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Showing 39 results for Village

Mohsen Sartipipour,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Abstract

Through histroy, the establishment of rural villages has exemplified itself in man-environment interactions. That is ebbs and falls of these settlements are dictated by this sort of reciprocal relationship. Iranian rural settlements indicate the man-land interactions as well. That is the presence of over 70 % of rural population in 1335 proves this fact. However, the thorough reviews on rural architecture in the past show a prominent element of sustainability. This by itself supports this fact physical proportions of rural areas are based on some interrelated components. That is dwellings are the outcome of these interrelations and interactions and multi-faceted components. This study emphasizes on historical variations and contrasts regarding Iranian rural settlements taking into consideration the analysis of rural dewllings architectural elements. The research method is based on descriptive – analytical Methods as well as documentary and statisticalinformation. This study suggests that Iranian rural dewellings fall into four categories including northern, mountainous, central, and southern coastal regions. Physically speaking, rural dwellings pertaining to Guilan, Mazandaran, Hamedan, and Yazd possess higher quality. However, taking into account all measures, Yazd, Isfehan, and Tehran's rural dwellings possess higher comfort as well as welfare levels. Conversely, rural dwellings associated with Sistan and Baluchestan experience the highest and harshest conditions.


Mohammad Soleimani, Hasan Afrakhteh, Ahmad Saeednia, Robab Chegini,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2013)
Abstract

The rural centers integrations in the city which in some countries have been named as “urban villages” are the consequence of rapid urbanization and accelerated growth of our city. Since the rural centers integration in the city has been often without any plan, it has had various consequences on the environmental, physical, economical and social aspects. The present study has paid attention to the analysis of spatial-physical consequences of the rural centers integration in region one of Tehran within system approach toward the interaction of the both urban and rural settlements systems. In conducting the present research the statistical and spatial analyses have been utilized. In this regard, the data that were collected were related to the indicators used both in the rural residential and urban modernized areas. The conducted statistical-spatial analysis includes; T-test, multiple regression, overlapping layers and coefficient regression model in the geographic database. According to the results of the research, the physical-spatial consequences of rural centers integration in region one of Tehran have been manifested in two levels; the effects of rural centers and field and horticultural crops morphology of rural areason the invasive urban fabric and the interaction of the rural centers physical fabric and its exhaustive urban fabric. In addition to the effects on the identification of invasive urban fabric, the rural centers because of the unscheduled and any plan urban growth and organic shaping of the urban fabric under the influence of division and spatial structure of the field and horticultural crops morphology, has become erratic and sometimes impermeable. Regarding the rate of population and the high building density in the area, the impermeability of urban fabric in the integration areas, in addition to creating traffic problems, can create many problems in relieving the mentioned fabrics of the city when confronts with probable crisis. Also, the interaction of urban fabrics and rural centers has caused the shaping of unequal centers and physical-spatial inequality and disparity in the area. According to the results of the multi-variable regression analysis among physical-spatial indicators of the rural centers and their exhaustive urban fabric, the villages such as Valanjak, Gheitarieh and Asadabad have had the most inequality and disparity in their exhaustive urban fabric.

Mohammad-Amin Khorasani, Mohammad-Reza Rezvani,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2013)
Abstract

Adjacent villages are among the settlements in which are simultaneously facing with some opportunities as well as threats. These in turn affect the quality of life and meeting the needs of the settlers. Accessibility to urban facilities and services from one hand and urban ecological threats and the consequences of rural migration on the other hand, lead to complex circumstances. Livable settlements briefly define as suitable and pleasant places to live and work. The study is comprised of Varamin adjacent villages next to four urban nucleuses. The research method is based on analytical method as well as field works and documentary data. The objective of this study is to identify the level of livability. As such one way analysis of variance was applied. This study suggests that there exists a significant difference in the villages in terms of their livability.

