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Ahmad Farahani, Falsoliman Mahmod, Mohamad Hajipour, Nahid Haghdost, Morteza Felezi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Abstract
Nowadays information technology indices are being concerned as measures of development. This in turn will lead to many advantages’ in different areas
for the evolved party. However, rural development is responsible for social and cultural changes. These could be exemplified itself in increase in job opportunities and rural income, improvement in nutrition’s standards as well as educational and sanitation-medical status. The provision of these them could prevent irrational rural urban migration. The major objective of this study is to investigate the impact of information technology on job opportunities, self employed phenomena, job skill, relevant general knowledge’s, specialized knowledge’s, and last but not least rural urban migration. This study is composed of all rural settlers between 15-30 age brackets living in southern Khorasan villages which are exposed with ICT services the sampling technique was based on regular clustering. As such 386 were selected. The research method is composed of descriptive and in feral statistics. It is further supported by filling questionnaire. This study suggests that the targets of information technology are predominately young. In addition, there exists significant variation and differences between the level of information technologies acceptance and improvement in general and specialized rural knowledge’s as well as self employed and increase in job skills.
Amir-Hossein Ali-Baygi, Rezvan Ghanbar-Ali,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract
Learning, development of technology and adoption of new agricultural methods would have great impact upon peasant productivity more specifically upon subsistent farmer’s status. This study aims to investigate the impact of agricultural extension program upon the performance of wheat producers in Kermanshah. Research statistical society includes 186 of wheat farmers who participated in the schoolfarm program as well as 3897 who did not take Part in the program.Random samplingtechniques were applied.Viability and creditability of the research tools were determined via faculty members of Razi’s agriculture training extension centers as well as Kermanshah provinces agriculture and Jehad organization. Preliminary test and credibilityof questionnaire were done via Kronbakh85%. This study suggests that implementation of farm schooling in the study area had prominent impact upon knowledge level and income of the farmers.According to T testresults, there exists a significant differences between participant and non-participants farmers as far as the level of education and irrigated lands is concerned. Taking into account their communicative characteristics of wheat growers that is the contact of farmer with extension agent,participation in school program,neighboring farmers as well as local key figures recommendations were very influential factors. Correlation regression analysis results indicate that biological knowledge based variables ,level of education,contact with extension agent, the usageof mass media,and finally the amount of irrigated lands all could explained 73.4 percent of the variations
Adel Sulaimany, Mohammad Reza Rezvani,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 39 (5-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Resilience is the ability of a system to maintain its structures and functions in the event of environmental hazards and sustainably conserve the ecosystem resources and services that are essential to human livelihood. This definition of resilience implies that the system is relatively capable of learning and adapting. A system such as a social system, ecosystem, or complex human-environmental system can provide sufficient self-organization to maintain structures and processes within a coping process or adaptability. A review of structuralist and economic views in consistence with the rural geographical perspective as a major field of researching on natural hazards on reveal that vulnerability to climate change and economic inequality are positively correlated. In this context, frequent occurrence of environmental hazards in rural geographical spaces, has required special attention to the research, lessons learned and lived experiences about resilience to reduce and moderate economic and livelihood vulnerability in rural settlements. In this regard, investigation and analysis of global studies in the field of rural economy resilience are necessary, due to the large number and dispersion of the country's villages, the vulnerability of rural settlements in the face of various risks and hazards and the consequences. Therefore, the extensive analysis of valid scientific documents and a lot of world-produced knowledge in this field can help most of the studies and economic empowerment programs of local communities in Iran.
Methodology
This research is applied study that has used scientometric approach to review scientific documents. The present study is a type of scientometrics. In this research, the method of social network analysis with an exploratory approach has been used to explain and analyze the co-authorship and co-authorship of related researches in the whole network. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to systematic analysis of knowledge network and mapping the rural economy resilience by examining the network of both co-authorship and co- occurrence in this field to determine the sources and trends of knowledge and its shortcomings. The data were collected from the Scopus information database and was analyzed with algorithms based on social network analysis in VOSviewer software. To this end, we used census method, collected all scientific documents (including articles and books) related to the field of "rural economy resilience" in English inserted in the title, abstract and keywords from Scopus database in several stages from 1980 to the end of March 2022.
