---

Purpose: In this study, the theory of planned behaviour was used to better understand participation in sport. Method: This study used survey & cross-sectional method. Data were gathered from 360 student's university of Yazd. The collection instrument of data was planned behaviour scale revised. Results: Results from the empirical test of the theory of planned behaviour with students participating in sport activities showed that the items formed reliable scales (up ./75). Pearson correlation test demonstrated that three variables predictor's attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control were related to participation of students in sport activities. The results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that attitudes in the first place and perceived behaviourcontrol in the second place and subjective norms in the third place were the dominant predictors in scale planned behaviour. Independent variables (attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control) accounted for 47.5 unique variance participation intentions in sport. Conclusion:The stepwise regression analysis showed that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control predictors of explained partly of variance under study variables.

---

In the current research, the dual-task paradigm was used to examine the temporal distribution of attentional demands during a tennis serve. Twenty experienced tennis players to performed tennis serves. The participants were asked to respond verbally to an auditory tone presented at four probe positions (PPs) during tennis serves. The probe reaction time measure of attention was administered during four segments of a tennis serve including preparation period (PP1), from onset of backswing-loading (PP2), from onset of forward movement just before stroke in the exploding period (PP3), and after the stroke during follow-through (PP4). Reaction time was significantly longer when the probe stimulus was presented at PP4 than those of the other segments. Reaction time at PP2 was significantly greater than those of PP1 and PP3. The results showed a unique non-liner distribution of attentional demands for tennis serves. It appears that monitoring of proprioceptive feedback following movement begins, and that initiation of corrective sub-movements is necessary for skillful performance of tennis serves. So it is concluded that from a motor control perspective, PP2 is the most important segment during a tennis serve.

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles with the personality of Physical education (P.E) faculty manager`s in Iranian universities. Research method was a correlation and the statistical population (N=64) included all the managers and assistants of Physical Education Colleges in Iran. Data collection tool was the multi factorial leadership questionnaire MLQ, Bass (2006), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (GEPQ) and in a pilot study, the Cronbach's Alpha, were respectively estimated as 0.90 and 0.88. To analyze data descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results indicate that the change-oriented leadership style correlated with the extraversion personality correlated negatively and meaningfully (r=-0.577, p=0.001) and correlated significantly and positively with introversion personality dimension (r=0.547, p=0.001). Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the action-oriented leadership style and the extraversion personality (r=-0.251, p=0.046) and there is no significant statistical relationship between stability, instability and introversion. The results of stepwise multiple regression showed that the only significant extraversion component is meaningful prediction in the development-oriented leadership style. With respect to the correlation of introversion and extroversion in choosing the leading style of managers and having understood that the personal characteristics make people do different actions and have different behaviors in different situations. According to the personality of managers, can place them in proper positions in an organization and take steps to determine appropriate managers. 

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between school organizational climate and job involvement of physical education teachers in city of Rasht. The statistical population of this study were consist of physical education teachers in city of Rasht who were comprised of three educational levels (N=200). One hundred and seventy people (85%) participated in this study. The data were collected using the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire Revision Secondary Schools (OCDQ-RS) with high validity (&alpha= 0.82) and Edwards and Kilpatrick Job Involvement Questionnaire with high validity (&alpha= 0.83). The data was analyzed by using Spearman Correlation Coefficient (p&le0.05). The results indicated that open school climate of primary, guidance, and secondary schools were in middle level. The findings of this study also indicated that organizational climate (R= o.67), and its dimensions of engaged teachers behavior (R= 0.56), intimate teachers behavior (R= 0.66) and supportive managers behavior were positively significant related to teacher job involvement, However, directive managers behavior (R= -0.56) and frustrated teachers behavior were negatively significant related to the teacher job involvement. Therefore it was concluded that, the relationship between behaviors of physical education teachers and supportive behaviors of school managers can effects on their job involvement.

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between conflict management styles and performance of national sport federations heads. The statistical population of this investigation included presidents and vice- presidents of national sport federations. (According to 52 federations, they were 150 people) that all of them considered as the survey samples. According to the aims of survey standard questionnaire of conflict management styles (Putnam & Wilson) and Achieve (Hersey and Goldsmith) were used. Reliability of questionnaires was estimated by Cronbach Alpha that the coefficients for these instruments were r=0/82 & r=0/84. The data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that federations’ heads prefer to use collaboration and compromising styles first and then avoidance, accommodation and domination. In the case of performance, seven factors of achieve model in order were found as ability, clarity, validity, environment, evaluation, organizational support and incentive. There was a significant positive relation between performance and collaboration style and also significant negative relation between performance and domination & compromising, but there was not any relation between performance and avoidance accommodation styles.