Shah-Bakhti Rostami, Mohammad Mirza-Ali,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2013)
Abstract

Rural conducted plan is being imposed to accomplish rural development. In fact, these plans are regarded as a document for social – economic development at village level. These plans aim to meet all of residential, services and entertainment needs within their time period taking into account village settings as well as the relevant ultra-plans. However, the implementations of these plans face some problems. This world be intensified taking into account unplanned rural development and shortage in corresponding allocated credits. These plans are ordered by Islamic housing institute. However, there exists some regional differences among geographical spaces. This in turn reduces the degree of accuracy of these plans and demand them some modification. The study area is villages of GonbadKavuoos. It further aims to investigate the locational criteria for different land uses pertaining to rural conducted plans. The research method is based on descriptive – analytical approach and it has applied nature as well. It is based on survey technique. This study suggests that locational criterion for these types of plans have been proposed. However, the lack of monitoring during implementation has diverted these plans from their predetermined goals.

Hamed Ghader-Marzi, Bita Zarea-Mamaghani, Kramtallh Ziyari,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract

The quality of urban environment is being considered as on the fundamental concerns and challenge as far as the urban planning and management is concerned. This study taking into consideration its title aims to first evolve the satisfaction level of settlers regarding the quality of their environment and second to propose some measures in order to improve it. The achievement of this goal demands application of dwellers satisfaction approach as a research theoretical framework. Data were gathered through questionnaire. This in turn requires the application of SPSS multi variable correlation regression &T test and one way analysis of variance regarding data analysis.This study suggests that the level of quality of urban environment associated with Hasanabad and Nisar with average of 2.47 and 2.46 respectively compared with theoretical median (3) is lower.According to t statistic output, satisfaction level corresponding to quality of the settlers of annexed villages is not significant.These results well applied to objective and subjective indices pertaining to quality of rural settlements. However, at the second level according to multi variable regression analysis subjective indices compared with objective ones are more influential regarding satisfaction level.Based on third level of the model, sub-indices related to exterior part of the rural dwelling, satisfaction level pertaining to accessibility and access to facilities and services are more effective regarding overhead indices. Moreover, according to the results of one way analysis of variance regarding the determination of the degree of effectiveness of social - economic properties upon perception of quality of the settlements environment, there exists a significant difference regarding the perception of the of rural dwellings among all groups in both villages.Ultimately the results of component analysis confirm the critical model.

Ali-Akbar Najafi-Kani, Nooshin Sadeghi, Maryam Rahmani,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract

With accelerated urban growth during past decades in the country,one could well observed the annexation phenomena. This unplanned and spontaneous annexation paved the way for the development of sputter settlements in the margin and edges of the cities. This study aims to investigate the challenges and barriers that these new borne communities are of Ouzineh and Anjirab encountered with. It plans to evaluate the satisfaction level of the settlers. Regarding the provision of services by Gorgan urban authorities and municipalities. The research method has descriptive - analytical and survey nature which supports documentation as well as field works. This study demands the application of K2, logistic regression,and independent Fiand T test, and SPSS software.It suggests that there exists significant relationship between level of development and social economic and environmental indices. It is further argued that migration and its issuing impacts is being considered as the most prominent barrier and challenges regarding spatial development of urban margined lands. It further supports this fact that in appropriate urban policies regarding development has enhanced the challenges and un-satisfaction level of squatter settlements

Kumars Zar-Afshani, Lida Sharafi, Shahpar Garavandi, Parastoo Ghobadi,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract

It is being argued that rural tourism is considered as a prominent activity with respect to rural development. This industry is known as invisible export by economists. Tourism as a broad activity is associated with some major economic, social and environmental. It further argues that tourism planning demands identification of these impacts as far as the host community is concerned. This in turn accentuates sustainable tourism development. This study aims to investigate the impact of tourism upon Rijab resort of Kermanshah as a host community. Sample siege amounted to be 270. As such 200 questionnaires were gathered using random sampling technique. Principle component results indicate the tourism development bears four major consequences including income generation, environmental problems, cultural development, and reduction of social capital. The result of this study provides some recommendation for tourism bodies. These related organizations could strengthen positive impacts and mitigate negative consequences.