VOSviewer software is a network analysis-based application that can be used to draw scientific networks and scientometric-based studies. The software has many applications in research based on research literature and research background
Discussion and conclusion
The findings showed that among more than 1105 scientific documents and 3493 authors, the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, China and Italy had the most publications and authors such as Salvia, Quaranta, Shaw and Castillo had the highest citations. Li Jing's cluster of ideas from China had the highest network density. Co-occurrence of words analysis revealed four research clusters in rural economy resilience studies are: governance, climate change, sustainable development, and poverty. The results showed that the discourse of rural resilience is in line with the global discourse of resilience, so any plan to promote the resilience of the rural economy must be coherent and comprehensive and take into account all studies, authors and leading research. The findings of this study can have valuable guidance for rural geography researchers and open new horizons for them. The study and analysis of the network and ecosystem of rural economy resilience research as a cognitive transformation in geography and rural development indicates the paradigmatic trends and shifts of knowledge in this field and shows the research advances in the field of rural economy resilience.
Resilience is the ability of a system to maintain its structures and functions in the event of environmental hazards and sustainably conserve the ecosystem resources and services that are essential to human livelihood. This definition of resilience implies that the system is relatively capable of learning and adapting. A system such as a social system, ecosystem, or complex human-environmental system can provide sufficient self-organization to maintain structures and processes within a coping process or adaptability. A review of structuralist and economic views in consistence with the rural geographical perspective as a major field of researching on natural hazards on reveal that vulnerability to climate change and economic inequality are positively correlated. In this context, frequent occurrence of environmental hazards in rural geographical spaces, has required special attention to the research, lessons learned and lived experiences about resilience to reduce and moderate economic and livelihood vulnerability in rural settlements. In this regard, investigation and analysis of global studies in the field of rural economy resilience are necessary, due to the large number and dispersion of the country's villages, the vulnerability of rural settlements in the face of various risks and hazards and the consequences. Therefore, the extensive analysis of valid scientific documents and a lot of world-produced knowledge in this field can help most of the studies and economic empowerment programs of local communities in Iran.
Methodology
This research is applied study that has used scientometric approach to review scientific documents. The present study is a type of scientometrics. In this research, the method of social network analysis with an exploratory approach has been used to explain and analyze the co-authorship and co-authorship of related researches in the whole network. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to systematic analysis of knowledge network and mapping the rural economy resilience by examining the network of both co-authorship and co- occurrence in this field to determine the sources and trends of knowledge and its shortcomings. The data were collected from the Scopus information database and was analyzed with algorithms based on social network analysis in VOSviewer software. To this end, we used census method, collected all scientific documents (including articles and books) related to the field of "rural economy resilience" in English inserted in the title, abstract and keywords from Scopus database in several stages from 1980 to the end of March 2022.
VOSviewer software is a network analysis-based application that can be used to draw scientific networks and scientometric-based studies. The software has many applications in research based on research literature and research background
Discussion and conclusion
The findings showed that among more than 1105 scientific documents and 3493 authors, the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, China and Italy had the most publications and authors such as Salvia, Quaranta, Shaw and Castillo had the highest citations. Li Jing's cluster of ideas from China had the highest network density. Co-occurrence of words analysis revealed four research clusters in rural economy resilience studies are: governance, climate change, sustainable development, and poverty. The results showed that the discourse of rural resilience is in line with the global discourse of resilience, so any plan to promote the resilience of the rural economy must be coherent and comprehensive and take into account all studies, authors and leading research. The findings of this study can have valuable guidance for rural geography researchers and open new horizons for them. The study and analysis of the network and ecosystem of rural economy resilience research as a cognitive transformation in geography and rural development indicates the paradigmatic trends and shifts of knowledge in this field and shows the research advances in the field of rural economy resilience.
Hassan Afrakhteh,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of the article is to understand the relationship between the institutional system and knowledge creation, and this question is answered as to how and under what conditions the institutional system can strengthen innovation and knowledge creation. In this regard, first, knowledge and innovation have been introduced from the perspective of a relational paradigm, then the relationship between institutions and the development of knowledge and innovation, its conditions and factors have been analyzed. Relying on Gidden's structural theory, it is argued that the institution, on the one hand, shapes the processes of economic interaction, and on the other hand, it is formed by the processes of economic interaction. As a result, a paradoxical problem arises, and that, on the one hand, institutions are structures that shape human actions, and on the other hand, to create innovation and knowledge, institutional changes must be made and institutions that encourage innovation and knowledge creation must be created, that is, the actions of actors are formed by institutions. So, how can actors change the same institutions? In other words, how can people change an institution whose rationality and actions are bound to the same institution?