---

Customer satisfaction is the major concern and prerequisite for competitiveness in today’s global. This study aims to examine and categorize the factors affecting on Attracting of customer's satisfaction from sports stores in Iran with based on Kano satisfaction model. Research mehod was descriptive Statistics community includes all of the Iran sport stores` customers that between them. 5800 people selected by random selecting as a sample. Research tool in this research was a made researcher questionnaire based on a comprehensive study of the resources that it`s Reliability and validity were evaluated by current methods. To analyze data discritive statistics were used. The Results showed that to offer new products to market with satisfaction coefficients 0/433 was most important case among fundamental factors. Have appropriate physical environment of stores with satisfaction coefficients 0/765 was most important case among Functional factors and having good information about the characteristics of goods by retailers with Satisfaction coefficients 0/864 was most important case among Motivational factors too.

---

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motivational climate and athletes' satisfaction. Population included all the adult players participating in futsal premier league of Tehran (N= 196) 153 people were selected by simple random sampling. Perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire (PMCSQ) with 21 questions and athletes' satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ) with 14 questions were used as a data. The validity of Questionnaires confirmed by 6 specialists. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaires in a guide study was estimated respectively 0/82 and 0/89. Data were analyzed by using the ANOVA with repeated measures, Bonferroni post hoc test, depended t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient at p&le 0/05. The results showed that motivational mastery climate have higher average than motivational mastery climate. Also, there were significant differences between four aspects of the athletes' satisfaction, and players were more satisfied with coach treatment in comparison to other aspects. The results of Bonfferoni post hoc tests showed that the team performance satisfaction was significantly less than other satisfaction aspects. In addition, there was a positive and meaningful relationship between motivational mastery climate of the team with team performance satisfaction, individual performance satisfaction, coach treatment satisfaction, and coach training and instruction satisfaction. Meanwhile, there was a positive and meaningful relationship between motivational performance climate of the team and individual performance satisfaction. Therefore, the coaches can supply players' satisfaction through creating motivational mastery climate.

---

The purpose of this study was to determin the role of job satisfaction in relationship between organizational culture and turnover intention in expert of sport federations. Research instruments was Woodjob satisfaction (1986), Cameron and Quinn(1990) organizational justice, and cummann(1979) turnover intention Questionnaires. Reliability of research questionnaires after a pilot study approved. Cronbach's alpha of research instruments equal to 0/84, 0/93, 0/86 respectively. Statistical Society of the study was expert of sport federations and sample population included 227 experts. For data analysis and identification the effect of research variable structural equation modeling used. Findings showed, the effect of Organizational culture on job satisfaction is significant (&beta=0/635, t=15/97), and on turnover intention was negative. (&beta=-0/185, t=2/11). Also finding showed that the effect of job satisfaction on turnover intention is significant and negative effect (&beta=-0/225, t=2/39). Other finding of research is that indirect effect of organizational culture (&beta=-0/328, t=5/21) on turnover intention greater than direct effect of it (-1/96&le T value &le+1/96). Generaly, can be said, to create an strong organizational culture, officials headquarters of sport federations, should be Aligned Their strategic plans together, thereby provide the proper background for achievement of organizational and individual goals, that improve the level of job satisfaction of staffs  and decrease the level of turnover intention of their

---

One of the approaches towards increasing income and economic development
for clubs in countries recognized for their football is registering these clubs as
commercial enterprises like other commercial companies and organizations.
Therefore, the aim of this study is designing effective commercialization
mechanisms for football clubs in Iran. For this purpose, a qualitative research
method was adopted, and detailed interviews with 31 experts who were aware of
this subject were done. Findings from interview analysis led to two conceptual
models of progress path of football clubs and their commercialization
mechanisms. Commercialization model is based on four principal major
relationships consisting of appropriate sport relationship, appropriate economic
relationship, appropriate sport- economic relationship and relationship that exists
in Iranian football now, as well as13 micro and detailed relationships. The findings
showed that government was the main obstacle on the way towards
commercialization of football clubs. The other results showed that many experts
were not optimistic about the existing condition.

