modern research physics

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The effects of cadmium and iron interaction on some physiological parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.cv.fajr) plant were studied. The four days old seedlings were transferred to pots containing sand, irrigated with Hoagland solution in growth chamber. The 15 days old plants were treated with 0, 50 and 100 &muM  CdCl2 supplemented with 5, 10 and 20 ppm Fe as Fe-EDTA. Plants were grown under controlled condition and harvested after 30 days for measurements of some biochemical and physiological parameters. Treatments were conducted with four replications. Under Cd stress, growth of plant decreased. In plants treated with CdCl2, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and photosynthetic rate were decreased. Addition of Fe-EDTA (10 and 20 ppm) moderated cadmium effects. Under Cd stress without Fe, respiration rate and CO2  compenstation point increased, however, in solutions containing both CdCl2 and Fe-EDTA, respirations rate and CO2  compenstation point decreased. In plants treated with CdCl2, catalase activity increased. However, after increasing Fe in solution containing CdCl2, catalase activity decreased. Therefor, the results indicated that in CdCl2 treated plants with increasing Fe-EDTA, the toxic effects of Cd decreased.

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Aquatic ecosystems are the main biotic ecosystems that contain variety of plant species and their destruction result in the reduction of plant species diversity. In the present investigation, species diversity of aquatic plants in permanent, seasonal, forest wetlands and ricelands of the west and east of Mazandaran province was determined. First, 30 habitats were determined on the map and the total 161 samples, based on systematic-random sampling, were established. 126 species of aquatic plant of the habitats were collected and the cover of each species ,based on the area of quadrate that accupied by plants, was recorded. The results showed that species diversity of aquatic plants in the west and east is governed by the moisture gradient. Based on De Martonne classification system of climate, the west and east of Mazandaran province have wet and mediterranean climate, respectively. Therefore, the condition for the growth of aquatic plants in the west is more appropriate than in the east. Species diversity of wetlands and ricelands in the west was higher than that in the east. In this study, classification system of den Hartog & Veld for aquatic plants that classify them as hygrophytes, real aquatic and wetland species was applied and diversity indices for all three categories were calculated. The results revealed that diversity of hygrophytes is the highest among them and the real aquatic plants have higher species diversity than wetlands. T-test, based on Shannon index, showed significant differences between diversity of the west and east as well as between three group of macrophytes (P<0.05).

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The taxonomy and morphology of 24 Salvia atropatana Bunge (Lamiaceae) accessions were studied in Iran. The morphological variations are mostly related to the indumentum and trichome frequency in surface and base of stem, leaf length, form of leaf margin, indumentum of leaf surface, form of bract margin, indumentum of bracteole surface, indumentum of calyx surface, corolla length, indumentum of corolla surface and style length. The cluster analysis based on Euclidian Distance Coefficient and SPSS V.11.5 software was used to determine the infra-specific relationships. The results of cluster analysis show diversity among the accessions of this species. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the morphological variability of S. atropatana accessions is due to the polymorphism, and infra-specific hybridization. 

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Aluminum toxicity is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth and development in acidic soil (pH <5.5). Soil acidity and consequently availability of Al in the soil can be accelerated by some farming practices and acid rain. The mechanisms of Aluminum toxicity have not been elucidated yet. The first response of the plant to aluminium toxicity is the inhibition of root elongation, that is apparently resulted from increasing of cell wall cross links. Therefore, the effect of aluminium on activity and gene expression of enzymes involved in phenolic compounds biosynthesis such as phenylalanine ammonialyase and peroxidase was investigated in this research.To this end, the flax seeds grown in Hoagland’s solution were treated with 0, 50 and 100 &muM aluminium (as AlCl3. 6H2O). The results showed that aluminium decreased root growth but increased wall bound phenolics content, compared with those of the control plants. Increase of the activity of peroxidase especially in ionically and covalently fractions in Al-treated roots was consisted with reducing root growth.  Increased activity, PAL expression and lignin contents were observed in higher concentrations of aluminum. The investigation of the expression of peroxidase isozymes, Flxper1 and Flxper3 suggested that Flxper3 is the isozyme which is more involved in aluminium toxicity in flax roots.  

