Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

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Performing a mental exertion during an exercise increase fatigue indices and the amount of fatigue seems to depend on the type of mental exertion. So, the purpose of the present study is comparing the effects of performing types of mental exertion during cycling exercise on fatigue indicators. Methods: 10 cyclist men with average peak power output 236 ± 36 W invited for 5 different sessions. In the first session, anthropometric characteristics and of cycling peak power output (PPO) have determined. In the next four sessions, cycling for 45-min at 65% PPO on the cycle ergometer with (Stroop, AX-CPT and PVT) or without mental exertion. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate were recorded while cycling every 10 min and cortisol concentration was measured before and 30 min after exercise finished. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to analyzing data. Results: Performing 45 minutes of Stroop mental exertion during cycling exercise increased RPE and cortisol concentration compared to cycling exercise alone (P˂0/05) but there is no differences between AX-CPT and PVT to cycling exercise alone. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that performing Stroop mental exertion during the cycling exercise than cycling exercise alone increase more the fatigue indices.

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Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brain of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into 3 groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and swimming training, but the amount of IL10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. However, the ratio of IL 10/IL 6 values between the swimming training group with EAE was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without change in the pro-inflammatory factor, along with driving towards anti-inflammatory factors, with an increase in IL10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue between the EAE group and swimming exercise.

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Purpose: Neuromuscular and biomechanical factors in ACL injuries are among modifiable risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feedback and feed forward neuromuscular training on balance and isometric strength in female basketball players with a high risk of injury in Kerman.
Method: The present research is semi-experimental, prospective study and the subjects selected objectively based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Twenty women basketball players of Kerman city purposely selected and who were randomly divided into two groups of feed forward (age=15.73 ±0.78, weigh =61.38±9.09, height = 164.40 ±6.68) and feedback (age=14.70±1.33, weigh =56.31±8.38, height = 161.66±6.02) The training program designed based on the previous studies and conducted during 8 weeks, three sessions per week (each session 15 to 20 minutes) under the supervision of the examiner. Dynamic balance and isometric knee strength was measured using Biodex system and MMT device. One way ANCOVA was used for data analyze.
Result: The results showed significant differences between pre-post test balance Overall Stability index, internal/external index and Anterior/Posterior index (P=0.001).Significant difference was observed in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring muscle between the two groups of feedback and feed forward exercises (P≥0.05). Also, the results of the paired sample t-test showed that Overall Stability in the feedback  and feedforward group (0.345% and 0.19%), Balance Anterior/Posterior in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.409% and 0.22%) and Balance Medial/Lateral in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.427% and 0.22%) has significantly improvement compared to the pre-test (p<0.002).Isometric Quadriceps strength in the post- test showed an significantly improvement of 2.16% in feedback group and 1.82% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001). Isometric hamstring strength in the post- test showed a significantly improvement of 2.07% in feedback group and 1.95% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that neuromuscular training can enhanced balance and isometric strength, of women and training with feedback has more important  than training with feedforward.
Keywords: neuromuscular exercises, Injury prevention, Anterior cruciate ligament, Feedback

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Backgrounds: In order to remain competitive, athletes and coaches are constantly looking for ways to enhance performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HIFT training and hypoxia mask on maximum oxygen consumption and respiratory efficiency of the players of Iran's men's national ice hockey team.
Method: In this semi-experimental study, 14 players of the Iranian national ice hockey team were divided into two HIFT and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask groups, then both HIFT groups and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask, performed HIFT training sessions with 30 seconds repetition and five sets for about an hour, three sessions a week for six weeks. Before and after the training session, anthropometry, body composition, maximum oxygen consumption (VO_2max) and respiratory efficiency (vE/VCO2) were measured using in-body device and gas analyzer. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that HIFT exercise and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask have an increasing effect on VO2max in elite ice hockey men, but there was no difference between the effect of HIFT exercise and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask on VO2max (P=0.390). After the training, vE/VCO2 decreased in both groups, but there was no difference between the effect of HIFT training and hypoxia mask on vE/VCO2 in elite ice hockey men (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that HIFT and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask may be able to help improve the performance of respiratory system in elite ice hockey men.
 

