modern research physics

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Alkaloids are a large group of molecules with biological, physiological and chemical activities. Plants of the genus (Podophyllaceae) are the known sources of alkaloids. In the present study the amount of total alkaloids of tubers of from two different regions of Iran, Marivan - Sanandaj and of from Sanandaj -Naghadeh was determined by spectrophotometry, on the reaction of alkaloid with bromocresol green (BCG). Moreover, the effect of some characteristicts of the soil habitat such as, soil pH, total nitrogen, potassium, altitude, texture soil, and nitrate content of tubers on the amount from total alkaloids was measured. The results of data analysis showed the significant differences between total alkaloid content of Marivan (27.12 ±1.18 mg/g D.W) with Sanandaj  (17.42 ±0.77 mg/g D.W) and of Sanandaj (15.38 ±0.65 mg/g D.W) with Naghadeh (7.4 ±0.32 mg/g D.W). Also there was a significant difference between the species in different regions other than of Sanandaj (17.42 ±0.77 mg/g D.W) with of Sanandaj (15.38 ±0.65 mg/g D.W). Furthermore, the results show that nitrate content of was higher than that of. The soil texture of Sanandaj (L. armeniaca) was loam sand and soil of the rest regions was clay loam. All of soils were mildly alkaline. Results from the effect of environmental factors on the total alkaloid content showed that with increasing amount of total nitrogen and potassium of soil and nitrate content, total alkaloids will be reduced, whereas pH, texture soil and altitude had not significant influence on total alkaloid contents

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The in-vitro culture of  immature ovarian follicles is used to examine the factors that regulate follicle development and may ultimately provide options  for  reproductive  infertility. Normal follicular development of an oocyte that is capable of fertilization and embryonic development depends upon a complex sequence of cellular interactions within the follicle . Honey Bee Venom (HBV) contains some biological active components which has been demonstrated it^,s promoting effect on ovulation up to 70 % in rats . The aim of this research is study of the effect of HBV on in-vitro maturation of different type of preantral follicles. In this research, unmature follicles were taken from 14 day-old mice and cultured in &alpha-minimal essential medium (&alpha-MEM) and divided to small, medium and large preantral follicles and treated with 1µg/ml BV. Then diameter of follicle was measured until 4^th days. Finally, morphological appearance of mature oocytes was studied. Studies of follicle diameters and flowcytometry showed HBV led to an increase in follicle diameters (p<0.001). Amount of GV was 53 %(control group) and 31.4 (treatment group)that was significative (p<0.001). Developing up to meiosis I was 30% (control group) and 43.2% (treatment group) and developing up to meiosis II was 15% (control) and 22.3% (treatment group). In brief, we are confirmed that honey bee venom has led to significant changes in in-vitro maturation of preantral follicles and consequently, better performance for fertilization.

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In this research work nano porous silicon layers with different porosity were prepared by using electrochemical etching. Surface morphology and size of pores were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).TiO2 thin films with EBPVD method have been deposited on the surface of PSi layers. The influence of anodization conditions such as anodization time interval and current density on electrical properties and surface morphology of sandwich devices were carried out using I-V measurement .The results showed that, electrical properties were influenced by changes of current density and anodization time interval. We also investigated the AC electrical conductivity of Al/TiO2/PSi/Al sandwich devices over the range of frequency 102 to 105 Hz and temperature range 300 to 378 K. It is known that, over the range of frequency < 103Hz the band theory and over the range of frequency > 103Hz hopping mechanism is applicable in explaining the conductivity of TiO2/PSi thin films nano structures with aluminum electrodes.

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Let ( R,m ) be a Noetherian local ring, a an ideal of R and M a finitely generated R- module. We investigate some properties of formal local cohomology modules with respect to a Serre subcategory. We provide a common language to indicate some properties of formal local cohomology modules. Let ( R,m ) be a Noetherian local ring, a an ideal of R and M a finitely generated R- module. We investigate some properties of formal local cohomology modules with respect to a Serre subcategory. We provide a common language to indicate some properties of formal local cohomology modules.