Seyyad Ali Hosyni,
Volume 3, Issue 7 (6-2014)
Abstract

The major objective of this paper is to identify and determine the factors responsible for increase in rural incomes and job offers in Gilan province. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical as well as applied approach. Statistical society composed of rural settlers in Gilan. At the beginning of process ٤٥ villages were extracted using stratified sampling technique for extracting ٣٨٠ farmers. ٧٤ variables were used as main factors responsible for farmer’s income and jobs. This demands application of linear regression model. Principle component analysis led to identification of five factors including economic, social, managerial physical and geographical ones. These were capable of explaining ٦١.٠٨ % of the variation. According to linear regression analysis out of ٧٤ dependent variables, ١٣ have high correlation. It is argued that fix price crop policy, the provision of technical improvement, government employment initiatives variables with regression coefficient of ٠.٣٩٤, ٠.٢٧٢ and ٠.٢٣٩ respectively are the most important variables in this regard. It further suggests that a managerial factor is the most influential ones regarding increase in income and employment.

Farhad Azizpuor, Hassan Afrakhteh, Maryam Shamaniyan,
Volume 3, Issue 7 (6-2014)
Abstract

Quality of life is multifaceted and relative concept. It is being affected by spatial and temporal variation as well as social – individual values. This bears different meaning for different groups. This study tries to measure quality of life based on subjective indices. It further identifies and analyses the major spatial factors responsible for life quality of the rural people. This study is based on descriptive-analytical approach. The study area is Ghorogh district located in Gorgan Province. The statistical societies are corresponding to rural settlers of ٥ villages. Sample size based on Cochran formula turned out to be ٣٤٠ rural households using stratified sampling technique. Data gathering demand application of documentary and more specifically questionnaire. Analysis of data requires ANOVA technique. This study suggests that the rural quality of life with regard environmental and physical aspect from rural settlers’ standpoint is suitable. The quality of life is well associated with distance from major roads, distance from Gorgan as well as ethnic diversity.

Fatemeh Kazemeyeh, Javad Hosseinzad, Ghader Dashti, Hushang Ghafouri,
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Abstract

Agricultural sector taking into account its role in GNP (11%), employment opportunities (23%) and food provision (over 80%) performs a critical role in Iranian economy. Water resources are being considered as a very prominent factor with respect to agricultural sector. This study aims to investigate effective indicators regarding agriculture development as well as water management in Tabriz plain. It is based on factor analysis. Statistical society is composed of 39 villages. Data gathering technique is predominately based on questionnaire and documentation. It is further supported by getting information from ministries of agriculture and water organization. This is followed by determination of 25 indicators for the assessment of agricultural development and 11 indicators regarding water management of the study area. Deducting the number of variables requires the application of principle component analysis. This study suggests that mechanization, cropping based on irrigation system, structure and performance are capable of explaining 79 percent of the variations pertaining to agricultural development. It is argued that surface water, deep wells, semi deep wells explain 61 percent of the variations regarding water management as well. It further suggests that those counties with comparative advantages with respect to agricultural products and simultaneously not experiencing water deficiency should emphasize agricultural plans based on high priority crops. However, those encountering with agricultural problems should stress optimum resource usages and preservationissue.

Hojatollah Sadeghi, Mahmoud Falsoleyman, Sedigheh Hashemi, Masumeh Fadaee,
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Abstract

Iran’s border villages are encountering with service deficiencies regarding social, economic and cultural dimensions. However, these entities are facing with foreign propaganda for enlarging border ethnic groups delimits and ignorance of these area’s capabilities and potentials. This in turn, requires more attentions toward bordering village. The major objective of this study is to investigate the limitations as well as potentials and capabilities of bordering villages of Bandan District in Nehbandan. The research method is based on survey technique, field works and documentation. As such using Cochran formula 258 rural households were extracted out of 7577 pertaining to 17 villages of this district. The viability of this questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha (0.71) computation. It is further followed by application of T test, freedman, regression, and one way ANOVA. This study suggests that the economic, social status of these border villages are fairly is critical. This in turn is associated with environmental, management and security issues as well as ignorance of the region’s capabilities. It is argued that security and management variables possess the least averages as opposed to infrastructural indices. Moreover, there exists interrelationship among different indicators. That is improving one would enhance the others.