But under what conditions do emergent institutional changes take place? To study the necessary conditions for emerging institutional changes, the role of structure versus agency is discussed. Using the structural theory of Giddens (1984), a concept of institutions is presented that enables the analysis of how institutions simultaneously shape economic interaction processes and are shaped by them. This framework opens new opportunities for integrating micro and macro phenomena in the analysis of economic action and technological changes in the spatial landscape.
Methodology
In this article, related articles have been collected using the key words institution, knowledge creation, and relational paradigm. Then, the collected articles have been analyzed using a narrative review method, and finally, a conclusion has been drawn.
Discussion and Conclusion
Understanding innovation requires interdisciplinary research and the application of different methods at different levels. Institutions are understood from the point of view of social science and it is different from the view that considers institutions as "black boxes". In this view, institutions are not defined as simple regulations, laws or organizations, but are seen as relatively stable and closed social interaction between economic enterprises, based on which laws and regulations are expanded in conditional ways. Although the institutions may represent the inherent purposes of the laws, in practice it is found that they may not conform to the laws to some extent. Therefore, laws are fundamentally different from institutions. Laws are the only possible conditions for the emergence and transformation of socio-economic institutions from a spatial perspective. Because of such fundamental contingency, the effects of laws on economic outcomes can be unintended, unpredictable, and even counterproductive.
There are three arguments about the relationship between institutional change and technological change:
A, institutional hysteresis;
b. Perpetuation of inefficient institutions; and
C. Establishment of inefficient institutions.
Regarding the relationship between institutions and economic results, the basic question is, at what level do institutions contribute to economic development and innovation, and under what conditions may the institutional system cause problems in the process of economic development and innovation. Van Warden's (2001) study on the relationship between legal institutions and the innovation of national economies shows that institutions are an important tool for reducing uncertainty. Hence, when institutional domains reduce uncertainty, citizens are more likely to accept the risk of innovation.
However, it is acknowledged that the empirical state of knowledge about institutions, institutional changes and their interrelationships with economic, social and technological phenomena is still in its early stages.
The article has shown that when actors want to change existing institutions and create new institutions, they must change the existing institutional environment. Since, existing institutions contain benefits for many actors, institutional entrepreneurs have to mobilize resources and develop specific capabilities in order to promote legitimacy and righteousness for change and to convince others to adopt new practices. As a result, an initial institution is formed, which becomes established over time and becomes an accepted institution, which is explained in the article with examples.
The purpose of the article is to understand the relationship between the institutional system and knowledge creation, and this question is answered as to how and under what conditions the institutional system can strengthen innovation and knowledge creation. In this regard, first, knowledge and innovation have been introduced from the perspective of a relational paradigm, then the relationship between institutions and the development of knowledge and innovation, its conditions and factors have been analyzed. Relying on Gidden's structural theory, it is argued that the institution, on the one hand, shapes the processes of economic interaction, and on the other hand, it is formed by the processes of economic interaction. As a result, a paradoxical problem arises, and that, on the one hand, institutions are structures that shape human actions, and on the other hand, to create innovation and knowledge, institutional changes must be made and institutions that encourage innovation and knowledge creation must be created, that is, the actions of actors are formed by institutions. So, how can actors change the same institutions? In other words, how can people change an institution whose rationality and actions are bound to the same institution?
But under what conditions do emergent institutional changes take place? To study the necessary conditions for emerging institutional changes, the role of structure versus agency is discussed. Using the structural theory of Giddens (1984), a concept of institutions is presented that enables the analysis of how institutions simultaneously shape economic interaction processes and are shaped by them. This framework opens new opportunities for integrating micro and macro phenomena in the analysis of economic action and technological changes in the spatial landscape.
Methodology
In this article, related articles have been collected using the key words institution, knowledge creation, and relational paradigm. Then, the collected articles have been analyzed using a narrative review method, and finally, a conclusion has been drawn.