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This study presents the electric behavior of sandwich devices based on porous silicon (PS) thin films with Au/Ps/Si/Cu structure when the material’s surface is exposed to different gases. PS thin films were fabricated by the electrochemical anodization method of Si–c (100) substrates with resistivity 1.4-2.6 Ωcm. Samples were anodized in a solution of HF (48%), C2H5OH (99.98%) and distilled water with different current densities, etching time(t) and anodization length(L). They exhibit a different behavior after anodization process. This behavior can be explained by band gap measurement on   graph. In this research, measurement of I-V and I-T characteristics were carried out at different conditions, in the presence of O2, N2 and Co2 gases for gas sensing construction. The best response to gas exposure belonged to these parameters: current density= 20 mA/cm² ،t = 1800 S ، PH = 1.869 and L = 4 cm.

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In this paper, we analyze, near infra red images of the central region of the local group galaxy M33.  These images were obtained in K band with the UFTI instrument, installed on the UKIRT telescope. This is a part of a bigger project started in 2003 with an aim to investigate RGB and AGB stars in M33. K band magnitude was obtained for 18509 stars by fitting appropriate PSF models to stellar profiles in the images. ‎The ‎final ‎catalogue ‎was ‎obtained ‎by ‎ calibrating ‎instrumental ‎magnitude ‎to ‎standard‎ ‎system.‎ Cross correlation methods was manipulated to assign J-K color index to each star. A color magnitude diagram was plotted which represents population of RGB, AGB and Carbon stars  in the core of M33 galaxy

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Four Branchinecta orientalis populations from different parts of West Azarbaijan were compared using morphometric and ecological characteristics. Filed studies showed that, B. orientalis widely distributed in the lagoons around the Urmia Lake and also Northern regions of province. The discriminant function analysis based on morphological characteristics (12 in female and 10 male) measurements showed that there are significant differences between the studied populations, where 96 % of males, 91 % of females and cumulatively 85.3% of original grouped cases were correctly classified. As a general result, it may be concluded that discriminant function analysis using male morphological characters is a powerful tool in discrimination of populations under study.

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The genus Salvia is morphlogically investigated to provide an identification key based on morphological characters in the Northeast of Iran. In this study, we examined more than 350 herbarium and collected specimens of different populations and measured 79 quantitative and qualitative (vegetative and generative) characters. The results of the multivariate analysis (principal component analysis) and Nonparametric Test (K independent samples) indicate that the morphological characters such as blossom shape, ring of trichome inside of corolla and protrusion style differentiated the Salvia species. For the first time, the species Salvia shariffi is reported in the Jonoubi and Shomali Khorassans.

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Maternal alcohol abuse causes abnormal fetal development, a condition called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Hydrocephalus is one of the main features accompanying this condition. The early sign of hydrocephalus in the fetal period is ventricolumegaly, followed by reduction in the cortex thickness. In this research hydrocephaly and its effect during ethanol exposure was investigated .To inducing FAS, pregnant Wistar rats were fed with 5) % w/v (liquid alcoholic diet from day 8 of pregnancy to delivery. Embryos of E18 and E19 days were decapitated and brains were removed and sectioned and stained by H&E and immunohistochemistry. The analysis of the brain sections revealed significant decrease (p

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Productive and non-productive intrusive of Oligocene-Miocene age with similar mineralogical composition in Kerman porphyry copper belt exhibited important geochemical differences in terms of trace and rare earth element geochemistry. The productive intrusives are best characterized by low contents of MnO (&le0.1 wt.%), Y(&le18ppm), &SigmaHFSE (&le۱۰۰ppm), heavy rare earth elements (Yb&le1.9 ppm), high Sr content(&ge406-1015ppm), high (Sr/Y&ge30), significant REE fractionation (La/Yb&ge20), as well as positive Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu&ge1), when compared with non-productive intrusives(MnO&ge0.1wt.%,Sr=184-576ppm,Y=12-50ppm, Sr/Y<30, La/Yb<15,Eu/Eu*<1).These signatures are indicative of hydrous and oxidized magmas that formed in a condition which has been different from that of the non-productive intrusives. Based on the present study, the discrimination diagrams which can be used as a tool for identification of productive intrusives, where they are accompanied by nonproductive intrusives, in other copper provinces in Iran, are as follows: MnO-Y, &SigmaHFSE-Y, Sr/Y-Y, Sr/Y-SiO2 , La/Yb-SiO2, La/Yb-Yb, Eu/Eu*-SiO2.