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Purpose: Today, many new exercises are offered to strengthen central stability muscles, and CX WORX exercises are one of the new and useful exercises in this field. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CXWORX exercises on postural and functional stability, proprioception, strength and specific skill in basketball players with trunk defects.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental and applied type of research. For this purpose, 30 female basketball players with trunk defects were selected by available sampling and randomly placed in two control and training groups. Trunk defects were evaluated through the vine jump test, lower limb stability through the Flamingo test, functional stability of the upper limb and dynamic balance through the Y test. CXWORX exercises were performed for six weeks by the training group. After the exercises, the post-test was performed. dependent t-tests and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the research showed that six weeks of CXWORX exercises have a significant effect on improving the stability of upper limb function (P<0.05) and dynamic and static balance (P<0.05), and specific skill (P<0.05) in basketball players with trunk defects.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it is suggested that the experts in the field of health and corrective movements use CX WORX exercises with the aim of increasing sports efficiency, increasing sports performance and specific skills of basketball players.

 

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Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods to weight loss, and improve cardiovascular factors such as blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of combining aerobic exercise (AE) and vegetarian diet (VD) on blood pressure and body weight in adults with overweight and obesity. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2023 for English articles, and 1065 articles were found. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity. Data analysis was performed using random effect model and weighted mean differences (WMD). Also, the confidence interval of 95% was considered. Also, the I² test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot and Egger tests at a significant level of 0.1 were used to determine publication bias. The results of meta-analysis of 25 studies with 10192 adults showed that combined aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.63, (CI: -5.7 to -3.56), p=0.001], systolic blood pressure [WMD=-6.94, (CI: -7.86 to -6.01), p=0.001], and diastolic blood pressure [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.04 to -3.96), p=0.001], in adults with overweight and obesity.  The findings of the present meta-analysis suggest aerobic training alongside vegetarian diet as a non-medication approach for weight loss and blood pressure control in adults with overweight and/or obesity. In addition, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet with both types of duration (less than 12 weeks and more than 12 weeks) cause a significant decrease in blood pressure in adults with obesity and overweight.
 

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Abstract

Introduction: Previous studies have shown promising results in improving pain, disability, and kinesiophobia in chronic low back pain patients through pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control exercises. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a combination of pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control exercises with targeted cognitive motor control exercises alone in patients with chronic low back pain.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-four chronic low back pain patients (the pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control exercises group, n=27 and the targeted cognitive motor control exercises only group, n=27) participated in this study. Pain (visual analogue scale), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), central sensitization inventory, and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale) were assessed at baseline and eight weeks after interventions. Repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed models with Bonferroni correction were used to examine between-group differences.
Results: A significant group × time interaction effect was found for pain (p=0.008), central sensitization inventory (p=0.002) and kinesiophobia (p<0.001) in the pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control exercises group compared to the targeted cognitive motor control exercises only group after eight weeks. Main effects of time were observed for pain, disability, and fear of movement after interventions (p<0.001). No significant group × time interaction effects was found for disability (p=0.50).
Conclusions: This study’s findings support the provision of pain neuroscience education as a clinically effective addition to targeted cognitive motor control exercises in chronic low back pain patients.
 

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Training exercises are known to affect depressed girls condition, but the effect of regular exercise in exhilarating environments, in particularly on markers related to epinephrine metabolism in depressed girls are not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine effect of the 6 weeks of intermittent walking in water on urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in the depressed girls. Twenty-four of girls' students, who suffering from moderate depression, randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The subjects in the training group performed the progressive walking exercise of 60-70% of maximal heart rate, 3 times a week and for 6 weeks. The Hamilton scale and urine samples were measured in before and after the mentioned exercise protocol. The urine MHPG sulphate was measured by HPLC-flurometric detection method. The data were analyzed by t- student and the Pearson correlation coefficient tests at p≤0/05 levels. The results showed the 6 weeks of exercise resulted in significant increase in the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max and significant decrease in Hamilton scale compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation between the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max (r= 0/65). However, there was a significant reversely correlation (r= - 0/52) between the urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in prediction of depression. These results emphasize the role of regular physical exercise, particularly in exhilarating environments in the promotion of depression state. Also, in some conditions can be used Hamilton scale instead of the urine MHPG sulphate detects.