Discussion and Conclusion
Understanding innovation requires interdisciplinary research and the application of different methods at different levels. Institutions are understood from the point of view of social science and it is different from the view that considers institutions as "black boxes". In this view, institutions are not defined as simple regulations, laws or organizations, but are seen as relatively stable and closed social interaction between economic enterprises, based on which laws and regulations are expanded in conditional ways. Although the institutions may represent the inherent purposes of the laws, in practice it is found that they may not conform to the laws to some extent. Therefore, laws are fundamentally different from institutions. Laws are the only possible conditions for the emergence and transformation of socio-economic institutions from a spatial perspective. Because of such fundamental contingency, the effects of laws on economic outcomes can be unintended, unpredictable, and even counterproductive.
There are three arguments about the relationship between institutional change and technological change:
A, institutional hysteresis;
b. Perpetuation of inefficient institutions; and
C. Establishment of inefficient institutions.
Regarding the relationship between institutions and economic results, the basic question is, at what level do institutions contribute to economic development and innovation, and under what conditions may the institutional system cause problems in the process of economic development and innovation. Van Warden's (2001) study on the relationship between legal institutions and the innovation of national economies shows that institutions are an important tool for reducing uncertainty. Hence, when institutional domains reduce uncertainty, citizens are more likely to accept the risk of innovation.
However, it is acknowledged that the empirical state of knowledge about institutions, institutional changes and their interrelationships with economic, social and technological phenomena is still in its early stages.
The article has shown that when actors want to change existing institutions and create new institutions, they must change the existing institutional environment. Since, existing institutions contain benefits for many actors, institutional entrepreneurs have to mobilize resources and develop specific capabilities in order to promote legitimacy and righteousness for change and to convince others to adopt new practices. As a result, an initial institution is formed, which becomes established over time and becomes an accepted institution, which is explained in the article with examples.
Reza Vashghani-Farahani, Alireza Abbasi Semnani, Farideh Asadian,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 41 (12-2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Increasing dependence on official knowledge of imported technologies and lack of attention to local knowledge and skills have caused a lack of success in improving the situation of rural society and the failure of development programs in villages. Looking at rural development and adopted strategies shows that a systematic and integrated approach must be included in most views and methods. Therefore, in this regard, we are taking a step in the direction of economic development by taking into account the spatial and temporal conditions of the village, using local knowledge to increase agricultural productivity, provide basic needs, protect natural areas, increase the population in the village to achieve the process of economic stability. In this regard, achieving economic sustainability requires a change of perspective and attitude toward indigenous knowledge and giving importance to it because the knowledge that villagers have acquired through practical experience of agriculture, animal husbandry, etc., is qualitatively different from the knowledge obtained from the official tests of researchers and experts. Being local is considered a basis for a scientific, efficient and successful foundation in achieving economic stability. Farmahin Farahan region has emerged from the union of two villages, Farmahin and Shahabadi, where most of the population is farmers and herders. Therefore, this region has a good background in using local knowledge in agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, etc. However, the mentioned process has decreased in recent years with the replacement of new knowledge and related technologies. In this regard, the current research seeks to find out whether indigenous knowledge is effective in the economic sustainability of Farmahin Farahan. This paper, with the approach of economic sustainability, based on the development of local knowledge, has tried to study the visible and hidden layers of local knowledge in the Farmahin rural area and acknowledge that if we distance ourselves from the traditional rural knowledge and approach and use new ways of decision-making and planning methods, Farmahin Farahan region will move towards economic instability.
Methodology
The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software and integrated models (FKOPRAS+FSORA) were used for data analysis. The statistical population of the research includes two groups (rural residents and knowledgeable and informed people), which was determined based on a random sampling of 200 people (village residents of Farmahin), and also based on a targeted sampling of 20 people. First, the knowledgeable and informed (village council members and rural mayors) were determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The results showed that among the components of indigenous knowledge, only the components of capabilities and people's knowledge, with an average value of 3.38 and 3.01, with an average value higher than the average number (3), are favorable for evaluation. In other components, including participation with an average value of 1.58, life promotion with an average value of 2.45, monitoring with an average value of 2.62, social with an average value of 2.02, economic with an average value of 2.16, low It is more than the average number (3). As a result, these components are not in a favorable condition. Also, the results showed that the level of economic stability in Farmahin with the average value obtained (lower than the average number of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been evaluated as low and unfavorable, in this regard, despite the average lower than average levels in the components of local knowledge and sustainability, this local knowledge has had a significant impact on the economic stability of the rural area of Farmahin, which, if strengthened and motivated to utilize and combine it with modern knowledge, can to have a greater impact on the economic development of the region, So that according to the obtained results, the contribution of the participation component in predicting positive changes of the economic stability variable was higher than other local knowledge components, and also the people's knowledge component has the most direct effects on the economic stability of this region. Also, the results showed that, among the economic indicators, employment and income, with a score of 70.14, have the highest impact on indigenous knowledge in Farmahin. Finally, the results of the research are in agreement with the studies of Alayei and Karimian (2013), that in rural development with emphasis on local knowledge, the role and place of participation of villagers have not been considered, and with the study of Bazarafshan et al. (2015). It is consistent with the fact that there is a meaningful relationship between indigenous knowledge and sustainable economic development. However, it does not agree with the study of Sadeghlou and Azizi Demirchilo (2014), stating that indigenous knowledge has little effect on the components of economic development.