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Copula functions are powerful tools for construction the multivariate distribution of dependent variables in terms of their marginal distributions. Each of these functions provide a model which represents all properties of the variables dependency. For spatial data analysis, the dependence structure of the data should be determined by using the multivariate distribution of the random field. In analysis of Spatio-temporal data it is also necessary to identify the relations between spatial and temporal structure of the data in terms of Spatio-temporal covariance function. Sometimes a separable Spatio-temporal covariance function is used for the ease of application, but in some applications this property is not realistic. In these cases it is required to use a non-separable Spatio-temporal covariance function. In this paper the role of copula functions in determination of joint distribution of a random field is considered and the properties of a valid spatial copula function are determined. Then a new valid spatial copula family is introduced. Next some spatial and nonseparable Spatio-temporal covariance functions are constructed by using these copula functions

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Monitoring process mean and variance simultaneously in a single control chart simplifies
the process monitoring. If in addition, a simultaneous control chart is capable of
recognizing the source of contamination, this capability leads to additional simplicity.
These are the reasons why simultaneous control charts have attracted many researchers and
manufacturers.
Recently, in the statistical process control literature some control charts have been
introduced which are based on the idea of Bayesian predictive density. This type of control
charts, not only brings into account the uncertainty concerning the estimation of unknown
parameters, but also do not need extensive simulations for computation of control limits.
These control charts have been introduced for mean and variance in both univariate and
multivariate situations.
Up to now, no simultaneous control chart has been introduced based on Bayesian predictive
density. In this paper, using the idea of Bayesian predictive density, we introduce a new
simultaneous control chart for monitoring univariate mean and variance. We illustrate the
important capabilities of this new chart through simulated data.
This new chart is applicable when parameters are unknown. In other words, it brings into
account the uncertainty concerning the unknown parameters. This chart is able to recognize
the source of contamination and is sensitive to small changes in the mean and variance. In
this chart the control limits, needless of simulation, can simply be obtained from normal
table.

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There are several methods for goodness of fit test for the skew normal distribution. This work focused on method of Meintanis [8] which is based on the empirical moment generating function. This test is discussed for the known and the unknown shape parameter. Meintanis [8] claimed that power of his test is higher than the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. But this claim is true only for the known shape parameter. In this paper, we provide a new method for finding his test statistic that has more efficiency. Also Meintanis [8] not determine the size of himself test for the known shape parameter which in this paper we will determine it.

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Gabbroic stocks and dykes associated with Ophiolitic Basalts and peridotites are outcropped in the Sawlava town area. Sawlava ophiolite is part of Kurdistan Ophiolitic complex that located in sheared zone between high Zagros and northern Sanandaj-sirjan Zone. This study focused geochemistry and dating of granular and pegmatoid gabbros that due to closing to main recent fault (MRF) some part of them found milonitic fabric. Gabbros have 47.84 to 51.65 percent SiO2 and almost formed from tholeiitic magma. Labradorite plagioclase and diopside and augite clinopyroxens with Mg# of 83.90 to 88.90 respectivly are main minerals of gabbros. Based on geochemical and geotectonic diagrams, gabbros generated from slightly deplete magma which formed in back arc supra-subduction zone. U-Pb dating of zircons presents an average age of 38.3±1.3 Ma for gabbros. Late Eocene age from Sawlava gabbros and similar gabbros bodies related to ophiolites along Zagros suture, could indicate that neo-tethyan ocean closed after Eocene in the Kurdistan region.

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In the northern hillside of Central Alborz, in south Marzanabad, there are outcrops of basic volcanic rocks which attributed to Cretaceous time .In this study, effective processes on evolution of these volcanic rocks are surveyed to add on our knowledge about Mesozoic magmatisim in Central Alborz. Based on petrographical and geochemical studies, south Marzanabad basic rocks could be classified into 2 groups of basalt and andesite basalt. Geochemical diagrams imply that the magma nature is alkaline and generated in intracontinetal extensional environment. Microscopic studies, mineral chemical composition and the observed trends in geochemical diagrams of whole rocks, all are inline with fractional crystallization as a main magmatic process. Fractionation began with crystallization of olivine and pyroxene and minor plagioclase in basalts and continued with crystallization of clinopyroxene and plagioclase in andesite basalt. In addition to petrographical, mineralogical and chemical evidences, the occurrence of fractional crystallization process is confirmed by the geochemical modeling with Melts software which also let us to reconstruct the condition of fractionation process. Based on the fractional crystallization modeling in south Marzanabad basic volcanic rocks, basalts are generated by 40 percent of fractional crystallization from primary magma. Basaltic andesites also produced after the fractionation of basalts, during 70 percent fractional crystallization from the same magma. Olivine thermobarometric studies also confirm the accuracy of data which is obtained by the Melts software.