---

Ackerman (1988) states intelligence and motor ability as the two important
abilities in three learning stages (cognitive, motor and autonomic) of Fitts and
Posner. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the relationship
between Intelligence Quotient (IQ), motor fitness and anthropometric
characteristics with basic basketball skills learning stages. The population
includes all seven-to-eleven-year-old boys of Aleshtar city, 1054, 60 of whom
were selected using random cluster sampling method. Data collection tools
included Rion’s IQ inventory, standard tests of motor fitness, and basketball skill
tests of Ifred. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation
coefficient and linear regression. Correlation between IQ and performance basic
skills of basketball in cognitive stage of learning was significant and its peak. This
correlation in motor and autonomic stages was also significant but decreased. On
the other hand, the correlation of motor fitness and anthropometric characteristics
with performance basic skills of basketball was low but still significant in cognitive
and motor stages. This correlation reached its peak in autonomic stage. Motor
fitness and anthropometric characteristics are more important in autonomic stage
and IQ is more important in motor fitness in cognitive stages of learning shooting,
passing and dribbling skills in basketball.

---

The present study examined the effectiveness of distal versus proximal external
foci of attentions a function of performers’ preferences for a certain focus. dart
throwing task were used, and participants (N=20) were instructed to direct their
attention either to the target (distal focus) or the flight of the dart (proximal focus).
Participants were asked to select their preferred focus after one trial under each
focus condition without knowledge of results. Subsequently, all participants
performed two 24-trial blocks, one under each condition, with focus order
(preferred first vs non-preferred)counterbalanced.
Degree of significance was regarded as p<0.05. Dart throwing accuracy was
generally enhanced when participants adopted a distal focus, regardless of focus
order or preference. The present findings provide further evidence that the
“distance” effect in attentional focus is a general phenomenon that does not
depend on individual preferences.

---

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of attentional focus on accuracy,
effectiveness, and perception of the performance in volleyball jump serve of
professional players. 12 professional volleyball players completed a 4 blocks of 8
trail (4 for accuracy, and 4 for effectiveness) of jump serve in four experimental
conditions (Non-Instruction, Internal focus on hand movement, Near external
focus on ball, and Far external focus on target zone or player). The data of
accuracy, effectiveness, and self-perception of the performance was acquired by
pointed target areas, analyzing volleyball serve effectiveness method, and selfrated
manipulative check, respectively. Results of ANOVA with repeated
measures showed that accuracy scores, effectiveness, and self-perception of the
performance in far external condition was better than near external and internal
conditions. In addition, the significant differences between non-instructional and
far external conditions were observed only in self-perception of the performance.
On the whole, these results confirmed recent findings regarding the detrimental
effects of internal focus of attention and the facilitative effects of external focus of
attention on skilled performance, especially far external focus.

---

The purpose of this research was comparing the effectiveness of drug therapy,
motion-perceptual exercises and their combination on attentive function in
children between 6 to 12 years old with attention- hyperactivity disorder. In this
Semi-empirical study, three groups were selected including 12 girls and boys (6-
12 years old) with attention/hyperactivity disorde. To collect data Conners
Parents Rating Scale, CBCL, Continious performance test, and Bruninks –
Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency were used. The selected motion program
included motion-perceptual exercises and was implemented over 18 sessions
within 6 weeks and the selected metions, Ritalinica & Respridoon, were
prescribed. With 95% confidence level, there was significant difference in
components of Continues Performance test (attention deficit, impulsivity and
reaction time) before and after implementing motion-perceptual exercises. Data
analysis using ANOVA to evaluate the effectiveness of each method and subjects
ANOVA to test the difference between mean scores of subjects in the Subcomponents
continuous performance test for comparison of various methods was
used in treatment. There were no significant differences in all components of CPT
test in cdifferent methods and. The results showed no significant differences with
95% confidence level between effectiveness of drug therapy groups, motionperceptual
exercises and combination method and it was confirmed that the
effectiveness of methods (attention deficit, impulsivity and reaction time) is similar
to the other.

