modern research physics

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This investigation was carried out to identify type and extent of mycorrhizal distribution in Tandooreh National Park and determine the effects of Ca and K concentration on mycorrhizal development in vitro on Zea maiz using natural soil as substrate. Soil and root samples were taken from top 30 cm soil using a 10cm diam. steel borer from 7 stations located at 11 50 to 2300m heights from sea level. At least 2 plots of 100m2 (10 ´10m) were sampled. Plant samples were also collected. Sections were prepared from root samples were longitudinally sectioned and stained with Lacto phenol cotton blue. Spores of mycorhizae were isolated usingcentrifugation60% in sucrose solution centrifugation at 9000 rpm for 2 min. Surface characteristics of spores were used in their identification. 53 species of plants were identified. Majority of plants (50] species had vesicular aruscular mycorrhizae (greater than 90%). Seven species of Glmous were present in the rhizosphrere of all stations. Seedlings of maiz were grown in the pots containing Tandooreh soil with or without addition of given amounts of Ca and K in a factorial statistical plan. After 8 weeks of cultivation in greenhouse conditions, the plants were removed and their roots were separated and stained using method of Hyman and Philips to detect type and extent of mycorrhization. Dry weight and nutritional elements were determined in roots and shoots. K and Ca added in certain concentrations to soil were effective on mycorrhizal development. Ca and K had synergistic ionic effects in lower concentrations and showed antagonistic ionic effects in high concentrations in mycorrhizal development. There was also a correlation between mycorrhizal development and absorbed amount of Ca and K in shoots.

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The puropose of this study is determination of optimize conditions in root culture of Carthamus tinctorius L. to obtain more amounts of roots that may have remarkable ability in production of important compounds with different uses. As Carthamus tinctorius L. is a plant with known benefits in industrial, edible and medicinal fields, optimization of their root culture condition is desired. In the present work, one of the condition that is considered for this purpose is light condition. Light condition included darkness and lighting. The next factor has been studied here was pH factor. In this method roots derived from young stems of the growth seeds in solid MS medium were transferred to liquid MS medium and after regeneration and more growth were exposed to mentioned treatments. After 21 days was measured fresh and dry weight, special pigment of Carthamus tinctorious L .(red pigment concentration at 517 nm and yellow pigment concentration at 403,321nm), photosynthetic pigments (Chla, Chlb, Total chlorophyll, Carotenoid) in samples. The most important achievement of researches obtain to remarkable amounts of special pigment of Carthamus tinctorious L. and photosynthetic pigments in root of plant that later reported in shoot parts and flowers. Addition observations and results indicate light condition has great impact on growth mean and produce compound rather than dark condition and in case of second treatment(pH factor) Carthamus tinctorious L. has been adopted with whole used pH range to increase growth and compounds production.

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Abstract
Introduction of plant groups of Yahya Abad region and their relationship with environmental factors
The region of Yahya Abad is located at Southern slops of Karkas mountains with about 6000 hectare area, at 35 kilometer-SW of Natanz in Isfahan, is one of arid mountain ecosystems in Iran. The aim of the study is grouping the plant species and their relationship with various environmental factors such as elevation and soil characteristics. sampling carried out in systematic-random method with 1.5×2m quadrates and percentage of plants cover estimated. In this research different methods of Cluster Analysis and Ordination were performed in order to study of plant groups and their relationship with environmental factors. Cluster Analysis demonstrated eight plant groups and Different methods of ordination indicated the altitude factor as the main factor in the separation of plant groups. Due to relatively uniform topography and livestock's grazing in this region there wasn’t clear relationship between altitude and diversity indeces.
Keywords: Vegetation, Environmental factors, Cluster Analysis, Ordination, Diversity indeces

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Methods of plants tissues and organs culture were used for micropagation, production of plants free from contamination especially viral contaminations preparation of plants for transforming, improvements and cloning. Culture of Canola has developed recently in Iran and is used for vegetable oil and protein. Our target in this study was micropropagation, induction of calli and plantlet regeneration by tissue culture. Explants of Pioneer cultivars from Canola were cultured in MS medium with different concentrations of PGRs (plant growth tegulators) such as IBA (Indol butyric acid), BA (benzyl adenin), 2,4-D (2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. Results of repeated experiments indicated that in MS medium with 2 mg/lit BA, and 1-2 mg/lit IBA plus 1 mg/lit BA induced white calli that become organogen when diameter reached to 5-6 mm. MS medium with 2 mg/lit BA and different concentrations of 2,4-D (2-10 mg/lit) induced yellow calli that were alike embryogen calli and either longitudinal or transversal sections proved embryogenic structures in primary steps in them. In MS medium with out of 2 mg/lit IBA induced brown calli that grew slow and died.