Mehdi Pourtaheri, Nahideh Mohammadi, Abdoreza R.eftekhari,
Volume 3, Issue 9 (11-2014)
Abstract

Introduction:
Poverty and deprivation are being considered as one of the master problem for the government more specifically for planners in many countries. Deprivation and combating these phenomena are in the center of regional planning. In fact regional balance attainment is being pursued as a mater regional planning target. Achieving this goal demands identification of back ward and deprived regions however the identification of these areas faces some ambiguity. Lack of clear and comprehensive definition of deprivation in general and rural deprivation in particular, leads to over lapping and interfering of poverty, deprivation and underdevelopment concepts. This is associated with lack of an appropriate measure for the assessment of rural deprivation and its process. However, more attention was devoted to objective depravation measure and indices as opposed to subjective ones. This in turn, demands scientific technique. Depravation is highly affected by temporal and spatial dimensions. That is, its corresponding components and elements are different both time and space wise. There exist many methods and a technique regarding the assessment of deprivation at national, regional, rural and urban levels each is associated with specific measures. Thus, designing appropriate measures for assessment of depravation level at different level is inevitable. This study aims to propose a proper definition as well as appropriate corresponding measures and indices for assessing rural depravation. Doing so requires application of five groups of both subjective and objective measures with economic social and environmental dimensions (sustainable approach) at regional level that is village level. This demands the proposition of two following questions associated with corresponding hypothesis: Which indices and measures would be the best fit for assessment of depravation level of Java rood bordered county? Is there any area of the study area as for as the depravation significant difference between rural levels is concerned? Application of both subjective and objective indices and measures is more capable of this kind of assessment. Furthermore, there exists a possibility of difference among rural areas.
Methodology:
This study is based on documentation as well as field works. This is followed by distribution of two types one decomposes indices associated with both subjective and objective measures. Which were determined after getting feedback from social science, economic, sociology, geography and planning experts. After this scientific confirmation, the second and final questionnaires were designed in order to identify different villages based on depravation level. This included both close and open-ended questions regarding housing status send to rural households. After gathering the needed data out of questionnaires and coding them through SPSS, the hypotheses were tested. Moreover, TOPSIS was applied for ranking villages based on their deprivation levels. Through application of the clustering analysis, villages were grouped in to 3 clusters. The finding this study further represented through GIS illustrations. The study area is central section of Javan Rood (Kermanshah) composed of 2 districts and 78 hamlets. Random classified sampling technique led to selection of 10 villages. The application of Cochran formula at 95% confident level at 0.5 probabilities led to 190 sample size. This study is associated with objective and subjective measures and 42 indices dimension which all tested with social, economic and environmental.
Conclusion:
Under development and depravation with sustainability approach could be assessed using environmental, economic and social dimensions along with subjective and objective measures and indices. It is argued that subjective measures comparing with the objective ones possess more weight and magnitude regarding depravation level. In as much as having relative prosperity is prerequisite for development thus, assessing depravation level and orienting toward sustainable development as an ultimate goal of planning require application of both subjective and objective measures and indices. It is argued that all research and development plans need application of subjective measures capable of perceiving all real aspect of life. Thus all depravation studied need to consider both type of measures and indices. Since one society may not be deprived in terms of objective measures standpoint. Subjective measures and indices emphasize attitudes. However, objective measures stress realities. Depravation is highly affected by spatial and temporal varied both dimensions and its components and factors time wise and space-wise. Assessment of subjective measures demands application of questionnaire. However objective measures are based on statistic. This study confirms the importance of subjective measures. In addition there exists a significant difference among different villages in terms of depravation level. In rural development process, the promotion and improvement of all rural areas is recommended. However, more attention should be devoted to depravation villages. Achieving sustainable development demands the application of balanced pattern with emphasis upon weaknesses and injustice.

