks-Oseretsky Test test for measuring motor competence and a 1600-meter test for cardiovascular fitness test. The results showed a significant correlation between motor competence, perceived competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity. Perceived competence  mediates association between motor competence and physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular fitness test. Finally, the results of the model showed that perceived competence had the most impact on the participation of adolescent physical activity. Also, motor competence has a greater effect on cardiovascular fitness test than perceived competence. According to the results of the research, educational programs should be designed and designed according to the importance of motor competence and perceived competence to improve participation of physical activity and physical fitness of adolescents.
 

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The goal of this study was to identify the challenges which football e-marketing faces in Iran. So by using a functional research, a qualitative approach and applying newly introduced Glazer method, this question has been answered. The target community of this research was experts, well-informed people in marketing, e-marketing, sports marketing and football managers. Purposive (judgmental) and snowball sampling methods were applied. After finishing the open coding stages, 162 labels were identified as challenges of football e-marketing in Iran. Then in axial encoding, labels were classified in 13 concepts. The results showed that the football industry in Iran in order to apply e-marketing, needs to pay attention to 5 categories of marketing, technical, human resources, legal, constitutional and economic challenges and plans for its present challenges. Also it's not useful to see one side of the challenges. It's better to have a whole, simultaneous and systemic look at all aspects of 5 categories.

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Purpose: Developing the Strategy Map and Prioritizing the Strategies of Developing Sports at National Iranian Gas Company throughISM and AHP approaches
Methodology: The present study has used a mixed methods approach (qualitative and quantitative), and it is an applied-developmental study in terms of purpose. Nine personswere selected as the members of the strategic council. The upstream documents, literaturereview and ideas of the members of strategic council were examined. The questionnaireswere distributed among the selected expertsand the data were collected after the confirmation of the questionnaire validity by university professors. At first, the experts determined the strategies of the company, through AHP method, resulting from the studies of strategic planning committee of the mentioned organization in terms of the mutual impacts, thenISM method was employed to identify the important relationships in developing the strategy map.
Findings: Sports strategy map is divided into five levels and the strategies for developing thehealth-basedplans and activities, enhancing the mutual interactions with the sports organizations and boosting the sports motivations and culture have been placedon the first level.
Conclusion: the results of AHP analysis employed to prioritize the strategies showed that the development of health-based sports activities, promotion of position and structure of sports affairs and boosting the sports motivations and culture are the three first sports strategies pursued by National Iranian Gas Company. 
Keywords: Strategy, Strategic Map, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Interpretative Structural Model (ISM)
 

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Obesity is associated with a variety of diseases and efforts to reduce its problems are important. The purpose of this study was to comparison the effects of local native games (game-based interventions) and selected motor-based interventions (skill-based interventions) on the fundamental movement skill of preschool-aged obese girls in Tehran. This study was a semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty obese girls were selected in a targeted way. They divided into control groups, selective motor and local native games interventions. World Health Organization charts were used to determine the rate of obesity and the TGMD-3 test was used to measure the fundamental motor skill. Experimental groups practiced two sessions in week and per session one hour for nine weeks. The control group performed their usual activities during this period. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between groups at post-test (p = 0.000); analysis of variance and LSD test were used to examine differences between groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between skill-based and game-based intervention groups in the TGMD-3 test in displacement scores. Whereas skill-based intervention had more effect than game-based intervention (P = 0.04), but the effect of two training methods for ball skill on the TGMD-3 test was not significantly different (P = 0.71). Also, both training groups had more effect on the dependent variables than the control group (p <0.05). Based on the results of the present study, it seems that both interventions are effective in reducing motor problems in obese children as both groups performed better in posttest than control group. This confirms the role of physical activity in reducing obesity in obese people. However, it is better to use selected motor interventions in accordance with the results of this study for movement skills.