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Light is one of the most important environmental factors in fish life. The effect of photoperiod on the growth performances and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fingerlings was investigated in two consecutive experiments. In both experiments fishes were exposed to four treatments (24L/0D, 16L/8D, 8L/16D, 0L/24D) (light: dark, L: D) in three replicates. The results of first experiment indicated that photoperiod affected on the growth performances in larval stage of rainbow trout. The best weight gain and specific growth rate was observed in 24L: 0D and 16L: 8D without significant differences between them and the lowest rates was achieved in 0L: 24D. Also in second experiment, the effect of photoperiod on the growth performances was significant difference and the highest growth rate and specific growth rate was observed in 8L: 16D and the lowest in 24L: 0D and 0L: 24D. Our results showed that the effect of photoperiod in rainbow trout depends to developmental stage and larvae unlike fingerlings have better growth in long light phases.

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Oil pollutions as a consequence of increasing consumption of petroleum, have a tremendous effect on water and soil ecosystems and their microflora. In this study the diversity in physiological parameters, including growth rate, photosynthesis, chlorophyll-a and phycobiliproteins content, between cyanobacterial strains flora isolated from oil-polluted and non-polluted areas, were assessed. To this end, strains were isolated and purified. The experiments were carried out on logarithmic phase cultures of the isolates in suitable liquid media. The chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins contents were determined using a colorimetric method. Photosynthesis was measured by Oxyview apparatus. Growth rates were calculated based on dry weights. Under laboratory conditions, the photosynthesis activity and the chlorophyll content of isolates from oil-polluted sites were significantly lower than non-polluted isolates. On the other hand, the growth rate average of strains from oil-polluted sites was significantly higher than non-polluted strains. Also despite the higher phycobiliproteins content in non-polluted isolates, there was no significant difference in any of these pigments between the two groups. Altogether the results showed that in response to petroleum stress, the cyanobacteria restore the decrease in their chlorophyll content and photosynthesis activity by increasing their biomass. In fact the response is the reflects of restructuring cyanobacterial flora from sensitive autotrophic species to oil-pollution resistant mixotrophic species in the polluted ecosystems that in addition to photosynthesis are able to use crude oil as an energy source for their growth requirements, hence overcome the energy loss due to reduction of photosynthesis and even increase growth rate than non-oil-pollution isolates.

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Salvia L. is one of the important genera of the Lamiaceae family, that most of its species have nutritious and medicinal values. This study aimed to examine the total phenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of S. aethiopis using spectrophotometric method. The essential oil of this species was analyzed using GC and GC/MS methods. In addition, antibacterial activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract were evaluated against six gram positive and negative bacteria, respectively. Results showed that the extract has high content of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. From GC analysis, 11 different compounds were indentified in which &alpha-copaene was the most abundant compound with 33.48%. The extract of the species showed a high antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris. However, the essential oil of S. aethiopis had no effect on examined bacteria.

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In this paper, the Mutiple Multipoles method is employed to solve nonlinear eigenvalue problem and calculate band structure for a 2D photonic crystal. Band structure is calculated for both TE and TM polarizations. Simulation space is implemented for the first Brillouin zone by using physical properties such as rods radius, permittivity and susceptibility. To model fields inside and outside of object, Multipole centers were located around it and Bessel series inside the object is shown complex fields. We used Bloch theory to implement fictitious periodic boundary conditions for the first Brillouin zone. To validate the code, we simulated the band structure of a cubic lattice and compare the results with Plane Wave Expansion Method which illustrates the accuracy of the code. It is shown that this method can be applied to investigate photonic crystals with irregular shapes and different materials for different lattices such as cubic, trigonal and honeycomb. Furthermore it could be used for dielectric or dispersive material and experimental data. Numerical calculation shows that MMP method is accurate, fast and it can be used on Personal Computers.

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For this purpose 5 sampling stations namely as Astara, Bandar Anzali, Hashtpar, Chaboksar and Bandar Kiashahr were selected along the shoreline of the southwest Caspian. The maximum density was observed in 3-15 m depth. Catch composition from different sampling sites approve this statement. 0.41%, 2.24%, and 2.59% out of total catch was starry goby that came from Bandar Anzali, Chaboksar and Astara sampling stations respectively. This species did not observe in the Hashtpar and Bandar Kiashahr sampling stations. According to the results mean total length was 61.28±16.14 mm and mean weight was 3.16±0.92 gr. 

