Journal of

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This study was an attempt to investigate the theoretical bases of the one of the important theories in the domain of positive psychology that is, flow experience, and it also investigated the factor structure of flow state scale in physical education students of Tehran universities. This scale contained 9 factors, and 4 questions were considered for each factor. 198 physical education students were selected out of 6 universities located in Tehran as the samples of the study. Construct validity and reliability of the flow state scale were tested through factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha Congruent validity of the flow state scale was tested through correlation coefficient with the  peak-experience questionnaire(10 items).The results indicated that 9 factor model confirmed the flow state. Finally, it should be recommended that for the subsequent research some problematic questions, research method and the samples should be reviewed

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of stress on visual selective (focused) attention according to openness to experience. Sixty 21-36 year-old male students (M= 26.7) were selected and placed in 3 groups (Original, O & Control) using random multi-stage sampling. The Original and O groups’ subjects administered the cognitive stressor tasks and then their selective (focused) visual attention was measured in term of errors in counting and errors in classification. In control group only selective (focused) visual attention was assessed. Neuropsychological variables were also assessed as control variables. The Original group subjects showed significantly more scores in both counting and classification errors (p<0.0001) and O group showed significantly more scores in both errors than the Original (p<0.01). The results reveal that stress has negative effects on selective (focused) visual attention. These findings are not consistent with other related research that is discussed regarding to considerations of openness to experience and neuropsychological control variables.

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The aim of the present study was to test the convergence hypothesis with the emotions, the role of positive and the negative emotional experiences in moral judgment based on the moderating role of Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). First, 600 persons from Kharazmi University were tested using the Carver and White personality questionnaire and after analyzing the data, 60 of them were classified into four groups based on  the final scores of the distribution.  Then, each personality group (individually) was induced by the positive and negative emotional experiences. After the emotion induction step, they were presented with two personal and impersonal moral stories to respond. The gathered data were analyzed using the mixed variance analysis. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the four groups of subjects based on the emotional aspects in personal and impersonal moral judgment. Furthermore, emotion induction could  influence the people’s function  in personal and impersonal moral judgment based on the personality dimensions, and positive and negative emotional stimuli could lead to the non- utilitarianism judgment in personal moral stories.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of five factors personality in regulating of relationship between perceived and objective stress and anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms . 390 bank managers responded five factors personality ( NEO ) , perceived stress , objective stress , anxiety and depression scals and symptoms check list . The results showed the interaction between Neurotism , Extraversion , conscientiousness mediated the relationship of perceived stress with anxiety, depression and physical symptoms . Objective stress influenced by perceived stress that emphasized on importance of subjectivity of stress. Findings showed simultaneous interaction these factors (low Neurotism , high Extraversion , high conscientiousness ) leads to a reduction in the effects of stress .

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Divorce is a reality in the lives of many people around the world. This phenomenon is affecting people's lives in many ways and is the origin of complex emotional, cognitive and physical changes in the family, especially children. In this regard, this study was conducted to explore the lived experience of children of divorce about their emotional experiences. In this qualitative study, a phenomenological framework was adopted. The population under study was 17 adolescents aged 12-18 years old; who had experienced the separation of their parents. The participants were selected purposively, and selection continued until data saturation. Data collected by semi-structured and face-to-face individual interviews. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi`s proposed stages. The thematic analysis resulted in three sub-themes for emotional experiences including anger and hate, fear and feeling of defenseless. According to findings, the adolescents participating in the study faced with a variety of emotions and experiences during the divorce and thereafter. Based on the results, children of divorce have numerous mental and environmental perceptions and experiences which in some cases can affect their well-being and mental health. The results emphasize the need for a deeper explanation of the lived experience of these people by psychologists and social workers and implementing therapeutic interventions based on the content derived from the present study, focusing on improving their emotional states.