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The granitoid intrusion trending NW-SE, is expose in the East of Zanjan, structurally located in the Alborz - Azarbaijan zone and Tarom sub-zone. Petrographic composition of the intrusion includes a range of monzogranite, quartz-monzonite, quartz-monzodiorite to monzodiorite and in fact shows monzonite series composition. The major rock forming minerals consist of K-feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene (augite-diopside) and quartz. They show granular, intergranular, microgranular to porphyrytic-microgranular textures. The intrusion has metaliminus high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and I-type affinity. Enclaves of the intrusion have micro-granular mafic and monzodiorite, quartz monzodiorite composition, which are fine-grained than their host rock and have micro-granular porphyritic texture. According to the petrographical and geochemical studies, the magma has originated from partial melting of metasomitised sub-continental lithospheric mantle due to fluids and/or partial melts that originated from subduction edge. According to Harker Diagrams seems that monzodiorite magmas differentiation Leads to monzonite Formation And finally the Crystallization and differentiation are monzogranite. Therefore Crystallization and differentiation are the most important processes controlling rock types in the monzonite series intrusion. Tectonic diagrams indicate a continental margin magmatic arc and syn-to-post collisional intra-arc extensional environment.

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Anbaran inlier is located at the NW of Namin city. In the inlier Pre-Paleozoic roks surrounded by young Eosen and Cretaceouse rocks.To interpret the inlier deformation and its evolution model, geometry as well as kinematic characteristic its major structurs analysed for the first time. For the faults kinematic, indicator, such as slickenside, fault associated folds and S-C structure were used. The results of analysis show that the major structurs of inlier are the Anbaran and RF1 fault at its Norht and South margins.The high angle Anbaran and RF1 faults cause thrusting of the Pre-Paleozoic Biandor and Soltanieh formation in the core of inlier over the Eocen volcanic units and Cretaceouce limeston respectively.This resulted in development of a pop-up structure that form the present morphology of the region .The fault high angele dip, and deposition of Cretaceous sediments on its hanging wall provide evidence for the fault inversion.therefor the RF1 fault is considered as the inverted anbaran fault backthrust.

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This paper aimed to investigate the relation between the coherent states and the wavelets. So first the standard, generalized and nonlinear coherent states were reviewed and then their properties were presented. As an example of the nonlinear coherent states, the coherent states of a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator on a flat space were examined. Using the Dirac notation, the admissibility condition of the mother wavelets was studied. Then by means of the resolution of the identity of the generalized coherent states and the admissibility condition of the wavelets, a systematic method was presented to calculate the polynomial wavelets. At the end, as an illustrative example, the polynomial wavelets were constructed by using the nonlinear coherent states on a flat space.

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Traditional methods for testing equality of means are based on normality observations in each treatment, but parametric bootstrap methods offer a test statistic to estimate P-value by resampling. In article, first, Fisher, Cochran, Welch, James, Brown and Forsyth, Approximate F, Weerahandi, Adjust Welch and Parametric Bootstrap tests for testing hypothesis equality of means are defined. Then type one error and power of these tests were compared to each other by a simulation study for various sizes of samples and treatments. Finally sizes of these tests were calculated for the real data of Esfahan Cement factory.
Traditional methods for testing equality of means are based on normality observations in each treatment, but parametric bootstrap methods offer a test statistic to estimate P-value by resampling. In article, first, Fisher, Cochran, Welch, James, Brown and Forsyth, Approximate F, Weerahandi, Adjust Welch and Parametric Bootstrap tests for testing hypothesis equality of means are defined. Then type one error and power of these tests were compared to each other by a simulation study for various sizes of samples and treatments. Finally sizes of these tests were calculated for the real data of Esfahan Cement factory.

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In recent decades optimal control problems with partial differential equation constraints have been studied extensively. These issues are very complex and the numerical solution of such problems is of great importance. In this article we will discuss the solution of elliptic optimal control problem. First, by using the finite element method we obtain to gain the discrete form of the problem. The obtained discrete problem is actually a large scale constrained optimization problem. Solving this optimization problem with traditional methods is difficult and requires a lot of CPU time and memory. But split Bergman method converts the constrained problem to an unconstrained problem, and hence it saves time and memory requirement. We then use the split Bregman iterative methods for solving this problem, and examples show the speed and accuracy of split Bregman iterative methods for solving this type of problems. We also use the SQP method for solving the problem and compare with split Bregman method.