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This study aimed to investigate the role of mediator of overall and emotional satisfaction in the relationship between perceived value and behavioral intentions of spectators in the Premier League. This is an applied and correlational study with structural equation modeling approach.The statistical population consist of the spectators present at Azadi Stadium (96-97). A sample of 383 people was selected through Non-random voluntary sampling. For data collection, a standard questionnaire was used. SPSS and Smart PLS softwares were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that Perceived value indirectly has a significant relationship with emotional satisfaction on behavioral intentions and according to the VAF index, it can be concluded that emotional satisfaction has a %48 mediator role between perceived value and spectator’s behavioral intention. While the mediator role of overall satisfaction in relation between perceived value and behavioral intentions of spectators is not significant. The findings imply that emotional satisfaction plays an important role in shaping the behavioral intentions of the spectators, and that sport authorities and marketers can by appropriate planning, implement emotion-making agents for the satisfaction of the spectators. in order to reinforce the behavioral intention.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the role of structured conversation and observation on the effectiveness of the dyed practice on motivation and the accuracy in learning the skill of Golf putt. The research participants consisted of 40 female students randomly divided into four groups: observation-conversation, observation, conversation and control. Participants should hit the Golf ball to the target area. During the training period, subjects completed 60 acquisition attempts, 10 retention attempts to measure the participants’ motivation before the beginning of the training and before the acquisition and retention phases. one-way ANOVA and to examine the role of the mediator on the accuracy of the scores of execution Hayes test was used. The results showed that motivational values were significantly higher in conversation-observation group compared to other groups, and  also The mediation role of motivation was not significant in the implementation of acquisition and retention efforts. Regarding the results of this study, coaches are advised to consider both verbal and observational information sources in the presentation of dyed practice.

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The process of talent identification attempts to guide people who are prone to sports that have the greatest chance of success on the basis of certain tests. This research was conducted with the aim of developing a strategic model of talent identification in Iranian Weightlifting. This study is a qualitative based on grounded theory. The statistical population was experts in power lifting and  purposeful sampling method was used. The data gathering tool was deep interview. In this study, qualitative analysis approaches including open, axial and selective coding were used to analyze the findings. In addition, all statistical operations were performed using Maxqda software version 12. The findings showed that the strategic model of scouting in weight lifting sports from the strengths and weaknesses of scouting structures, the principles of talent identification, the methods of talent identification, the attributes of methods of scouting, predisposing and deterrent factors of scouting activities, and Scouting goals are formed. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the facilitators of the scouting process be strengthened more than before. Then it is necessary to benchmark other countries, provide facilities and tools, develop specialized experts in the field of talents and special schools for weight lifting.
 

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Inclusive education refers to the placement of people with disabilities alongside their peers. Recent studies have found this method to be effective when it comes to manipulating the environment. The study investigated the effects of an inclusive education learning method applied in an extracurricular physical education to promote self-esteem and motor proficiency in a child with developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The research is a critical case study that involved one obese boy with DCD (age =8 years, height=127 cm and weight =33 kg) who participated in physical education activities with 14 other children without disability over a period of 9 weeks. Three tools, Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire, developmental coordination disorder questionnaire and Bruininks-Oseretsky-2 test and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Results of semi-structured interviews showed independence, belief, pleasure, family relationships, educational relationships, and social relationships improved. The Cooper Smith questionnaire also showed general (10 score), family (5 score), social (4 score), and educational self-esteem (6 score) increased. While motor proficiency increased (9 score), the body mass index decreased (1.24 score). Results emphasized the importance of applying nonlinear pedagogy in physical education by manipulating the environment and the task without direct instructions and feedback in inclusive settings.

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The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of motor learning strategies (linear, non-linear, and differential) in the experience of flow and clutch in beginner footballers. Participants (66, M age= 27.49 and SD =2.68) participated in this study voluntarily and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants practiced in three groups: linear, nonlinear, and differential, for three months, two sessions each week and each session one and a half hours. The study method was quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative part, flow and clutch questionnaire was used and in the qualitative part a semi-structured interview was used. The results of Tukey showed nonlinear pedagogy was effective in flow experience and linear method in clutch experience (p<0.05). In the differential learning, flow was experienced more than linear method (p<0.05) and less than non-linear method (p>0.05). In the qualitative part, four factors of purpose, pleasure, effort and exploration are identified that support the results of the quantitative part. Based on the results of this study, nonlinear and differential methods are effective in the flow experience and linear method are effective in the clutch experience.

