SPACE ECONOMY & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Editorial

Analysis of barriers to entrepreneurial development in rural areas: Bigelow Ghani district, city of Zanjan

Mojtaba Ghadirimasoum

Entrepreneurial activities in rural areas in spite of existence of appropriate and varied situation have not been institutionalized yet. It is argued that varied restrictions and barriers forced entrepreneurs to leave the rural areas. This paper aims to investigate the most important barriers regarding entrepreneurial activities in rural areas of Zanjan. From purpose stand point the research method has applied nature. It is followed by field work as well as descriptive-analytical method. The statistical society composed of rural households of Ghani Baglo district. According to ١٣٩٠ census it is associated with ٣٣ villages, ٢٣٣٠ households and population of ٩٨٤٣. ١٩٥ households out of ١٢ villages were drawn. Data gathering technique is based on documentary as well as questionnaire. Data analysis is supported by principle component analysis. This study suggests that economic, individual, structural factors are capable of explaining ١٣.٦٤ % of the variations and are considered as the most prominent barriers regarding rural entrepreneurial activities. However, low place adherence, lack of job opportunities, insufficient capital, low job risk and change in jobs are among other rural entrepreneurial restrictions.

Analysis of factors affecting the increase in income and employment for villagers in the Gilan province

Seyyad Ali Hosyni

The major objective of this paper is to identify and determine the factors responsible for increase in rural incomes and job offers in Gilan province. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical as well as applied approach. Statistical society composed of rural settlers in Gilan. At the beginning of process ٤٥ villages were extracted using stratified sampling technique for extracting ٣٨٠ farmers. ٧٤ variables were used as main factors responsible for farmer’s income and jobs. This demands application of linear regression model. Principle component analysis led to identification of five factors including economic, social, managerial physical and geographical ones. These were capable of explaining ٦١.٠٨ % of the variation. According to linear regression analysis out of ٧٤ dependent variables, ١٣ have high correlation. It is argued that fix price crop policy, the provision of technical improvement, government employment initiatives variables with regression coefficient of ٠.٣٩٤, ٠.٢٧٢ and ٠.٢٣٩ respectively are the most important variables in this regard. It further suggests that a managerial factor is the most influential ones regarding increase in income and employment.

Factors influencing the location of landuses in the Rural Projects

Aliakbar Anbestani

Locational analysis of landuse is being considered as relatively final step regarding landuse Planning. It is being argued that the locational analysis is being influenced by many varied factors. However, optimum location is associated with great accessibility. This study tries to identify major factors responsible for proposed rural settlements guiding plan in Iran. Different involved criteria and measures with regard to optimum locational analysis of rural landuses demand application of multi decision making approach. This study applied AHP. As such, different indices regarding the optimum location of rural landuses proposed by rural guiding plan were identified. This is followed by construction of comparative binomial matrix in order to weigh these variables. These in turn were distributed among ٣٠ experts extracted from university faculty members, high specialized official Islamic housing institution, and consulting engineers involved in preparation of guiding rural plan. Relationship between objectives, criteria, sub-criteria and indicators led to formation of hierarchical structure. It is followed by determination of magnitude, weight and scoring of criteria, sub-criteria and indicators which were done through expert choice. This study suggests that out of three important factors that are quantitative, qualitative and society’s needs, proposed by rural guiding plan, rural community’s need with weighing score of ٠.٤١٣ is the most influential one. This criterion in turn possesses couple sub-criteria. This study suggests that comfort and justice with weighing score of ٠.١٦٦ and ٠.١٢٢ respectively represent the most prominent ones in this regard.

Point of view of the agricultural information system towards organic products: the central district county of BoyerAhmad

Mehdi Noripour

Different approaches with regard to environmental protection and mitigation of negative impacts of development plans have been proposed during past decades. Organic agriculture as a production system is one of these. It applies minimum amount of artificial fertilizer, pesticides and additive hormones input. Taking into consideration Iran’s specific geographic, economic and social conditions, this option might be an appropriate one. This study aims to evaluate the attitude of agricultural information system toward practice of organic agriculture in center part of Boyer Ahmad County. Statistical society is composed of the researchers, agricultural extension agents and farmers out of which ٧٧, ٦٨ and ٧٢ were selected respectively. Referring to Krjisy and Morgan sampling tables and random stratified sampling technique, the size of sample happened to be ٦٤, ٥٥ and ٦٠. Data gathering is predominately based on questionnaire in which its credibility was confirmed by rural developer experts. Its viability using Cronbach were determined to be ٠.٩٤ – ٠.٧٦. This study suggests that researchers and agricultural extension agents possess moderate – positive attitude toward organic agriculture. However, farmers’ attitudes tend to be relatively poor. This could be explained by this fact that researchers and extension agents familiarity with respect to organic agriculture is higher comparing with farmers’ familiarity.