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The loss reaction includes variety of the responses such as the bodily, emotional, existential and cognitive reactions. The strength of these responses can vary from the weak transitory emotional reactions to the lifelong strong ones, which can change the life story of the individuals. In this study, the qualitative data gathering on focus groups, the semi-structured interview about the loss experiences, and the life story interview by Mc Adams approach were applied on 21 participants. The phenomenological analysis of the manuscripts of the interviews used to investigate individual’s responses to the loss. Results showed three major clusters that include context of the loss, nature of the loss and the experimenter’s characteristics. In context of the loss, time and the sociocultural background of the loss experience is major themes. Another kinds of thems consisted of nature of the loss cluster includes its type, the obligatory versus the optional loss, and the predictable versus unpredictable loss. Finally, the participant’s characteristics included the life experiences, personality, and knowledge level of participants. Results shows the interactive effect of objective living world which the loss happens as an incident in it and the sobjective living world of the individual who experiences the loss.

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Getting a new disease and unknown Covid 19 In addition to the risks to physical health leads to difficult and different psychological experiences due to the specific nature and characteristics of the disease. In addition to physical symptoms patients have a variety of psychological reactions that can act as a barrier to the healing process and increase their suffering during illness. Therefore the present study aims to discover the lived experience of these people to help reduce the suffering of these patients. The study method was qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The number of participants was 15 and they were selected by purposeful sampling method. A semi-structured interview was used to gather information. Data analysis was also performed by Colaizzi method. To Trustworthiness and validate the findings were used participants' review and monitoring methods, the researcher's self-observation in the data collection and analysis process and the recording of all their mental presuppositions in advance and their non-consideration in the analysis and review process and recoding of interviews by two other researchers. The research findings included 278 initial codes, which were extracted 6 main themes and 24 sub-themes according to the purpose and question of the research. Death anxiety, the experience of stigma, the experience of ambiguity, the positive emotional experiences, the emotions experienced in relation to family members and the emotions caused by quarantine were the main themes. Painful emotional experiences in these patients can lead to delays and difficulties in the recovery process of these people and in addition to the pain of the disease, it can also impose psychological suffering. Awareness of the disease to reduce the experience of ambiguity, psychological strategies to control death anxiety and social stigma, and strategies to manage the behavior and excitement of family members can be considered in the specific psychological interventions of these patients and reduce negative emotions and possibility better deal with the disease and psychological suffering caused by it.

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Covid-19 has had a significant impact on spouses' relationships. The high mortality rate from this disease is also a serious challenge. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate the differences between the life experiences of healthy spouses and mourning spouses during the corona virus epidemic. The research method was qualitative interpretive phenomenology. The statistical population was all healthy spouses of Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces, who have not been infected with the disease since the beginning of the outbreak and all spouses of these two provinces who lost their spouses due to corona virus. The sample included 9 healthy and 8 mourning spouses. The available sampling method was used for healthy spouses and targeted and snowball methods were used for mourning spouses. Interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner, then implemented verbatim and analyzed by Colaizzi method. 4 main themes were identified in the experiences of both groups: worries, personal reactions, changes in social relationships and changes in attitudes. The main differences were in the sub-themes (e.g., illness concerns for healthy spouses and worries about survival for mourning spouses) and in main themes, they were similar due to the commonality of the questions. The results, by identifying the experiences of these two groups of spouses, showed that caring for self and for family against corona virus or death due to it, can cause significant problems and it is necessary to provide support systems for families according to their circumstances.

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Objective: The life situation of women with disabilities is complex and full of attitudinal, social and economic barriers to their socio-psychological well-being. Now, if these women are also mothers, there will certainly be consequences for the children of such mothers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of girls who had a mother with a physical and mental disability. Method: The method of the present study was qualitatively phenomenological. The study sample consisted of 11 girls with a mean age of 20.5 years who had a mother with physical and mental disabilities and were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, then implemented verbatim and analyzed by Smith and Osborne interpretive phenomenology. Results: In this study, 4 main themes were identified: coping with maternal disability, feeling of maternal emptiness, perceiving differences in family structure and personal challenges created for the child. Some of the main themes included subsets. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be said that the lives of girls have been affected by the mother's disability and it is necessary to provide a support system for families who face such problems.