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Background: In sports such as handball, tennis and volleyball the player need to involve the great loads over his shoulders. In these sports, players are predisposed to overuse injuries. Infraspinatus syndrome’s meaning is the painless weakness and atrophy of this muscle that observe following Suprascapularis nerve neuropathy. In this investigation we want to survey the effects of a short term of progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation on strength and electromyography in infraspinatus muscle. Method: 12 volleyball players with Infraspinatus syndrome were randomly divided to two groups: progressive endurance-strengthening training (6 persons, age 24/8±3/8, height 189/3±2/6, weight 83/8±7/9, sport background 9/4±2/5 and national team’s background 3/24±1/7) and electrical stimulation (6 persons, age 24/2±4/5, height 192/5±1/5, weight 86/2±6/4, sport background 8/5±4 and national team’s background 4/3±2/8). 20 persons of healthy players were considered to be as a control group (age 25/1±4/2, height 187/7±3/9, weight 75/6±7/1, sport history 9±3/8 and national team history 3/9±2/3), too. Therapeutic interventions performed for 8 weeks. Surface electromyography of infraspinatus and tress minor muscles and maximal isometric strength of external rotator muscles were measured before and after interventions. Data analyzing performed by SPSS.12 and we used of Paired sample T test and one-way ANOVA. Confidence level considered to be 95% (P<0.05). Results: After eight weeks, maximal isometric strength of external rotators in both experimental groups was increased significantly, but there were observed no significant changes in IEMG and RMSEMG. Conclusion: Progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation can result in increase of maximal isometric strength of shoulder external rotator muscles. But both therapeutic methods have no effect onelectromyograghic parameters in infraspinatus and tress minor muscles. It seems that we can't use of surface electromyography for detecting the effect of these protocols on above muscles (P<0/05).

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of "Tai Chi"
exercise on some of physiological and psychological factors in elderly living in
Nursing Home. In this experimental study, 58 elderly male and female age
69.15±5.3 yr, height 154 ± 0.1 cm and weight 58.13 ±4.4 kg, lived in Sadeghie
Nursing Home were selected and objectively divided in experimental (n=27) and
control groups (n=30). The experimental group trained for 3 month, three
session per/week, and 30 minute in each session. Heart rate, blood pressure,
hands grip strength, flexibility, Berg balance scale, depression and quality of
sleep were measured before and after the exercise program. Data were
analyzed for group differences using covariance test. There was no significant
group difference in heart rate, blood pressure and flexibility. Hands grip
strength, quality of sleep and balance scales were significantly improved and
depression significantly decreased in experimental compared with control
group. So, it seems that using Tai Chi exercise can improve some of
physiological factors, depression and quality of sleep in elderly

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Background and aims:
In many communities, the sport as a method of therapy is used to improve the
disabled and veterans' health which has been a useful and effective. The aim of
this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on general health and
serotonin levels in inactive veterans. Material and method: Based on semi
experimental design 40 veterans, 25 percent impaired and with age average
40/3±1/4, were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control
groups. Subjects in the experimental group participated in a period of 12 week’s
aerobic exercise training program, which done 3 times a week at 50-65 percent
of Vo2max. Control group did not participate in any exercise program during
study period. General health of the subjects and its subscales was measured by
the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Serotonin levels, VO2max, percent
body fat and BMI before and after training for both groups were measured
respectively. Data were analyzed using t-tests at 5% alpha error level was
performed using SPSS version 16. Results: Data analysis showed significant
difference between the two groups in general health. The difference in
psychosomatic subscales, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and
depression were observed between two groups. Also, the results of this study
showed that after 12 weeks aerobic exercise, percent body fat, BMI and lipid
profile decreased significantly in training group. VO2max and serotonin also
increased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion:
Aerobic exercise for inactive veterans maybe effective in reducing serotonin
levels and increasing general health and placed in line health promotion
programs.