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In order to understand some physiological mechanism of chilling and cold sensitivity in plants we investigate the effects of chilling and cold stress on chlorophyll and proline content, lipid peroxidation and variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of Arabidopsis (thaliana L.) The four weeks-old plants (WT, and four chilling sensitive mutants [chs2-2], [chs2-1], [chs1-2] and [chs1-1]) were subjected to two different low temperature treatments (control (23^̊ C), chilling (13^̊ C) and cold (4^̊ C)), for one week. Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content changed significantly in all mutants except in WT by chilling stress (13^̊ C), compared with control and 4^̊ C treatments. Two out of four mutants, chs1-1 and chs1-2, had lowest chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm value among the tested genotypes. The proline content increased in all mutant genotypes, as well as in WT by chilling stress and 4^̊ C, compared with control. MDA content of shoots changed dramatically in all mutant genotypes except in WT by chilling stress, compared with control and 4^̊  C treatments. Our findings showed that two mutants, chs1-1 and chs1-2, have had highest chilling sensitivity among the tested genotypes and had the highest proline and MDA contents. It is possible that some damages in photosynthetic systems and/or in proline metabolism via mutation cause these plants more sensitive to chilling and cold stress

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An automorphism $theta$ of a group $G$ is pointwise inner if$theta(x)$ is conjugate to $x$ for any $xin G$. It is interesting and natural to discuss the question of ``finding necessary and sufficient conditions for a group $G$ such that certain subgroups of $text{Aut}(G)$ be equal''.
There are some well-known results in this regard for finite groups.
In this paper, we find a necessary and sufficient condition in certain finitely generatednilpotent groups of class 2 for which $mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)simeq mathrm{Inn}(G)$. We also prove that
in a nilpotent group of class 2 with cyclic commutator subgroup $mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)simeq mathrm{Inn}(G)$ and the quotient$mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)/mathrm{Inn}(G)$ is torsion. In particular if $G'$ is a finite cyclic group then $mathrm{Aut}_{pwi}(G)= mathrm{Inn}(G)$.

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Gabbroic stocks and dykes associated with Ophiolitic Basalts and peridotites are outcropped in the Sawlava town area. Sawlava ophiolite is part of Kurdistan Ophiolitic complex that located in sheared zone between high Zagros and northern Sanandaj-sirjan Zone. This study focused geochemistry and dating of granular and pegmatoid gabbros that due to closing to main recent fault (MRF) some part of them found milonitic fabric. Gabbros have 47.84 to 51.65 percent SiO2 and almost formed from tholeiitic magma. Labradorite plagioclase and diopside and augite clinopyroxens with Mg# of 83.90 to 88.90 respectivly are main minerals of gabbros. Based on geochemical and geotectonic diagrams, gabbros generated from slightly deplete magma which formed in back arc supra-subduction zone. U-Pb dating of zircons presents an average age of 38.3±1.3 Ma for gabbros. Late Eocene age from Sawlava gabbros and similar gabbros bodies related to ophiolites along Zagros suture, could indicate that neo-tethyan ocean closed after Eocene in the Kurdistan region.

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In this study, manganese dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the pores of zeolite 13X by supporting method and its morphology and structure were characterized by SEM, XRD, IR and AAS techniques. Decontamination reaction of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (a mustard agent simulant) was investigated by GC technique. The results of GC analysis showed that 2-CEES was completely absorbed by Nano-MnO₂/Zeolite13X composite after 168 hours and converted to less toxic chemical product. Decontamination products formed via hydrolysis were hydroxyl ethyl ethyl sulfide and ethyl vinyl sulfide. Destruction reaction of DMMP nerve agent simulant via ³¹P NMR analysis showed that this composite after 36 hours demolished almost 32 percent of nerve agent simulant

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In this research an organic dye called Porphyrin, which showed TCPP in abbreviation form, synthesis. In order to characterized this dye UV-Vis absorptive spectrum was derived and compared with other articles samples. This dye was used to build a dye sensitized solar cell(DSSC), and after characterization of this cell the function of it was measured. Porphyrin absorption spectra obtained in this study is consistent with similar in iranian and international samples that Confirm the accuracy of the porphyrin and a high absorbtion intensity is achieved. A DSSC based TCPP have a good performance that open circuit voltage 0.49 v and short circiut current density 3.6 mA/cm2 and efficiency 0.7% has achieved.