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Using auditory concurrent feedback with the goal of gaze path learning is one of the novelty methods in the attention field. The present study aimed to determine the effect of bisensory feedback using eye movement sonification on the decision-making of the badminton clear shot direction. In a Semi experimental strategy, with pre-post design without a control group and clinical method, participants performed recognizing the direction of the shot under unisensory and bisensory training conditions. Response accuracy, response time, and fixation duration were measured in the pre-test, immediate retention, and delayed retention. The results showed that in the immediate and delayed retention, the bisensory group had higher response accuracy and shorter response time than the unisensory group. The bisensory group had a longer fixation duration in key areas than the unisensory group in both times. The use of auditory feedback can probably be considered as a way to improve decision-making skills at the novice level.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of training type (full-error and error-less) and skill level on the development of mental representation of putt golf skill. For this purpose, 44 undergraduate physical education students (22 women, 22 men; mean age 22.34 and standard deviation 4.37) were randomly divided into two groups: error-less (near-to-far) and full-error (far-to-near). The two groups practiced in the one-day acquisition phase of 3 blocks of 10 attempts for throwing distances (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 200 cm). The error-less group started training from the closest distance to the goal and reached the farthest distance, respectively, but the full-error group started training from the farthest distance and finally reached the closest distance. At the end, they were tested immediately. One day after the acquisition phase, delayed retention tests, single task transfer (from a distance of 225 cm) and dual task transfer (from a distance of 200 cm simultaneously with audio playback) were performed. To compare the effect of error-less and full-error training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of putt golf skills, data analysis of the acquisition stage was analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (2×8). SDA-M test was used to measure the structure of mental representations formed in the two groups before and after the acquisition period, and hierarchical cluster analysis  0.05) was used to analyze the mental representations.  Our Findings showed significant functional changes in the post-exercise mental representation structure, suggesting that motor skills are associated with functional adaptation of action-related knowledge in long-term memory.

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In scientific marketing models, attention is the main step in the effectiveness of advertising. That's why, competition over attention to advertisement has been of prime importance for the sponsors and marketers. However, sport marketing research has not yet been able to gain a proper understanding of the factors that influence the viewer's attention to advertising while watching a sport event. Different methods of data collection and using different evaluation tools can also help managers and sponsors make the right decisions. This semi-experimental research has compared the methods of evaluating TV viewers' attention to advertising through sport. For this purpose, 60 targeted sampling in the form of two groups of women (n = 30) and men (n = 30) watched the football match between Esteghlal and Persepolis in a laboratory site. While samples were watching the football match, meantime designed advertisements were presented too, the viewer's eye information was stored by the eye tracker in the form of fixation and duration. In addition, at the end of the test, the participants' attention to advertising was evaluated using an attention questionnaire. Analysis of the findings showed that in evaluation of the viewer's attention to advertising by questionnaire; there is no difference between males and females. But in both of Eye Tracking variables, females paid more attention to advertising than males. Also, the correlation between the results of the questionnaire and the Eye Tracker was not significant. Finally, in order to achieve new results and to develop the advertising industry, as well as identifying the factors affecting the effectiveness of advertising, it is better to use neuromarketing tools as a complement to other methods of data collection (questionnaire, interview, observation).

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Video feedback is a type of augmented feedback that includes showing an athlete or performing a skill with a video clip of oneself or another person performing a particular skill. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of dyad training with video feedback on learning crawl swimming. For this purpose, 24 male students ranging in age from 11 to 17 years, who had no previous experience in learning crawl swimming, formed two groups of 12 people in dual practice and dyad training with video feedback. Both groups were first justified by the instructor, then in the double exercise group, one of the trainees entered the water and the other watched him perform out of the water, and after trying, they reviewed the mistakes and movements with their friend. in the dyad rehearsal group, one of the friends filmed another performance and showed it to him. The training intervention lasted for 8 sessions and 10 training attempts in each session. After the end of the eighth session, the 10-meter breast crawl swimming acquisition test was performed, and then a reminder test was performed again one week later and filmed. The results showed that the two groups had significant differences in both acquisition and retention, and the dyad training group with video feedback performed better overall. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the dyad training with video feedback method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is also more effective than dyad training in swimming training.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of practice variability in physical compared with observational practice on golf putting performance. To this end, 50 male right-handed students (25±3.7 years) of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into 5 groups (physical constant, physical variable, observational constant, observational variable, and control). During acquisition, the physical variable group randomly performed 50 trials from 5 different starting points to 2 different targets, but the physical constant group performed 50 trials from one starting point to one predetermined target. The observational variable and constant groups observed the performance of the physical variable and constant groups, respectively. The control group just participated in pre-and post-tests and did not practice any trial. Participants performed a test just like the pre-test 10 minutes and also 24 hours after practice. Putting accuracy was measured as the dependent measure. Results showed that variability of practice had a positive effect on participants’ performance than constant practice in physical and observational conditions (all P<0.05). Maybe the similar underlying mechanisms and also the similar feedback effects resulted in the higher performance of the variable group than the constant group in physical performance and action observation.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a pilates exercise period on public health and anxiety in young women during the coronavirus quarantine. This research was a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. For this purpose, 50 girls were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group practiced Pilates online for 3 sessions per week at home and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Dependent variables were measured using the Public Health Questionnaire the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. The results of MIX showed that Pilates exercises during quarantine had a positive effect on public health and anxiety of young women in the experimental group compared to the control group, so that probably 31% of changes in public health and 68% of changes in anxiety were affected by their pilates exercise. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Pilates improves public health and anxiety in young women, and since physical activity is an important motivational force to overcome the disease, it is necessary measures to take advantage of it.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of auditory focus with high and low cognitive load on adolescent sports performance and working memory. The present study was conducted quasi-experimentally and Its statistical population included adolescent primary and secondary school students in Koohnani. The statistical sample was 20 students with an age range of 11-13 years. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of auditory attention focus with high and low cognitive load and in the pre-test performed working memory task with N-BACK software and 6 football chip hits towards the target. The acquisition stage was performed in 4 days.. 7 days after the final acquisition session, N-BACK working memory test, delay retention and transfer test  were taken from the participants. The results of combined analysis of variance test with repeated measures showed that the effect of auditory focus with high cognitive load on sports performance and working memory was significant (p <0.05) and the other group showed improvement only in working memory (p <0.05). Based on the results of the present, cognitive load manipulation affects work memory and athletic performance.

