Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

Effect of aerobic and strength training on serum PTH, calcium, albumin and alkaline phosphatase in postmenopausal women

The purpose of this study was to consider the effect of eight weeks aerobic
and strength training on serum PTH, calcium, albumin and alkaline
phosphatase in postmenopausal women.35 post menopause women, (55-70
years), of Jahandidegan center of Tehran were selected and randomly divided
to three groups as aerobic (n=12), strength (n=13) and control (n=10) groups.
Aerobic training program include jogging and aerobic movements, with 60-
70% MHR intensity(8 weeks, 3 times per week, 40minute per session), And
Strength training program with emphasize on main muscle groups (8 weeks, 3
times per week, 1 hour per session),with30-40%1RM,8-10rep,1set to 60-
80%1RM,8-10rep,1set . One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to
compare differences between groups. The results showed that PTH and
alkaline phosphatase significantly increase after aerobic and strength training
in comparison with control group (P≤0.05). But the significant difference was
not observed between these two groups. No significant difference was
observed in serum calcium between two trained and control groups (p≥0.05).
However a significant decrease was observed in strength group (P≤0.05).
Furthermore, the significant change was not observed in albomin after training
program. Increase in PTH and alkaline phosphatase concentrations in normal
range seem to promote anabolism procedure of bone formation. The result of
this study shows that both two type of training have same effects on bone
markers and hormonal factors.

The effects of using bench press and leg curl resistance exercise during rest interval on rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate and quantity of leg extension performance in bodybuilders

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using upper (Bench press) and lower body (Leg curl) exercise during rest interval on rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate production and quantity of lower body performance (Leg extension) with 75% 1RM (repetition maximum). 15 resistance trained men (age 20.9±1.9 years, height 175.6 ±4.5 cm and weight 74.8±5.2 kg) took part in four testing sessions with 48 hours recovery between sessions voluntarily. subjects completed randomly exercises during per session one models of leg extension exercise with inactive rest (L1), leg extension exercise with bench press and inactive rest (L2), and leg extension movement with leg curl and inactive rest of 3 min (L3) up to voluntary exhaustion. RPE and Lactate were measured before and after different exercises. For statistical analysis of data, two-way repeated measures and LSD post hoc tests were used. The result showed that all of three exercise models reduced the repetitions in continuous sets specially L2 model, and there were significant differences between sets (P<0.05). Also, there was significant difference between sustainability of repetitions in L2, L3 and L1, L3 exercise models (P<0.05). Also, there was significant difference between lactate production in L2, L3 and L1, L3 and RPE in all exercise models specially L2 model as positive difference (P<0.05). Therefore, it seems that use of combined exercise models, specially combined lower and upper body exercise, not only reduced all times of workout, but also attenuates rating of perceived exertion and lactate production, and maintains quantity of repetitions.

The effect of progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation on muscle strength and surface electromyography parameters in volleyball players with Infraspinatus syndrome

Background: In sports such as handball, tennis and volleyball the player need to involve the great loads over his shoulders. In these sports, players are predisposed to overuse injuries. Infraspinatus syndrome’s meaning is the painless weakness and atrophy of this muscle that observe following Suprascapularis nerve neuropathy. In this investigation we want to survey the effects of a short term of progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation on strength and electromyography in infraspinatus muscle. Method: 12 volleyball players with Infraspinatus syndrome were randomly divided to two groups: progressive endurance-strengthening training (6 persons, age 24/8±3/8, height 189/3±2/6, weight 83/8±7/9, sport background 9/4±2/5 and national team’s background 3/24±1/7) and electrical stimulation (6 persons, age 24/2±4/5, height 192/5±1/5, weight 86/2±6/4, sport background 8/5±4 and national team’s background 4/3±2/8). 20 persons of healthy players were considered to be as a control group (age 25/1±4/2, height 187/7±3/9, weight 75/6±7/1, sport history 9±3/8 and national team history 3/9±2/3), too. Therapeutic interventions performed for 8 weeks. Surface electromyography of infraspinatus and tress minor muscles and maximal isometric strength of external rotator muscles were measured before and after interventions. Data analyzing performed by SPSS.12 and we used of Paired sample T test and one-way ANOVA. Confidence level considered to be 95% (P<0.05). Results: After eight weeks, maximal isometric strength of external rotators in both experimental groups was increased significantly, but there were observed no significant changes in IEMG and RMSEMG. Conclusion: Progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation can result in increase of maximal isometric strength of shoulder external rotator muscles. But both therapeutic methods have no effect onelectromyograghic parameters in infraspinatus and tress minor muscles. It seems that we can't use of surface electromyography for detecting the effect of these protocols on above muscles (P<0/05).

The effect of basketball specific and general training on physical and physiological fitness in male basketball players trained

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of basketball specific and general training on physical and physiological fitness in male basketball players trained. Methodology: The statistical population of this research was 18 basketball players trained invited to Asad Abad preparation camp. 12 players out of the total number participated in this study were ranked by fitness level and randomly assigned to a specific (N=6) and general training groups (N=6). Each player completed a special questionnaire to be healthy during the study period. The specific and general training groups have performed the trainings in interval model three sessions per week for 6 weeks; each session was 40 minutes. Results: Cohen’s effect coefficient percent and independent samples t-test were used to analyze the data collected in pre-test and post-test. Significant differences were shown in aerobic power, feet explosive power, fatigue index, fatigue percentage, maximum anaerobic power, mean anaerobic power, and running sprint (P≤0/05). There were no significant differences in maximum running sprint; total time repeated running sprint ability, minimum anaerobic power, agility, and distance running (P≤0/05). Conclusion: The results of this study have suggested that the basketball movement specific training circuit should be used to improve aerobic power, fatigue index, and fatigue percentage. Also, classical training has suggested in order improving feet explosive power, maximum anaerobic power, means anaerobic power, and running sprint.