The role of financial investment in rural development, with an emphasis on tourism and second homes: County BuinZahra

Jamshid Eynali

Urban-rural linkages play a prominent role with regard to rural development. It is being argued that city considers as an engine of rural development thus urban-rural linkages and their nature and intensity demand thorough and comprehensive investigation. Provision of monetary and financial transaction the flow of capital including governmental construction budgets’, commodity transfers and individual as well as households based investments are the most valuable outcomes of urban-rural linkages. This study aims to investigate urban-rural linkages with particular emphasis upon individual investment with regard to tourism in the area. The nature of study is based on descriptive-analytical approach. Data were gathered via questionnaire and interviews. Statistical society is composed of all of the permanent rural residents. Data analysis requires application of Wilcoxon statistic as well as multi-variable regression. This study suggests that there exists significant difference regarding all of the variables prior and after of tourism development in the study area. Most of the variation is being explained by physical quality of rural dwellings as opposed to rural settler’s participation in general rural development especially regarding tourism activity. It further suggests that according to regression analysis, people satisfaction with respect of individual investment in rural development with regression coefficient of ٠.٦٨ has the greatest positive impacts.

Emigration Consequences of rural employment in the Arabic countries: the central County ofLarestan

Alireza Bostani

Rural migration is being considered as an important phenomenon as far as the economic planners in developing counties are concerned. One type of this migration heading toward Arab neighboring countries located in Persian Golf Basin. The major objective of this study is to compare income level and standard of living of the rural migrants as opposed to non-migrant ones in Larestan County. Data were obtained via documentary as well as questionnaire. The study area is composed of ١٨ villages and ٤٠٠ rural households with both migrants and non-migrants members. Data analysis demands application of excel and SPSS as well as frequency table and chi square for confirming or rejecting the hypothesis. This study suggests remittance generated in Arab countries will lead to higher income as well as welfare for rural settlers. However, this study argues that this type of migration even though is associated with positive economic outcomes but at the same time to some extent possess some negative social impacts regarding rural settlers. This needs to be considered in the study of rural migration process.

Spatial analysis of quality of life in rural settlements: Ghorogh district of Gorgan County

Farhad Azizpuor

Quality of life is multifaceted and relative concept. It is being affected by spatial and temporal variation as well as social – individual values. This bears different meaning for different groups. This study tries to measure quality of life based on subjective indices. It further identifies and analyses the major spatial factors responsible for life quality of the rural people. This study is based on descriptive-analytical approach. The study area is Ghorogh district located in Gorgan Province. The statistical societies are corresponding to rural settlers of ٥ villages. Sample size based on Cochran formula turned out to be ٣٤٠ rural households using stratified sampling technique. Data gathering demand application of documentary and more specifically questionnaire. Analysis of data requires ANOVA technique. This study suggests that the rural quality of life with regard environmental and physical aspect from rural settlers’ standpoint is suitable. The quality of life is well associated with distance from major roads, distance from Gorgan as well as ethnic diversity.

Assess the compatibility of family farmers in times of drought: Drudframan district in the County of Kermanshah

Tahereh Malaki

Different countries have been affected harmfully by drought as a natural hazard affected by harmfully. Iran has been subjected by consequences of harmful drought consequences. It is argued that rural households due to their high level of dependency on agricultural economy are not well equipped to deal with this multi-dementia phenomenon. This study aims to evaluate the degree of the rural household’s potential regarding adopting drought. Statistical society composed of ٣٣٢٩ farmer households resided in Drudframan in Kermanshah County out of which ١٧٢ assigned as our sample. This study suggests that households are classified into low-median and high regarding their level of adoption to drought. It further suggests that out of ١٤ studied villages, the residents of Moradabad, Bozorgdar sofla, possess the highest level of adoption with respect to drought. This in turn demands the involvement of drought planners of the province in mitigation plans of the phenomena taking into consideration its causes and consequences, farmers and their vulnerability potential regarding adoption to droughtlevel.