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Self-talk as “an internal dialogue, through which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives him/her instructions and reinforcement”. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of two types of instructional and motivational self-talk on the pattern of coordination and accuracy of basketball free throw to specify the effect of each types of the self-talks on of basketball free throw skill necessities (patterns of coordination and accuracy). Using available sampling method, 20 male basketball players with the mean age of 23.5±5.5 were selected who had at least 5 years of practice in basketball and were playing in one of the credible leagues of the country. In this study the basketball free throw skill was evaluated through two sessions with the time interval of 24 hours in two phases with and without self-talk (instructional and motivational). The data of the motion pattern and the accuracy of basketball free
throw were recorded in both phases of the test, and the kinematic data was used to compute the throw hand elbow-wrist No-RMS in order to investigate the coordination pattern. In statistical analysis, the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics
(mean, standard deviation, tables and figures) and inferential statistics (the analysis of variance with repeated measure and dependent t test). The results of throw accuracy showed that solely the use of instructional self-talk leaded to a significant
enhancement of the basketball free throw accuracy (t(9): 4.388, p: 0/002). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the effect of instructional self-talk and motivational self-talk in favor of instructional self-talk (2: 0.444, F(1,18): 14.364, p:0.001). Exploring the results of coordination pattern revealed that instructional selftalk leads to a significant (t(9): .048, p(1,18): 2.288) decline in elbow-wrist No-RMS and consequently an improvement in elbow-wrist interalimb coordination in performing the basketball free throws. The results indicated that the usage of instructional selftalk are benefical in improving the skills that require motiom coordination and accuracy of performance and it is superior to the use af motivational self-talk in this regard.

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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the process of retirement from professional sport from perspective of sports administrator and retired athletes. This survey was descriptive that 42 administrators and 70 retired athletes from Guilan province took part in it. Data gathered through SCT questionnaire which it's content and face validity was confirmed by 15 experts and reliability was computed in a pilot study that included 20 retired athletes and 15 sports administrator (r=0.91). The data were analyzed by using repeated measure, Pearson correlation coefficient and Independent t test. The results showed that, the reasons for sport retirement included achievement of goals championship, sport injuries, financial problems and having problems with coaching staff. Also health-related and job-related problems were the most problems which retired athletes were confronted them. Results showed there were significant differences among problems of sport retirement from the perspective of sports administrator and retired athletes. Also, there were significant relationships between reasons and problems of retirement (p≤0.05). With offering programs such as economic and financial, educational, professional, Public health and nutrition consultant, etc., sport organizations can prepare athletes to face with retirement and its likely problems.

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The present study has examined the effect of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior. This is a case study with cross-sectional design and questionnaire as research method. Statistical population was the formal and contract staff of the Ministry of Youth and Sport (N=210 Employees). The data related to psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior variables are gathered via Luthans et al. (2007) and Podsakoff et al. (1994) standard questionnaires. The reliability of the standard questionnaire was measured by CR and AVE tests and the validity of that was measured  by confirmatory factor analysis via Smart PLS Software. The questionnaire distributed among 160 employees that those selected randomly. Data analyzing was performed by Smart PLS and XLSTAT via structural equations method (SEM). The results show that psychological capital has a positive and meaningful impact on organizational citizenship behavior. We also showed that the most impact of dimensions of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior (R²:0.35) is made by altruism dimension.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between sport success and kinesthesia in male athlete college students. The methods used in the study was descriptive correlation. 100 students athletic in different fields from students’ of state university of Arak in 2012-2013 with the mean age of 21/80±1/94 purposefully using random multistage sampling were selected. (34 students in volleyball, 33 students in badminton, 33 students in wrestling). To collect data, with Personal information questionnaire, Ego orientation in sport questionnaire (Duda & Nichols, 1989), Zhecoofski dominant-hand's angle accommodation tests (1988) and Ablacova force control dominant-hand's (1990) were used. Data was analyzed by person's correlation test, multilevel regression analysis and the Analysis of variances. Shown in findings, volleyball players got a better score than other athletes in terms of sport success and kinesthesia. Also analysis of variances showed a significant relationship between sport success and kinesthesia. According to the results, sports of which kinesthesia of the dominant hand was their main reason of success had better kinesthesia and athletic success.