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improves insulin resistance. However, the effect of training sessions a day is not
clear in this regard. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one or
two sessions a day of exercise training, with equal intensity and duration, on
insulin resistance in sedentary middle-aged men. Materials & Methods: 30
sedentary middle-aged male volunteers (age=43.6±6.5 yr, weight=80.4±13.6kg,
height=174.1±5.5cm,BMI=26.5±3.6kg/m2،VO2max=35.46±6ml/kg) randomized to
the control (n=10), one session a day (n=10)and two sessions a day training
group( n=10). Exercise program consisted of 16 weeks, five days a week, tread
mill running which was implemented as one (30 minutes) or two sessions (2×15
minutes) a day. Training intensity was 40-50% of HRmax at first week and
reached to 70-80% at 16th week of the training. Measurements of fasting blood
samples (insulin, glucose and adiponectin), insulin resistance, cardiorespiratory
fitness, abdominal obesity and BMI were obtained at baseline and post
exercise. Paired t test and analysis of Variance were used to analyze the data.
Results: After 16 weeks of training, compared with the control group, a
significant reduction in blood glucose, abdominal obesity and BMI, and a
significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness were observed in the both
experimental groups; whereas insulin resistance remained unchanged, and
adiponectin was significantly increased only in the one session a day training
group. Conclusion: based on the findings it seems that, dividing the physical
activity session in two shorter parts can improve glucose profile, cardiorespiratory
fitness and obesity indicators the same as a continuous exercise session. But in
terms of increased adiponectin and decreased abdominal obesity, continuous
exercise session is more effective.

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Introduction: This research aimed to analyze the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise training on some
characteristics of immune system and general health of women with breast cancer. Methods: 40 female
with breast cancer, undertaking chemotherapy, were classified in exercise group with mean age of 36/9±13/2
years, weight of 67/2±9/95 kilograms and body mass index of 21/9±2/9 kg/m2 and control group with mean
age of 38/6±10/1 years, weight of 65/1±8/28 kilograms and body mass index of 21/4±2/1kg/m2. Exercise
group Perfored in 12 contionous weeks walking with moderate intensity (based on Modified-Borg scale and
40-60% Maximum Heart rate)/3 times a week/30-45 minutes in each session. General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ) was used for evaluating general health level. Before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks CBC DIFF test was
conducted for aim of assessing some characteristics of immune system. CANCOVA was used to determine
the pure effect of exercise intervention. The data were analyzed with significant level of p≤0/05 and by SPSS
16. Results: General health and hope of life was decreased significantly after intervention in control group
(p≤0.05). Number of leukocytes of exercise group was higher after the exercise intervention, but this
difference was not significant, but number of leukocytes of control group was decreased significantly
(p≥0.05). Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intensity is an effective way in maintenance
the number of leukocytes, improving immune system and enhancing levels of general health.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks comprehensive corrective exercises
on upper Crossed syndrome. 40 female college students with forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis
voluntarily participated in this study and randomly divided to two experimental group (with mean age
21.60±1.70 years, height 159.78±5.11 cm, and weight 59.04±4.6 kg) and control group (with mean age
21.85±1.87 years, height 160.15±4.32 cm, and weight 58.42±5.76 kg). The experimental groups performed
comprehensive corrective exercises included eight weeks and three times per week. The angles of forward
head and forward shoulder were assessed using photographic taken from lateral view and Kyphosis angle
was assessed using flexible ruler (r=0.93) before and after eight weeks corrective exercises program. The
data was analyzed by SPSS (p≤0.05). On the base of findings, we suggest that experts in order to obtain
better results in their training programs, pay attention to correct abnormalities simultaneously, as a new
approach.

