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In the present investigation we determined the time course of attention demands during the jumping service in volleyball by the dual-task paradigm. Fourteen voluntary junior elite volleyball players performed 60 jumping serve. Jumping-serve performance (JSP) as primary task and verbal reaction time (RT) to an auditory stimulus that was administered in four probe positions (PP), as secondary task was measured. Repeated measures analyze of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of the PP on JPS, indicates allocating the most attentional weight to the JSP. In second analyze, effect of PP on RT was significant, so that all probes RT were significantly higher than the base line RT, indicates attention demanding of the JSP. Results also showed that pre-shot in run-up (PP1) and after the ball strike (PP4) had the greatest attentional demands respectively while per-jump stepping ahead (PP2) and just pre-striking the ball (PP3) had respectively the lowest needs of attention. The results indicate that attention follows a non-linear pattern, in the JSP.

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The purpose of this study was comparison of factors that affecting on spectators of football, basketball, and volleyball professional leagues. The statistical sample of this study was 500 spectators from each league that randomly selected from attendant spectators in stadiums. For statistical analysis of data used descriptive and inferential statistics methods includes Pearson correlation coefficient for determining consistency coefficient and criterion validity of questionnaire, Cronbaches'  alpha, explorative and confirmatory factor analysis, Levin, one way Anova, welch, LSD and Tamhane`s tests by SPSS and Amos soft wares. Result showed 8 factors that affecting on spectators attendance and these factors indicated. 75% of variance. These factors were facility, information- attractiveness, performance- antiquity, timing- informing, interaction- escape and excitement. Internal consistency of final edition research questionnaire was .89. Result of hypotheses showed that all of 3 football, basketball and volleyball spectators groups have significant differences in mentioned factors except facility and timing- informing factors. Result of this research displayed that mean of factors affecting football basketball and volleyball spectators` attendance are different among them and also in priority of them. 

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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of attentional focus on accuracy,
effectiveness, and perception of the performance in volleyball jump serve of
professional players. 12 professional volleyball players completed a 4 blocks of 8
trail (4 for accuracy, and 4 for effectiveness) of jump serve in four experimental
conditions (Non-Instruction, Internal focus on hand movement, Near external
focus on ball, and Far external focus on target zone or player). The data of
accuracy, effectiveness, and self-perception of the performance was acquired by
pointed target areas, analyzing volleyball serve effectiveness method, and selfrated
manipulative check, respectively. Results of ANOVA with repeated
measures showed that accuracy scores, effectiveness, and self-perception of the
performance in far external condition was better than near external and internal
conditions. In addition, the significant differences between non-instructional and
far external conditions were observed only in self-perception of the performance.
On the whole, these results confirmed recent findings regarding the detrimental
effects of internal focus of attention and the facilitative effects of external focus of
attention on skilled performance, especially far external focus.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between decision making styles of volleyball coaches and players burnout of the Iranian Premier League. This applied research and the population as census and correlation with statistical sample included 240 male and female players (100 females and 140 males) and 40 coach and head coach of men's and women's teams firms Iran volleyball in the Premier League was in 2012 - 2013. The instruments were Scott and Bruce (1995) decision making styles standard questionnaire and Raedeke and Smith (2001) Athlete burnout standard questionnaire. Reliability of them was approved by Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, correlation, stepwise regression and t-test were used. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between decision making styles of coaches (rational, intuitive, impulsive, avoidant and dependent) and athlete burnout (emotional exhaustion, diminished performance, and apathy). Also, the rational, dependent, spontaneous and avoidant decision making styles, totally, explain 61% of volleyball player’s burnout.

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Observing a model let learners to make a plan of action that can be used for learning motor skills. Moreover, self-talk is a conversation that performers use it either apparently or secretly in order to think about their performance and reinforce it. Therefore, the purpose   of this study was to investigate the effect of observational learning, self-talk and combination of both on boy’s performance. The statistical samples of the present study included 60 students (12.25±1.24) with forth and fifth grade that were selected as available subjects.  After volleyball AAHPERD pre-test, subjects divided into 6 groups: Instructional self-talk (STI), motivational self-talk (STM), observational learning (OB), combination of Instructional self-talk and learning observation (STI-OB), combination of motivational self-talk and observational learning (STM-OB) and control group (CO) and during one day, they were participated in specific intervention that planed for each group. On the first day of intervention, subjects participated in acquisition phase and acquisition test was taken, after 48 hours' retention and transfer test was Held. In each phase of study self-efficacy was examined. The results of two-way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference among all training groups with control group (p≤0.05). These results support the use of cognitive factors, self-talk and observational learning and the combination of observational learning and Instructional self-talk as learning facilitator.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of self-control feedback with bandwidth feedback through self-modeling strategies on volleyball service in novice and intermediate learners. For this purpose, two groups of novice and intermediate learners took part in this experiment. Each group practiced volleyball tennis skills in six sessions in two sub-groups of self-control and bandwidth feedback methods through self-modeling strategies. The design involved a pretest, acquisition sessions post-test, retention test and a transfers test. In each session, the self-control feedback sub-group was matched to the number of feedbacks received by bandwidth feedback subgroup; but the self-regulation feedback subgroup has a self-controlled role in when they receive feedback.The results showed that both methods of providing feedback in both groups improved the performance level of the subjects in the post-test, retention test and transfer test significantly (p<0.05).  AlsoThe results showed that the beginners benefited from self-regulation feedback more than bandwidth feedback (p<0.05), while the intermediate benefited equally from self-regulation and bandwidth feedback (p>0.05).It seems that the self-control benefits can also be generalized in self-modeling. Therefore, the use of self-control effect in self-modeling feedback in volleyball tennis service training is suggested to coaches and sports teachers in the beginner and skilled groups.