Journal of Spatial Analysis

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Despite extensive studies on the relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level, less research were focused on the impacts of distance to pumping wells on variation of land subsidence area. This study presented the linkage between the ground surface displacement rate and groundwater pumping area and the associated geomorphic consequences. The land subsidence rate was extracted from Sentinel-1A images. Then, to evaluate the relationship between the ground surface displacement extent and distance from the pumping wells, 30 pumping wells were identified within the study area. Different buffers at specified distances (500, 700, 1,000, 1,300, 1,500, 2,000 m) were created around each well. To test the effect of the distance to the pumping wells on the spatial extent of critical and slight subsidence areas, average annual images of land subsidence were classified into two classes, including areas with a maximum subsidence rate and a minimum subsidence rate. Further, earth fissure identified by GPS were transformed to the land subsidence classification map. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the distances to pumping wells and displacement extent. The spatial extent of areas with the maximum subsidence rates decreased as the distance from the pumping wells increased. By contrast, the spatial extent of areas occupied by the minimum subsidence rates increased with increasing the distance from the pumping wells. Also, the density distribution of the earth fissures increased in areas with the maximum subsidence rate.

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The sedimentation, sediment transport, erosion and sedimentation problems are important discussions in the planning of wisdom and macro watershed strategies and management of watershed basins. The sediment collection in lower areas causes regional damage, the destruction of the pathway of the waterways, the flow of water pollution, the accumulation of streams of sediment and reducing the capacity of reservoirs of dams and environmental bottlenecks. The sediment resulting from the watersheds erosion, in addition to soil loss and its degradation results in a decrease in water quality and endangers the useful life of dams due to the accumulation of deposits in their reservoirs. In this research, Spatiotemporal variations of suspended sediment load were investigated at three hydrometric stations of Sefidchah, Gelevard and Ablou located on the main channel of the Nakaroud Basin using sediment rating curves and linear regression model through applying MINITAB and EXCEL softwares. In order to determine the best model, determination coefficient (R2) was used. The results of this study showed that in seasonal variations of spring season in all three stations with a determination coefficient of at least 82% and a maximum of 89% as the most suitable model for estimating suspended sediment load among the models studied. In spatial studies, the Ablou station located at the outlet of the watershed has the highest determination coefficient (0.934) between sediment discharge and streamflow discharge.
 

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Introduction
Soil erosion is the process by which soil particles and components are separated from their main bed by an erosive agent and transported to another location. In the soil erosion process, there are three distinct phases: 1- separation of soil particles, 2- particle transfer and 3- sedimentation of transported materials. In water erosion, the erosive factors are rainfall and runoff. Erosion and the consequent reduction of soil fertility are among the issues that make it difficult to achieve sustainable agricultural development and environmental protection. It is important to study the quantity and quality of erosion in the country's watersheds and to prevent the loss of one of the richest and most valuable natural resources of the country, namely soil, and to fight against this process. (Tabatabai, 1392). Therefore, to calculate the rate of erosion and sediment production in most watersheds of the country that lack statistics or lack of statistics, the use of experimental models to estimate erosion and sediment is required. According to what has been said, the present study was conducted based on the following two main objectives: 1- Estimation of erosion and sediment in Adineh Masjed watershed, which is one of the main sub-basins of Kamal Saleh Dam, using EPM and MPSIAC experimental models and 2- Investigation and comparing two models and choosing a better model for similar regions and climates.

Materials and methods
Adineh Masjid watershed is one of the sub-basins of Dez and the main sub-basin of Kamal Saleh dam. Temperature, isotherm, geology of the area, slope and available information were performed and finally, by interpreting the photos, types, land units, current land use were determined and updated with field control. For a more detailed study, first, according to the condition of the main waterway and changes in the appearance of the land and vegetation and new land material, the ridges separating the basin were divided into 15 sub-basins. In EPM model, four watershed erosion coefficient (Ψ), land use coefficient (Xa), rock and soil susceptibility coefficient to erosion (Y) and average basin slope (I) and in MPSIAC model, nine geological, soil, climate factor (Climate), runoff, slope, vegetation, land use, current erosion status and waterway erosion are examined. Each model was scored according to data analysis and digital images and then placed in the relevant formula. Finally, the amount of erosion and sediment in the basin was estimated and the sedimentation class of the area was determined.
Results
To determine the score of nine factors affecting soil erosion using MPSIAC method and the four factors of EPM model, each of the factors affecting erosion in units were analyzed. Finally, by weighting, the points of each factor in the models were calculated. The degree of R deposition from the sum of the nine factors of MPSIAC model and the degree of Z erosion was obtained by combining the four EPM factors. Then, the amount of sediment production and erosion in the field of relationships related to each model was calculated and compared and analyzed. In MPSIAC model, the amount of specific sediment (M3 / Km2 / year) was calculated as 112.713 and the specific erosion (M3 / Km2 / year) was calculated as 375.71. In the EPM model, the amount of specific sediment (M3 / Km2 / year) was calculated as 213.95 and Specific erosion (M3 / Km2 / year) was calculated to be 395.86.

Discussion and conclusion
The results of sediment and erosion estimation were estimated separately for each sub-area using two models and it was found that the two models are somewhat relatively compatible with each other. The results of MPSIAC model, have more accuracy and reliability, and therefore the results of the MPSIAC model can be used to estimate the amount of sediment entering the Kamal Saleh Dam. However, due to the small distance between the results of the two models, if we do not have access to MPSIAC model data in similar areas, the EPM model can be used with less data and more easily accessible. It was also observed that in the upper and entrance parts of the basin, where the slope is higher and the vegetation is less, the amount of sediment production and erosion is higher in these areas. So that the upper parts of the basin are in the medium erosion class and the rest of the basin is in the low erosion class.

Keywords: watershed, erosion and sediment, modeling


 

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Forest fire in many ecosystems is a natural phenomenon, but also a serious and dangerous threat with environmental, ecological, and physical effects. Therefore, this research investigated the risk areas of fire in Zagros forests identification to evaluate the changes in the time series of deals with a potential fire hazard. To achieve this goal fuzzy layers of analysis network process and order weighted average method were used regularly. For this purpose, fire Zagros forests using satellite images Landsat and MODIS Lordegan city in the period between 2000, 2007, and 2014 and the factors affecting fire are examined. The high-risk areas based on classification utility area and the number of zones were identified as fire-prone areas. In the analytical network process procedure, the largest weighs were assigned to the distance from residential areas and roads, GVMI index, and maximum daily air temperature factors which were 0.209, 0.198, 0.09, and 0.0716, respectively. Time series analysis map showing the extent of critical areas from 2000 to 2014 decreased by investigating the factors affecting fire occurrence in critical areas, distance for roads and residential areas, slope, aspect, GVMI index, and NDVI and maximum temperatures have the greatest impact were on fire. The low-risk scenario and a small amount of compensation with the ROC higher than 0.7 as the best model was the estimated risk of forest fires. The preparation of a map of areas susceptible to fire, as well as analyzing and analyzing the time series of factors affecting the fire in different years, is an effective step in helping forest managers to plan and implement preventive operations in high-risk areas.