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In this research an organic dye called Porphyrin, which showed TCPP in abbreviation form, synthesis. In order to characterized this dye UV-Vis absorptive spectrum was derived and compared with other articles samples. This dye was used to build a dye sensitized solar cell(DSSC), and after characterization of this cell the function of it was measured. Porphyrin absorption spectra obtained in this study is consistent with similar in iranian and international samples that Confirm the accuracy of the porphyrin and a high absorbtion intensity is achieved. A DSSC based TCPP have a good performance that open circuit voltage 0.49 v and short circiut current density 3.6 mA/cm2 and efficiency 0.7% has achieved.

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In this paper the electronic ,structure and optical properties of strontium sulfide in rocksalt phase have been studied. The calculation have been performed using pseudopotential method in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) by Abinit package.in this calculation we used of localized density approximation(LDA) and generaliezed geradient (GGA) approximation. The obtained result have been good agreement with other theory and experimental results.
Keywords: charge disturibution, density of state, density functional theory, SrS.Keywords: charge disturibution, density of state, density functional theory, SrS.Keywords: charge disturibution, density of state, density functional theory, SrS.Keywords: charge disturibution, density of state, density functional theory, SrS.

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Periwinkle (Catharanthusroseus L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants that commonly used for its anticancer alkaloids. In this investigation, the effects of different tryptophan concentrations (0, 150, 250 and 350 mg/l) under in vitro regeneration conditions have been studied. The regeneration of different explants on different media compositions in free tryptophan condition showed that the best media conditions obtained by nodal segments explants grown on MS medium containing (BAP, 0.5 mg/l) + (NAA, 1 mg/l). Also, we achieved the rooting medial composition as half MS medium supplemented with (IBA, 0.1 mg/l). After adding of tryptophan into this optimal medium, the maximum shooting and rooting percentages were obtained in the media containing 250 and 350 mg/l tryptophan, respectively. Furthermore, the measurement of shoot and root length, dry and fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, chlorophyll a and carotenoid content and also, soluble sugars content of shoot and root, revealed the best medium in the presence of 350 mg/l tryptophan, while the maximum amount of root dry weight and chlorophyll b were obtained by 250/l mg tryptophan containing medium. . Finally, the analysis of total proteins content of shoot and root showed significant difference between all groups and the higher content of this for shoots and roots observed in 250 mg/l and 350 mg/l, respectively.

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Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are new technology for production of clean energy. SMFCs able to convert a wide range of organic matter contained in the sediment to bioelectricity. In this study four different ecosystems (sea, hatchery, river and spring) was evaluated to assess their potential to generate electricity. Graphites were used as anode and cathode electrode. The lowest produced voltage was around 310 mV and produced from hatchery. Compare to other ecosystems river generate highest maximum generated power density of 37.09 mw/m². The maximum generated voltage was 740 mV and it was completely stable for 12 days.

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in the present Research, in order to access new technologies eliminate radioactive contamination have been carried out . The construction and use of exchange resins with high efficiency and efficacy , as a new approach in research and practical method of separation is introduced. This project is one of the most important pieces of 137Cs radioactive decontamination nuclear fission , two new composite entitled as CER.M-PAN ( cerium molybdate - poly acrylonitrile ) and HCFC-PAN ( Cu Hegzacyanoferrat II- poly acrylonitrile ) was prepared their performance was evaluated in terms of continuous and discontinuous . To identify the structure of the synthesized compound , infrared spectroscopy techniques were used. Surface Area and Porosity of adsorbent beads were assayed . In order to increase the efficiency of these two composites , combining them with the PAN were prepared and their stability in different environmental conditions assessed and evaluated . ‌ The results suggest that the same efficiency than HCFC-PAN composite composite is CER.M-PAN .

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 The environmental pollution of harmful toxic metals is one of the important issues in the world today. Nickel is one of the toxic heavy metals which if enters into the human body in high concentrations it will cause skin allergy, heart disease and various cancers. Therefore, there is need to remove Nickel from industrial wastewater. The purpose of this study was firstly to remove nickel from aqueous solutions with synthesized activated carbon from carrot remains and secondly to investigate the effect of variations of the adsorbent particle sizes on the equilibrium time and the removal efficiency. For this purpose, adsorption of Ni (II) ions on the adsorbent was studied in a batch process. Firstly, the activated carbon was prepared from carrot remains with particle sizes between 37 and 300 micrometers. The results showed that the maximum absorption efficiency occurs (100%) at pH of 6. Moreover, it was shown that with decreasing the adsorbent size from 300 to 37 µm, the equilibrium time will decreases from 130 to 20 min. Experimental data was best fitted onto pseudo-second order model. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms equation were used to fit the adsorption isotherms. It is evident from this study that activated carbon is a suitable material for the uptake of Ni (II) from aqueous solutions.