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Service quality is one of the most important subjects in marketing studies. Literature review shows that this variable is related to many important variables in marketing area. However, there is always this question of which components of service quality are better predictors for satisfaction and future intention of customers. The data gathered by three standard questionnaires: 1- service quality questionnaire of Lio 2- customer satisfaction questionnaire of Oliver; and 3- future intention of customer questionnaire of Lim .350 questionnaires were analyzed that gathered by used of multi-stage sampling among customers of body building clubs from Fars province. Results indicated that between, reliability showed the most of impact on customer satisfaction, while the empathy showed the lowest impact on customer satisfaction. Results, also, indicated that between, reliability and intangibility were respectively showed most of and lowest impact on future intention of customers

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of club's social responsibility on the fan's intention to purchasing the sponsors products. Population of this study was consists of the fans of three teams that selected of the Iranian Football Pro League. By using the formula to determine the sample size, it for infinite population obtained 384. For data collection, the social responsibility questionnaire and purchase intention questionnaire were used. By using the Views of 6 sports management professionals, the formal validity of the questionnaires was checked. To verify the Construct Validity of social responsibility instrument, Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. In order to verify the normality of data distribution, the skewnes, and Kurtosis indexes were used. For data analysis, statistical tests such as mean, standard deviation, factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression method were used. Results showed that all dimensions of social responsibility have a significant effect on the fans reaction. Based on the research results, it is recommended to the managers that activities such as participating in the games aimed at helping needy people, implementing the federation’s rules, support of sport for all are suitable for enhancing the fan Purchase intention.

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This research aims to reconstruct the functions of national media for development of recreational sports and present strategies and guidelines. The qualitative approach and data-based theorization method is used in this research. In this method, the functions and strategies of national media are elicited directly from the data obtained through profound interviews with experts in order to develop recreational sports. The statistical population in this study consists of all experts who have academic specialization and executive experience in the field of management of recreational sports and media, selected from the university and recreational sports authorities. Sampling method is snowball and 28 interviews are made with the experts as explained above. Based on the analyses of the interviews, nine functions are found for the national media in development of recreational sports. These include: the educational function, the informatic function, the awareness function, raising information, social coherence, institutionalization, highlighting, social marketing, modernism, and environmental supervision. In general terms, based on the findings of this research, one can state that media can have a prominent role in increasing the participation of people in recreational sports regarding the influence they have in attracting the audience and participating in the process of formation of public thoughts.

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of managerial
changes on the performance of football clubs in Iranian premier league. The
statistical population of present study contains all clubs which participated in 12
seasons of Iranian football clubs premier league from 2001 to 2013. The whole
data was extracted from the archive of premier league organization and Foolad
Mobarakeh Sepahan sport club. Improvement or degradation of football clubs in
each season compared to the previous season based on managerial changes or
stability has been investigated. The data was analyzed with one way ANOVA with
Gabriel post hoc test, and independent sample t test in significant lower than 0.05.
Results revealed that managerial stability had significant effect on improvement of
the performance, and successive changes of executive managers had significant
impact on degradation of performance. Results showed that managerial changes
caused a 2.48 decline in their rank on the league schedule, and managerial
stability caused a 1.00 improvement in their rank on the league schedule.
Generally analysis of results supported the hypothesis that managerial stability
provides enough time for implementation and realization of long term and short
term goals and final improvement on clubs performance.

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Women sport have been developed, but it seems that sport coaches confronted with some problems. The purpose of this study was to survey the women sport coaches problems. The statistical population was women sport coaches that working with Arak sport bodies. The statistical sample consisted of 76 coaches. Data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire which its content and face validity was confirmed by 10 faculty members and experts of sport management. Factor analysis was used to construct validity of questionnaire. Coronbachs alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of questionnaire (α = 0.85). Friedman test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the participants have been confronted with some problems on areas such as sport organizations, sport spaces, athletes, personal, media, and other coaches that influence on their coaching. Solving these problems can help coaches so they perform their key duties and help to women sport development

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The purpose of the present study was to explain the relationship between brand personality dimensions and customers’ loyalty to sport brands in Rasht.  The method of present survey was descriptive and applied, also the statistical population was loyal customers to sport brands in Rasht.  In order to data collection two questionnaires; Geuens & Wulf (2009) for measuring brand personality dimensions and Lau et all (2006) that investigated customers loyalty to sportswear in Hong Kong, after determining the validity and reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach’s alpha (0.7); were used. The results of Linear Regression of 407 loyal customers were shown there were positive and negative significant relationships between brand personality dimensions (Activity, Aggressiveness, Responsibility, Emotionality and Simplicity) and customers loyalty components to sport brands (Brand name, Service quality, Store environment, Product quality, Promotion, Price and Style). Some of these results are as below: activity dimension and brand name factor; activity and aggressiveness dimensions and service quality factor; activity, simplicity and responsibility dimensions and store environment factor; activity, aggressiveness and responsibility dimensions and product quality factor. There were also some negative ones between simplicity dimension and product quality and style factors. The result of Friedman test revealed that product quality, style, brand name, promotion, price, store environment and service quality were the most fundamental and crucial factors for the customers’ loyalty respectively. Regarding to the findings attention to customers’ demands and needs significantly has effect on performance improvement and local produced Sport brand’s success to attracting the customers and making them loyal in order to achieving more market share in comparison with competitors in international markets.