Comparison of electromyographic activity of shoulder muscles during two different pull-up test methods

Pull-up and modified pull-up tests are frequently used for shoulder muscles
endurance evaluation by physical educators. Despite of using these tests, the
difference of muscle activation pattern in pull-up and modified pull-up tests has
not been documented clearly. However, the role of some important muscles
such as anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius and latissimus dorsi have
not yet examined during these tests. This study aimed to determine effects of
pull-up and modified pull-up tests on the EMGs recordings from selected
muscles including anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, biceps, triceps, pectoralis
major, trapezius and latissimus dorsi. Ten able-bodied males (age: 25.32 ±
3.95 yrs; weight: 72.31 ± 7.24 kg) who were able to do at least 5 pull-ups were
selected to participate in the study. Surface electromyographic data were
recorded from selected muscles using De Luca and Basmajian’s method.
ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for comparison of
electromyographic activity in the selected muscles during pull-up and modified
pull-up tests (p  0.05). The results revealed that in modified pull-up test
anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid and trapezius muscles activation were
significantly higher in comparison with pull-up test, while the EMG activity of
biceps, triceps and pectoralis major was significantly higher in pull-up test.

The effects of whole body vibration training (WBVT) on some factors of physical fitness, growth hormone and IGF-1 concentration in trained girls

Introduction: Whole Body Vibration (WBV) as a new method and supplement for neuromuscular training, cause mechanical stimulation in this system. Propose: The aim of present study was to determine the effect of Whole Body Vibration training (WBVT) on some factors of the physical fitness, growth hormone and IGF-1 concentration in trained girl students. Materials and methods: twenty female of physical education students with a mean and standard deviation of age (21.75 ± 2.2 Yr.), weight (54.25 ± 7.28 kg) and BMI (20.1± 2.44 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=10) and control (n=10). WBVT for 10 days with frequencies 30 Hz and amplitude of 10 mm in six different body positions were performed. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after WBVT. Data were analyzed by dependent t test and paired t test. Results: The statistical analysis showed, WBVT lead to significant increase of strength, speed, power, growth hormone and IGF-1 concentrations in experimental group (P<0.05), while agility in this group was not significantly changed (P>0.05). Conclusion: WBV training program can be used as modern training methods and supplements along with other training methods to improve the levels of anabolic hormones and physical fitness factors.

Relationship between sprint performance of front-crawl swimming and muscle fascicle length in young swimmers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sprint performance of front-crawl swimming and muscle fascicle length in 23 male young swimmers. The sample was divided into two groups by 25-m sprint front-crawl swimming performance: 14.6-15.7 s (S1, n=11) and 15.8-17 s (S2, n=12). Muscle thickness and pennation angle and fascicle length of the Biceps Brachii (only muscle thickness) and Triceps Brachii and Vastus Lateralis and Gastrocnemius Medialis and Lateralis muscles were measured by B-mode ultrasonography. S1 had a significantly greater Vastus Lateralis, Gastrocnemius Lateralis, and Triceps Brachii muscle thickness. Pennation angle only in Triceps Brachii was significantly smaller in S1. S1 in Vastus Lateralis, Gastrocnemius Lateralis, and Triceps Brachii muscles had significantly absolute longer fascicle length and in Vastus Lateralis and Triceps Brachii muscles, had relatively (relative to limb length) longer fascicle length. There was a significant relationship between sprint performance of front-crawl and absolute and relative fascicle length in Vastus Lateralis (absolute: r = -0.49, relative: r = -0.43) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (absolute: r = -0.47, relative: r = -0.42). It is concluded that muscle fascicle length is one of the effective factors on the sprint front-crawl swimming in young swimmers.

The effect of 6 weeks core stabilization training program on the dynamic balance of mentally retarded and health

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of core stability training on the balance of mentally retarded. Our subjects included 31 male mentally retarded students in two groups (control, 14 patients with a mean age of 11/07±3/02years, height 152±7/86cm) and (17experimental group with a mean age 11/23 ± 1/95years, height 147±7/07cm) and were A group of healthy students (15 subject with mean age 11/53±./516years,high 155± 4/77cm) of the random pare selected. The training program of experimental group that includes core stability exercises for 6 weeks, 3 times a week in the first two weeks experimental group performed exercise the 2 sets with 5 repetitions and two the second week of 2 sets with 10 repetitions and for evaluate used the dynamic balance Y test (r= 91%).From independent T-test was used to compare pre and post-test and one-way ANOVA test was used in order to compare inter-group differences.)p≤0.05(.Results showed that dynamic balance was significant in poster medial and on the whole, there was a significant difference between groups in posterior lateral and posterior medial directions. On base of the results of this research the core stability exercises can be performed for mental retarded and healthy people by coaches and teachers.