---

Nationalism in consumption is a form of economic of nationalism that forms
consumer beliefs about appropriate or actually morality of goods purchasing and
it has been the subject of many investigations. In this study, According to Krejcie
& Morgan chart, 278 cases were selected a mong among 965 undergraduate
physical education students of Tehran and karaj selected Universities as a
research samples. The measuring tools included CETSCALE of shimp &
sharma(1987) and Questionnaire of Hoseinzade(1386) , its Reliability was
achieved 0/841. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics
including spearman coorelation and Mann-Whitney test in SPSS with p<0.05
Significance level were used.The finding of investigation demonstrates
Consumer Nationalism of physical education students have been in low grade.
Moreover there wasn’t and relation between Nationalism and Patriotism, whereas
there was a negative relation between World Mindedness and Consumer
Nationalism among students .Also results of Mann-Whitney test imply that there
is a difference among boys and girls between of Consumer Nationalism, World
Mindedness and Assessment of Domestic Sporting Goods. Girls are more
nationalist than boys and also they have a good Assessment of Domestic
Sporting Goods, but boys have more than World Mindedness.
In the end, consumers with low consumer nationalism have a low assessment of
domestic goods and inverse.

---

The purpose of present study was to standardize the measurement tool of beliefs
in advertising through sport. Following the permit was taken from the owner of
the questionnaire (Pyun, 2006), questionnaire by the three-stage translation
method and introductory study performed. Population of the study was all the
spectators that attended in the Azadi Stadium, 342 samples were selected
randomly. 27 items were included in the questionnaire with seven components
(being economic, product information, falsity, materialism, social image and role,
annoying, pleasure). Questions were analyzed by the 5-likert scale. To determine
the formal and content validity of the tool, viewpoints of experts in sport marketing
were used. To determine the structure validity of the tool, CFA was applied by
using LISREL package. Analysis of the structure validity of the tool showed that
items of the questionnaire had an appropriate factor load. The results showed
that the indices of the model had an appropriate goodness of fit2.45¬df=/2x,
RMSEA=0.065, GFI=0.94, AGFI= 0.95 approved the indexes. Cronbach’s Alpha
coefficients of the reliability of the seven components were between 0.70 to
0.730.Given the confirmation of relevant tool in this study; other researchers can
use this tool to measure the customers’ belief advertisement through sport.

---

Today, the brand's customer loyalty is key to business success, many companies
try to increase loyalty among customers to expand their brand. The aim of this
study was to identify factors influencing the loyalty of purchase decision makers
of the clubs and football players to sports apparel brand in the eleventh round of
the Premier League. Methodology of this research was surveying and population
of this research formed as sports apparel purchase decision makers in the
Premier League football clubs of Iran(the director and deputy director of the club,
and the head coach and team coaches N=90)and the players who participated in
the eleventh round of Premier League football (463= N).The study sample
included 60 individuals purchasing decision makers in clubs and 263 people of
Premier League football players of Iran. Questionnaire data collection tool for
brand loyalty was Wong Foong and yahyah (2008) with reliability of (α=0.82).
Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified by masters of sport
marketing and confirmed by sport management. To analyse data Kolmogorov
Smirnov test, ANOVA (analysis of variance) with repeated measures, a
comparison Bunfrony test and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05
was conducted with spss19 software were used. The results showed that the
factors of the product quality, model and brand of sports was more effective than
other factors in loyaltyofsportsapparel brand and factors of service quality and
price perspective, No significant difference between group of purchasing decision
makers and players in the Premier League football clubs of Iran were found.
Therefore, program managers sports apparel industry planners should try to
create or modify models to increase brand loyalty and products quality and using
innovative strategies of develop and promote service quality and pricing to
expand their brand through customers. Moreover provide basis increasing rate of
customers loyalty and thus provide the long-term interests of their business

---

The essence of science is to build comprehensives model rather than scattered
data, because the data in form of modeles can be discovered, explained and
interpreted. The lack of reliable models in sport, and in particular, sport for all,
encouraged the researcher to achieve a model for sport for all in Iran.The aim of
the present study is to propose a model to measure and analyze the sport for all
in Iran. For this purpose, a 66 questions questionnaire was used based on model
of sport for all in Iran.The samples were selected among the Iranian sport
administrates using stratified random sampling method. 320 questionnaires were
collected.The Chi-square value of the model, RMSEM and goodness of fit index
(GFI) was 385.76, 0.082 and 0.95, respectively. The adjusted goodness of fit
index (AGFI) for the degrees of freedom was equal to 0.94. These values indicate
a good fitting of the model.
This model is a simplified representation of the sport for all which shows the basic
constructs of sport for all in Iran.The process of sport for all in Iran can be
analyzed by using the present model. It is also possible to find a new classification
in sport for all.