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Individual constraints are of the factors that can effect on motor development. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor proficiency with body mass index and nutritional status in healthy boys 10-14 years old in Tehran. Statistical sample was of 120 children for BMI and 90 children for nutritional status. body mass index groups, lean, normal, overweight and obese groups nutritional status to malnutrition, average feeding and Appropriate division Who were chosen by cluster purposeful and motor proficiency was assessed using the by BOT-2 test. The results showed that the between conditions BMI, lean and normal, normal and obese, overweight and obese, there is a significant difference in motor proficiency but in other cases, the difference was not significant. As well as between conditions of malnutrition and normal nutrition, normal nutrition and proper nutrition, proper nutrition and malnutrition, there is a significant difference in motor proficiency. According to this result, body mass index and nutritional status of children in this age affects motor proficiency, which may be different BMI groups in motor proficiency in geometry and mass of body parts, mechanical factors attributed and differences in nutritional status groups to the role of food items brain growth and physical development, he said.

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The participation of spectators– including both men and women- in sport stadiums and their profitability is one of the new experiences in the world of sports . A significant proportion of Persepolis and Esteghlal fans are women; so, providing conditions for women's loyalty to these teams can help in some decisions on fans management.One of the reasons for  loyalty of fans may be the team's quality. In this study, attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of Persepolis and Esteghlal fans was predicted by quality of teams. For this purpose, 395 cases were randomly selected from female students who were the fans of Esteghlal and Persepolis teams from 20 universities in Tehran using Morgan table. They completed Zhang's quality of team questionnaire (1997) and Mahoney’s fans psychological commitment questionnaire (2000). The results indicated significant and direct relationship between team’s quality and fans attitudinal loyalty (r = 0.449, p <0.01). Also, quality of team explained about 20% of change in fans’ attitudinal loyalty (  According to results, attitudinal loyal of fans was impressed by the quality of team. Then, employing famous players and coaches, providing attractive games, and things like that, female fans may be more loyal.

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This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence with sport Orientation of Male athletes of Confrontational fields and non_ Confrontational. the method of research is Descriptive-survey and population of the study, 200 participants of Confrontational fields (handball, futsal, basketball, karate, kung fu) and non_ Confrontational (table tennis, chess, swimming, volleyball, gymnastics) of Sanandaj that was randomly selected. Participants of both emotional intelligence questionnaire of Lan et al. (2009) and McGill’s questionnaire and Dieter’s (1998) they were completed. And using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression tests and Fisher's z at a significance level (level 05 / 0≥p) were analyzed. The result of Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and athletic component of orientation and non-orientation is existing. Also the relationship between emotional intelligence and sport orientation in Confrontational and non_ Confrontational fields is not significant defenses. According to the results of study for achievement of Confrontational and non_ Confrontational athletes, sports equipment recommended.

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The purpose of this study was to survey the impact of organizational citizenship behavior on the customer-oriented in sport facilities in Shahrekord. The research method was descriptive, correlational that the survey was carried out. The study population included all employees of public and private sports facilities were Shahrekord. Measuring instruments included OCB questionnaire Paul and Mngvk (2002) and Customer oriented questionnaire Hajjat(2002)were that After ensuring the validity and reliability approved by the Confirmatory factor analysis of the samples investigated were distributed. In order to determine causal relationships and modeling, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. Based on the results of structural equation modeling, Citizenship behavior variable rate (0/34) a significantly positive effect on customer orientation. It was also observed that a significantly positive effect of OCB (0/21) on the customer's needs. While non-significant positive effect (0/13) on the customer's delight. Hence to encourage direct customer orientation the need knowledge of the requirements of the Customer and about the variable citizenship behavior by focusing on the behavior of consciousness, consciousness and altruism can expect that customer surface growth was better.