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The purpose of this study was investigating the impact of digital marketing on Competitiveness of Sports Businesses (sports clubs in Rasht) through competitive intelligence and entrepreneurship This research was descriptive-correlational in terms of type, applied purpose and field implementation method. The statistical population of the present study was all managers and coaches of sports clubs in Rasht. Statistical sample According to the method proposed by Barclay et al. (1995) to determine the minimum sample in structural equation modeling was used. To generalize the sample to the research community, 220 questionnaires were distributed among managers and coaches of sports clubs in Rasht and 196 questionnaires were analyzed. SPSS and SMART PlS have been used to analyze the data. Findings showed that digital marketing has a direct and significant effect on competitiveness, competitive intelligence and entrepreneurship. Also, competitive intelligence has a direct and significant effect on competitiveness and entrepreneurship. entrepreneurship has a direct and significant effect on competitiveness. According to the research findings, club managers can use the positive effects of digital marketing along with using the advantages of competitive intelligence and entrepreneurship to increase the competitiveness of their business in order to increase customers, increase profitability and productivity of the club.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the environmentally friendly behavior of active sports tourists visiting Bushehr beach sports tourism destinations for beach and water sports. The research sample consisted of 102 active sports tourists who were selected by available method and completed the research questionnaire. The research tools included questionnaires of Eco-friendly compliance, Eco-friendly policy, Eco-friendly disposition and word-of-mouth advertisement by Kontojiani and Kotoris (2014). Frequency and percentage indices were used for descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling was done using PLS3 software in the inferential statistics section. The results showed that the Eco-friendly compliance of sports recreation centers providing coastal sports tourism services has a significant effect on the word-of-mouth promotion of active sports tourists, and also the Eco-friendly policy among sports tourists has a significant effect on the Eco-friendly disposition. Eco-friendly disposition did not have a causal relationship with the word-of-mouth advertising of sports tourists. The compliance of sports tourism service providers with environmental protection indicators did not have a significant effect on the Eco-friendly disposition, and this indicates that those sports tourists who have an Eco-friendly policy, in any situation, they show their Eco-friendly disposition. Considering the influence of the Eco-friendly policy on the Eco-friendly disposition of sports tourists, it is suggested that courses and educational programs in different platforms for members of the society, especially sports tourists, in order to familiarize themselves with environmental issues and improve the way and their environmental attitude should be done.


 

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In the sports industry, there is significant potential for the emergence of startups. However, startups in this sector have experienced various challenges and fluctuations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors that contribute to the acceleration of Sports Startups. The research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, involving the participation of sports business experts and scholars. Data collection was carried out through purposive sampling, employing in-depth interviews with these experts. The qualitative data obtained were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Additionally, the identified factors were ranked using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings revealed the existence of six categories of accelerators for sports startups. Notably, strengthening and optimizing the value chain emerged as the most crucial factor among these categories. Consequently, to enhance the growth and development of sports startups, it is imperative to establish a well-defined value chain and actively work towards its reinforcement.