Increasing dependence on official knowledge of imported technologies and lack of attention to local knowledge and skills have caused a lack of success in improving the situation of rural society and the failure of development programs in villages. Looking at rural development and adopted strategies shows that a systematic and integrated approach must be included in most views and methods. Therefore, in this regard, we are taking a step in the direction of economic development by taking into account the spatial and temporal conditions of the village, using local knowledge to increase agricultural productivity, provide basic needs, protect natural areas, increase the population in the village to achieve the process of economic stability. In this regard, achieving economic sustainability requires a change of perspective and attitude toward indigenous knowledge and giving importance to it because the knowledge that villagers have acquired through practical experience of agriculture, animal husbandry, etc., is qualitatively different from the knowledge obtained from the official tests of researchers and experts. Being local is considered a basis for a scientific, efficient and successful foundation in achieving economic stability. Farmahin Farahan region has emerged from the union of two villages, Farmahin and Shahabadi, where most of the population is farmers and herders. Therefore, this region has a good background in using local knowledge in agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, etc. However, the mentioned process has decreased in recent years with the replacement of new knowledge and related technologies. In this regard, the current research seeks to find out whether indigenous knowledge is effective in the economic sustainability of Farmahin Farahan. This paper, with the approach of economic sustainability, based on the development of local knowledge, has tried to study the visible and hidden layers of local knowledge in the Farmahin rural area and acknowledge that if we distance ourselves from the traditional rural knowledge and approach and use new ways of decision-making and planning methods, Farmahin Farahan region will move towards economic instability.
Methodology
The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software and integrated models (FKOPRAS+FSORA) were used for data analysis. The statistical population of the research includes two groups (rural residents and knowledgeable and informed people), which was determined based on a random sampling of 200 people (village residents of Farmahin), and also based on a targeted sampling of 20 people. First, the knowledgeable and informed (village council members and rural mayors) were determined.
Discussion and conclusion
The results showed that among the components of indigenous knowledge, only the components of capabilities and people's knowledge, with an average value of 3.38 and 3.01, with an average value higher than the average number (3), are favorable for evaluation. In other components, including participation with an average value of 1.58, life promotion with an average value of 2.45, monitoring with an average value of 2.62, social with an average value of 2.02, economic with an average value of 2.16, low It is more than the average number (3). As a result, these components are not in a favorable condition. Also, the results showed that the level of economic stability in Farmahin with the average value obtained (lower than the average number of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been evaluated as low and unfavorable, in this regard, despite the average lower than average levels in the components of local knowledge and sustainability, this local knowledge has had a significant impact on the economic stability of the rural area of Farmahin, which, if strengthened and motivated to utilize and combine it with modern knowledge, can to have a greater impact on the economic development of the region, So that according to the obtained results, the contribution of the participation component in predicting positive changes of the economic stability variable was higher than other local knowledge components, and also the people's knowledge component has the most direct effects on the economic stability of this region. Also, the results showed that, among the economic indicators, employment and income, with a score of 70.14, have the highest impact on indigenous knowledge in Farmahin. Finally, the results of the research are in agreement with the studies of Alayei and Karimian (2013), that in rural development with emphasis on local knowledge, the role and place of participation of villagers have not been considered, and with the study of Bazarafshan et al. (2015). It is consistent with the fact that there is a meaningful relationship between indigenous knowledge and sustainable economic development. However, it does not agree with the study of Sadeghlou and Azizi Demirchilo (2014), stating that indigenous knowledge has little effect on the components of economic development.
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