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The porpuse of current study was to "investigate sportspersonship of Premier League Handball Players". The kind of this study was descriptive-correlative that based on the covariance matrix factor analysis conducted.The statistical population was consisted of all male professional handball players of premier league (1391-1392), that 95 person were selected as statistical sample. Also to collecting data, Knortz (2009) sportspersonship's questionnaire (MSOS) was used. Regarding to the normal distribution of data (P>0/05), the results showed that the difference between the average of observed rates in the 5 components of One's Full Commitment toward Sport Participation ( = 4/21), Respect for Social Conventions ( = 3/83) Respect for the Rules and the Officials ( = 3/84), Respect and Concern for the Opponent ( = 3/28), and the Negative Approach toward the Practice of  Sport ( = 2/89) is significant. Findings showed that the sportspersonship has a valuable place among handball players of the Premier League. Since during a competition, the athlete alongside her or his teammates trying to behave according to the style adopted by the team and his or her teammates, high-contact team sports (like handball) in comparison with other team sports (like volleyball) has a lower level of sportspersonship and this subject make clear the importance of measuring the sportspersonship's capabilities of handball players.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and initial validation of a measure for assessing the athletes perceptions of coaches’ behaviors that promote fairplay behaviors. A three-step procedure was undertaken to develop the questionnaire. In the initial step, the literature review provided theoretical and empirical perspectives on how youth sport coaches can influence athletes’ fairplay behaviors. In step 2, a pool of 191 items worded and content validity was assessed. In the final step, 252 teenage male athletes (age range 14-19; mean age =15.88±1.34 years) who were participating in a variety of team sports (i.e., volleyball, basketball, soccer, futsal) completed a revised 164-item questionnaire. Principal components analyses further reduced the number of items to 30 and suggested a four-factor structure (i.e., modeling, instruction, pressure, and dialogue dimensions). The results revealed that the final 30-item version of the Coaching Fairplay Behaviors Inventory possesses a good psychometric basis with adequate internal consistency and which explain 57.80% of the total variance. Collectively, this study provides a new valid and reliable instrument for assessing the specific mechanisms by which coaches promote fairplay behaviors among teenagers, although more investigations are needed to validate this tool.

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The purpose of this research was the explanting effective factors model in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran. The research method was mixed method in type of exploratory. The statistical population in part of factors recognition was composed of all specialists in sport for all and institutionalization and in part of design and testing of model, statistical population was composed of all managers and experts responsible for sport for all that research sample was selected with census method. (306 person) Measurement tool was a questionnaire compiled by the researcher which its validity was investigated by study of theoretical basis and surveys of 10 professors and experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0/91 was calculated. The research results revealed the research model have four dimensions include individual, group, organizational and environmental with 28 factors. The proportionality indices of research model were at an acceptable level, that is, research model had a good proportionality and factor structure of it was acceptable. Finally, results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis showed the most important dimension in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran was organizational dimension (0/93, t = 7/34) and afterwards were group (0/82, t = 7/46), environmental (0/70, t = 6/34) and individual dimension (0/65, t = 7/31). The most important factor in organizational dimension was human resources (0/67, t = 6/91), in group dimension was the reference groups (0/65, t = 7/37), in environmental dimension was the economic, cultural and geographical environment (0/59, t = 6/08, 6/04, 6/05) and finally, in individual dimension, belief and attitude (0/75, t = 9/78) was most important factor.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of weight transfer training on static and dynamic balance of older women. 20 accessible subjects that met our criteria divided randomly into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group trained for 6 weeks, 3 times a week and each session 60 minutes a day. Biodex balance system used for training and testing procedures. Data analysis used by repeated measure ANOVA showed significant main effects and interaction for dynamic balance parameters  including overall dynamic balance, anterioposterior dynamic balance and mediolateral dynamic balance) .Intrasubject analysis using t test indicated weight transfer balance training, compared to static balance, improved significantly dynamic balance parameters. The dynamic balance improvement following weight transfer training mat resulted from its effectiveness on sensory and motor systems involved in the dynamic balance of older women.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of concurrent cognitive tasks activating phonological loop and visuospatial scratchpad of working memory on gait in older adults.12 older adults with the age range of 65-70 years performed walking trials in 3 counterbalanced testing conditions including single walking, walking while performing visuospatial task and walking while performing phonological task. Walking trials were recorded by Motion Analysis system during the test session. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the gait parameters. The findings indicated a significant difference between 3 testing conditions in step time, cadence, acceleration amplitude variability and step width. The results also showed that in dual task condition, visuospatial scratchpad activation interferes with elderly gait more so than the phonological loop activation. Therefore, it seems that visuospatial scratchpad component of working memory might be specifically used for planning and carrying out gait as a motor task.

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The purpose of present study was to investigate predictions of challenge point theory (guadagnoli and lee, 2004) through comparing two group of challenging and nonchallenging games in developing manipulative fundamental movement skills. Thirty 4 to 6 years old child were selected from one of the kindergartens of Tehran and were grouped according to pretest scores. The games were used were designed for developing manipulative skills in both groups, however the task difficulty of these games was increased in challenging group while in nonchallenging group it was kept constant. The intervention was 8 weeks, 2 session for each week and 42 minutes for each session. Children's manipulative skills were assessed using Test of Gross Motor Development – second version in the beginning and the end of the intervention. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed  that improvement groups in total score of manipulative skills and all subscales exept that catching wasn't significant. In total, if the challenge point theories predictions on developing of manipulative skills of healthy children failed to be proved but better improvement of challenging group in catching shows that this method is more effective in developing complex skills.