Musa Kamanroudi Kajvari, Farhad Azizpour, Ali Janbazi,
Volume 3, Issue 9 (11-2014)
Abstract

Introduction:
Urban sprawl is one kind of urban expansion or its characteristics, which has a negative general view. Based on given definitions, the most important characteristics of urban sprawl can be thought as low-density, strip like, diffuse, non-continues and land use segregation expansion. However, density is the most common criteria of urban sprawl that is derive by the comparison of percentage of built-up area to urban population growth. This phenomenon, regardless of its causes and characteristics, can be defined as growing less density residential area outwards from a central dense no-attractive with environmentally unstable urban core. In the middle of 20th century, the base for socioeconomic and spatial development in developing countries is generally based on renovation theory, industrial growth approach (strategy), polar development strategy. During 1960 decade, in many countries, this approach considered as a tool for policy making in local and global land use planning and implemented by the financial support of government and international institutions. In opposite to developed countries, this orientation in developing countries causes concentration of resources and infrastructure of development in national and regional growth centers, a need for industrial labor, unexpected migration of rural-urban population, a need for new spaces urban expansionmin its neighborhoods. During this trend, in spite of being agricultural and productive places, villages are gradually becoming centers of consumption. Such an orientation has been implemented in Iran from the beginning of this century and continued with more accelerated form from 1335. Polar growth strategy during 1347 to 1356 in the framework of forth (1347-51) and fifth (1352-56) development plan has been used as base for national and regional planning. These orientations caused concentration of resources and infrastructure of development in national and regional growth centers, a gap in the levels of regional and built-up development, a vast and comprehensive urban sprawl and structural-physical changes( i.e. land use changes). For instant, the rate of rural population has been reduced from 68.58 percent in 1335 to 62.02, 52.97, 45.71, 38.69, 31.45 in 1345, 1355, 1365, 1375 and 1385 respectively. Shiraz city is one of the county’s developmental centers in the southern Zagros. Its expansion trend from 1330 decade onwards has been in such a way that during different period extended continuous or non-continuous towards fringe especially in the direction of its main axe and followed topography. This trend caused a change in economic functionality of residential areas (Shiraz) from agricultural tasks to multi-tasks (with more service sector activity), annexation and merging of some villages and vast changes in its social, structural, spatial and political aspects. Goyom village (the center of Darak County) located in the 20 km North West of Shiraz and near Shiraz-Ardekan transportation network has severely affected by Shiraz urban sprawl and has undertaken dramatic structural-functional changes. This research has attempted to answer to this question that what are the structural-functional changes in Goyom village during 1380 to 1390 due to Shiraz urban sprawl. The aim of this paper is to define and describe the structural-functional change trend of Goyom village as a fringe shelter of Shiraz urban area.
Methodology:
This work with respect to its aim is fundamental-applied research and essentially is a descriptive- analytical research. Research approach is structural-functional which is done in global and strategy levels. Statistical coverage of this research is Shiraz city, township, and Goyom village. Information needed for this this study has been obtained though library and field work. In this research, geographical information systems use to analyze rate, direction, pattern, shape of Shiraz urban sprawl during 1335-1385 and Goyom village during 1380-1390. Three parameters economy, society, space, and their 24 indices used as base for this work.
Results:
Goyom village has affected by Shiraz urban sprawl during 1380- 1390 and extensively faced by structural-functional changes. In this decade, this village has become most attractive migrant neighborhood around Shiraz city and its area has increased by 3.3. Additionally, 59.3 percent of Goyom populations are employed in the service sector and32.2 percent of Goyom populations are employed in industrial sector.

Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar, Nader Molaee, Bahram Hajari,
Volume 4, Issue 11 (5-2015)
Abstract

 Introduction:
The employment problem and the manpower in general, is a matter of great importance in economic issues. In the economy of Iran, employment is one of the main concerns of the economic policy makers. The analysis of the employment situations and its structure all over the country requires at thorough knowledge of the capacities and potential power of the regions and its combination in the areas, for an equal and balanced planning and employment in every region and areas. In order to plan and achieve the rural economic development, population is most important and even the main factor to consider, because the quantitative and qualitative changes in population has significant effects on this procedure and furthermore one of the most important issues about the population which should be considered is the employment for the provision of manpower employment can be so effective towards achievement of every countries’ development, thus the employment issue is a key and strategic issue in every economic society. Employment is the factor that gets all the mental and physical abilities of man to be applied that result in relaxation and obedience between people due to the disappearance of unemployment, preventing the migration, the use and development of exceptional talents and rise in the national gross income. The villages of the country having a lot of active force which can play an important role in the economic development, studying the spatial distribution of employment in the rural regions and planning based on that can be a way of economic development of the villages and results in the economic prosperity of the country. Since the economic activities (agriculture, industry, services) in general, and particularly the resources and facilities, have an undesirable concentration from the spatial distribution aspect, in Iran, every region requires especial programs according to its characteristics, in this regard we should identify the situation of different regions based on the suitable scientific methods, before any actions. Therefore, this paper is developed to evaluate the employment status of the major departments and groups of activity and their spatial distribution in the country. To this aim, basic parts which were exporting their workforce are identified divided into counties, using the locative quotient (LQ) index.
Research method:
The purpose of this study was to understand the conditions of the regions and the major groups of economic activity (agriculture, industry and services) in the rural parts of the country. The statistical sample for this study includes 394 counties which statistics were gathered during the 2011 general census of people and housing. Using the locative quotient (LQ), the basic areas or the exporters of the working force were identified in the country and the state, and the GIS software has been used to prepare the map of major activity groups.
Discussion and conclusion:
The results show that in agriculture, 55% of the counties of the country (215 counties) belong to the basic and the workforce exporting regions that mainly are in the West, North West and South East of the country. Since the suitable climate and soil in these regions, we can see most employment in the agricultural part in a way that they can send agricultural workforce to other regions. These regions have also an important role in the national economic development and by guiding the investments towards their agricultural part; we can help it to be more efficient in the economy of the country. In the industrial part, 26% of the counties of the country (103counties) are more than one which can be counted as basic and workforce exporting regions and are mainly is located in the states of Tehran, Mazandaran, Qom, Qazvin and the central and south parts of the country. These states have the potential to send industrial workforce to other regions, and because of the proximity to the capital, the existence of agricultural transformative industries and in some regions possession of the mines, these states have the most industrial employment in the country. These areas have a great part in the economy of the country and by financing this part and creation of employment opportunities and industrialization of the villages, their industry will prosper, that results in an industrial growth in the national economy. In the services part, 49 percent of the counties of the country (195 counties) have a locative quotient greater than one and are categorized as workforce exporter regions that are mainly located in the central, east north, west north and the south parts of the country. The reasons for the tendency of these areas of service activities include proximity to the borders and unsuitable natural conditions in some regions.

Maryam Allahpanah, Seyed Ali Badri, Alireza Darban Astaneh,
Volume 4, Issue 11 (5-2015)
Abstract