---

The purpose of this study is to indendiey the situation expression of the sport
tourism marketing indexes from sport and tourism expert’s view in west
Azerbaijan province.This study is descriptive- analytical and field methods.
Research statistical population is expert members of tourism organization (n=39)
and expert members of physical education general offices (n=45). Research tools
is sport marketing tourism indexes Questionnaire Bidokhti and Nazari (2009) with
reliability of (&alpha;= 0. 82). Validity was confirmed by sport management experts’
view. For comparison of existence and ideal situation, Wilcox test used. Also for
component mean comparison with mean of the spectrum one-sample t-test and
for precedence of the indexes was used from Friedman test (p&le;0.05) were used.
The results showed that, between the current and ideal situation in massive
investment country modification, development of infrastructure, attention to
tourism attractions, promotion activities and regulation of guidelines based on
distribute attractions, there are significant differences and in all cases, the
existence situation mean is less than ideal situation. This means that the
mentioned indicators are not empowered in the existing situation and need to be
reviewed, that achieve to their optimum condition.
based on results, the managers don’t use from marketing indexes mentioned as
a way of sports tourism marketing, while indicate that the use of these methods,
are the reasons for development of sports tourism marketing. The result of this
factor is: create of positive station in the sport tourist minds, and at last these
industries develop in western Azerbaijan province, and increase tourism market
share.

---

The purpose of this study was to investigation of Motivation Role on Team Identity
of Football Fans in Sistan and Baluchestan University. This study is descriptive
and correlational one. Statistical population included all students and Staff of
Sistan and Baluchestan University in the academic year of 2012-2013. Since the
size of the statistical population was over 10,000 people, Based on Sample Table
of Morgan, Sample size was determined 384 people. For data collection, Trail
and Jame's team identity questionnaire (2001) and Gao et,al and motivation
questionnaire (2009) were used. Validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by
professors of physical education for reliability of questionnaires used, Cronbach's
alpha coefficient, respectively were 0.94 and 0.88. Data were analyzed by
inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple
regression. Results showed that motivation fans have significant correlation with
their team's identity (r =0.68). Also, except variable escape (escape from
boredom), other variables (social interaction, entertainment, team affiliation,
achievement and family) were able to be the significant predictor of team identify.
Entertainment with beta (&beta;= 0.514) was a stronger predictor for team identity

---

Self-talk as “an internal dialogue, through which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives him/her instructions and reinforcement”. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of two types of instructional and motivational self-talk on the pattern of coordination and accuracy of basketball free throw to specify the effect of each types of the self-talks on of basketball free throw skill necessities (patterns of coordination and accuracy). Using available sampling method, 20 male basketball players with the mean age of 23.5±5.5 were selected who had at least 5 years of practice in basketball and were playing in one of the credible leagues of the country. In this study the basketball free throw skill was evaluated through two sessions with the time interval of 24 hours in two phases with and without self-talk (instructional and motivational). The data of the motion pattern and the accuracy of basketball free
throw were recorded in both phases of the test, and the kinematic data was used to compute the throw hand elbow-wrist No-RMS in order to investigate the coordination pattern. In statistical analysis, the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics
(mean, standard deviation, tables and figures) and inferential statistics (the analysis of variance with repeated measure and dependent t test). The results of throw accuracy showed that solely the use of instructional self-talk leaded to a significant
enhancement of the basketball free throw accuracy (t(9): 4.388, p: 0/002). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the effect of instructional self-talk and motivational self-talk in favor of instructional self-talk (2: 0.444, F(1,18): 14.364, p:0.001). Exploring the results of coordination pattern revealed that instructional selftalk leads to a significant (t(9): .048, p(1,18): 2.288) decline in elbow-wrist No-RMS and consequently an improvement in elbow-wrist interalimb coordination in performing the basketball free throws. The results indicated that the usage of instructional selftalk are benefical in improving the skills that require motiom coordination and accuracy of performance and it is superior to the use af motivational self-talk in this regard.