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Back ground: component of time on effectiveness and maintenance of corrective exercise has been always in the center of researchers’ attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks corrective exercise on lumbar lordosis angle and the changes of the lumbar lordosis angle after a 4 months period in the hyper-lordotic pre pubertal and pubertal school girls .
Methods: The 64 lumbar lordotic schoolgirl (10 and 17 years old)were included that randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=32) and control (n=32) The experimental groups performed corrective exercise for 8 weeks,3 session a week whereas control groups continued their usual physical and dietary activities. Lumbar lordosis angle values were measured before, after and then 4 months post training period by flexible ruler. Data were analyzed by using the variance analysis with repeated measure and α was 0.05.
Result: The result showed lumbar lordosis decreased in pre pubertal and pubertal girls (p>0.05). The means of lumbar lordosis increased in 2th post test(p>0.05) in experimental groups wheares There were no significant differences between means of lumbar lordosis in these time points in control group (P>0.05(
Conclusion: the result showed corrective exercise effect on lumbar lordosis angle in pre pubertal and pubertal students However, the effectiveness of training in pubertal has been much more effective than pre puberty .Also follow up findings showed the subject are required to participate in continual corrective exercise program and should not abandon training programe with desired result.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an eight- week aerobic exercise on some immune system factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty – three women (age: 51.96 ± 7.73, weight: 72.37 ± 10 kg) were enrolled in the study voluntarily Methods: In this quasi – experimental random study, subjects were assigned to training and control group. The training group ( n=12)participated in aerobic exercises with the intensity of 65% reserve heart rate on stationary cycle ergometer three days a week. Both groups received the same medication during the study. Differences between groups were analyzed by independent t – test and differences inside groups were analyzed by dependent t-test. Patients' blood samples were taken before and after training period and the frequency of White blood cells, A
immunoglobulin and lymphocyte were also taken by standard methods. Results: After 8 weeks aerobic exercise, there was a significant decrease in white blood cells, BMI and also a significant increase (P<0/05).in A immunoglobulin and lymphocyte in training group. No significant differences were seen in variables between groups )P>0/05).Conclusion: It seems submaximal aerobic exercise can activate some immune system neutralization processes against damage and phagocyte factors.

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One of the most important success factors in most athletic competitions, receiving aerobic power (speed,
agility and jumping) high. Basketball is a great combination of short and long term activities that depend on
aerobic fitness. Anaerobic fitness of many players during the match determines tactical the performance.
The purpose of the present study to investigate the effects of strength exercises on anaerobic power and
some the variables related Traband it. The subjects consisted of 30 basketball players Young, randomly into
two equal groups of 15 subjects (experimental and control) were randomly assigned to 6 weeks and 3
sessions the Exercises were done in a week. To analyze the data, independent samples T-test and paired
sample T-test used at a significance level p ≤ 0/05. Later for six weeks of exercises, significant differences
between the records obtained from the anaerobic power the variables (speed, agility, vertical jump) were
observed between the two groups. The present study showed that the strength exercises with the variables
Traband improve anaerobic power in young basketball players and And according to the results of seem to
exercises Traband useful method for improving performance of the anaerobic the athletes.

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Introduction: The decorin is a myokine that modulates the growth and the development of the cancer cells through the interaction with TGF-β. The present study is aimed to evaluate the protective effects of 8 weeks interval aerobic exercise on the expression of decorin and TGF-β, and tumor volume in a typical animal of breast tumor. Materials and Methods: In a exprimental research, forty adult female Balb/c mices were randomly divided into four groups: control, tumor, exercise, and exercise with the tumor. The main exercise was performed four weeks before and after tumor with 50-70 percent of the maximum power of mices. The mices were cancerous by subcutaneous surgery with tumor of adenocarcinoma of mice breast in the tumor group and the exercise group with the tumor. Tumor growth was measured weekly. At the end of the study, tumor and soleus muscle were extracted by surgery. Real-Time PCR method was used to evaluate the expression of decorin and TGF-β and data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc methods with considering the significant level of p<0.05. Results: The tumor growth rate in tumor group was significantly higher than the exercise group with the tumor. A significant difference confirmed between four groups In the level of decorin expression in soleus muscle (F=12.30 , P=0.0023). The Post hoc test showed that 8 weeks of interval aerobic training significantly increased the expression of decorum gene in soleus muscle in two pairs of exercise group compared with control group and exercise group with tumor compared to tumor group (P=0.02). The expression of TGF-β in tumor tissue showed a significant reduction in exercise group with tumor compared with tumor group. Conclusion: Our results showed that interval aerobic training probably contributes to decreasing the growth of breast cancer cells by increasing the expression of decorin and decreasing the expression of TGF-β.

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