Introduction:
Cooperative firms after government and private sectors are being considered as a third dimension of any economy. The numbers of this type of firms are increasing. This in turn has let to great revenues which would well justify their value and importance. Nowadays, there are many cooperative firms with different names but all have one goal in common, that is the achievement of development. Women cooperative firm in Turkey, municipality cooperative firm of European countries, specialized agricultural cooperative firms in China, rural cooperative firm as well as housing and service cooperative firms in Iran are among some of this type of firms. Iran has another type that is village cooperative firms. This type of firm established in 1387. Their major objective is to help village council institution regarding handling their executive affairs, development of the villages and rendering of better services to the rural settlers. There exist 733 of this type of firm in the country capable of providing services to the rural people. This study aims to assess the degree of rural settlers’ satisfaction regarding services rendered by Dashtesar (Amol) cooperative. It further tries to individually investigate the degree of rural settlers’ satisfaction regarding provision of physical and cultural services.
Research Method:
This study based on its objectives has applied nature. It demands descriptive as well as analytical method. Data gathering is composed of both documentary and field works including observation, interviews and filling out questionnaires. The selection of the targetvillages out of 31 villages was based on number of population, distance from the city as well as from the major road. As such 9 villages were selected using clustering stratified sampling technique. The composition of these 9 indicate 3 villages out of those with high, medium and low population located close to the city and major roads, 3 villages out of those with low, medium and high with medium distance from the city and major roads, and 3 villages out of those with high, medium and low population located far from the city and major roads. The statistical society composed of 135 rural households resides in Dashtesar which were chosen via simple random sampling method. The analysis of data demands application of Chi square test, and one way analysis of variation (ANOVA). 
Discussion and Conclusion:
According to chi square test regarding provision of physical services such as rendering services in the area of supervision on construction activities (to some extent) and issuing building licenses (little), those cooperative were able to satisfy the rural settlers. This is followed by environmental services rendered by these cooperatives including waste disposal and creation of sanitary field. However, regarding the provision of other environmental services, these cooperatives were not successful. With respect to provision of social – cultural rendered services they were fairly active in the area of renovating historical and religious places and to some extent holding cultural – religious ceremonies and sport events. However, these cooperatives were not successful in other cultural contexts. Results pertaining to T-test indicate that rural settlers were unsatisfied regarding the provision of environmental, social, cultural and physical dimensions. Based on one way analysis of variation, social and environmental services possess the least average. However, the physical dimension possesses the highest average. That means, these rural cooperatives through rendering physical services were able to satisfy the rural settlers. The results associated with F-test indicate the rural settlers are more satisfied with provision of physical services. This study suggests that settlers of Booran and Nezamabad possess more positive attitudes toward services rendered by these cooperatives as opposed to Ghalian Kola, Noabad, Shadmahal, Mzres, Zvark o Pashakla.

Mousa Sadeghi, Hossein Rabiei,
Volume 4, Issue 11 (5-2015)
Abstract

Introduction:
Achievement of rural development as a way to maintain national security and identity requires extra efforts regarding deprivation issue in backward regions and makes them receive their development rights. Economic development paves the way for creation of optimum and thriving life space. It is argued that physical isolation, potential economic and physical incapability, and remoteness from political, economic and decision making focal points enhance their degree of under development and make the corresponding gap even wider. The authors believe that the creation of border markets in rural areas is being considered as one of the strategy regarding spatial economic development in border areas. This could lead to stabilization of population, creation of job opportunities, , reduction of goods smuggling activities, utilization of common resources between neighboring countries, sustainable economic development. It further decreases geopolitics tensions between two countries through increase in goods movement and better utilization of space economy. Golestan province and Gonbad Kuvoos city are located in dry climatic region. This is associated with potential physical and economic incapability namely with respect to agricultural sector. Lack of space economy invites planning. One of the most important plans regarding economic development taking into account its potential situation as well as its border location is development of border markets in which could facilitate the trade between two countries. This in turn would grantee security, employment and higher level of development. This study aims to emphasize spatial development and rural organization with respect to border villages. Taking into account its specific climatic conditions as well as geopolitics challenges resulted from having common border with Torkamanestan, development of border markets could be an appropriate option. They could enhance national security, stabilization of population as well as immigration.
Research Method:
This study has applied nature. Data gathered through documentary approach. After reviewing the relevant literatures and based on finding associated with previous studies conducted by Fajr development consulting engineers and existing information, indices and indicators were selected. This is followed by application of multi criteria decision making technique, TOPSIS, regarding data analysis.
Discussion and Conclusion:
Based on the application of TOPSIS technique and corresponding computation and more specifically measurement of similarity index, Dashli Brun would be an optimum location for creation of border market and considered to be target village. The corresponding indices regarding determination of Dashi Brun as target village are distance to Inche Brun border market, to Eshghabad, to provincial town, to border, concentration index, amenities indices and population growth rate. It is argued that distance to Inche Brun border market could lead to better distribution of economic activities in border region. Moreover, distance from capital of Torkamanestan, Eshghabad, could enhance trade along the border and subsequent economic prosperity in the bordering region. Distance to Golestan center and other populous cities increase both imports and exports activities in border market. Centrality index and population growth rate will lead to provision of needed labor force for border market as well as better population distribution in the region and the province. This in turn will improve rural space economy in pioneer area. In effect, development of Dashli Brun border market will have great impact upon rural economic development income level and other corresponding development indices .Space economy associated with rural area more specifically border regions demand more attention ,interactions and components resulted from government divergence and convergences, border line controls and preventing goods smuggling activities. It is argued that space economy play better role regarding border market. The development of border market could well be justified by the existence of physical and climatic barriers, unpleasant social, economic and entertaining conditions, lack of desire and motivation to leave in the area, political, economic and security challenges in the area This invites planning in order to fully utilize the regional potentials. 

Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum, Mohamadreza Rezvani, Mahmoud Jomepour, Hamidreza Baghiani,
Volume 4, Issue 12 (9-2015)
Abstract

Introduction
Poverty is one of the greatest challenges confronting humanity. It is said that poverty is almost related to natural resources, while it is also because of some other factors like natural and human capitals. Villagers are considered among the poorest and most vulnerable within human societies, especially in the countries of the third world. If the purpose of development is obviously that of poverty alleviation and eradication through employment generation for the rural and urban poor, supplying the minimum of basic requirements acceptable to everyone, increase of productivity, causing more balance between geographic areas and socio-economic classes, decentralization and people involvement in the process of decision-making, having emphasis on collective and national self-confidence, finding balance and the recovery of living conditions, then we can consider the rural communities as one of the most significant factors causing the above objectives come true. So, rural development plays a vital role in achieving the overall objectives of development at the national level. Approaches and paradigms are always provided by scientists and theorists to assist us achieving the above objectives. In 1980s, sustainable livelihoods (LS) and sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) was proposed to be used a new approach in poverty eradication. The main emphasis of this approach was based on a comprehensive and integrated thought for poverty eradication and rural development. In a short time, this approach could attract the attention of many researches. Since, livelihood capitals is an important aspect of sustainable livelihoods approach and because of the important role of these assets in the livelihood of families, especially rural ones whose condition is influenced by tourism activities, in this research we decided to investigate the impact of tourism activities on livelihood capitals in mountain tourism villages of Bala-Taloqan in Taloqan County so we can find out the answer to the question that which villages are better in the case of this kind of capitals.
Methodology
As a city of Alborz Province, Taloqan County is located at a distance of 90 km from the center of the province and within the northwest of it. In 2012, the city had 2 parts of central and Bala-Taloqan. It was also consisted of 8212 households and a population of 23765. Bala-Taloqan as the study case of this research consists of two rural districts: Kenar-rood and Joestan (central district) with 48 residential villages. In this paper, we have selected 10 mountain villages which have been affected by tourism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue of prioritization of capitals resulting from tourism activities in mountain tourism villages of the district of top Talogan, among inhabited households using analytical- descriptive method with an emphasis on library work, field studies and completing the questionnaires. Meanwhile, hierarchical Filler Triangle was used as a model to weighting each indicator along with Oreste method for ranking and prioritization of the mountain tourism villages in terms of investigating the condition of tourism assets and capitals.
Discussion and Conclusion
Considering livelihood capitals, Galird has the best and the village of Manglan has the worst condition. Galirad village, according to its proper position relative to the connecting roads and its distinctive tourist attractions, i.e. the old house of Ayatollah Taleqani, enjoys a certain reputation that has caused more tourists go there. Moreover, Guidance plan has been already implemented in the village that is important in the improvement of connecting roads quality and making easy-access roads. After Galird, Karkbud village is located in the second place. Its famous waterfall is the most important attraction of the village which has given it a national reputation. Although, it has located at an altitude of 2200 meters and it is difficult to access it, the attractive waterfall has compensated for this limitation and attracted tourists. Additionally, the village is very rich in terms of natural capital, but tourism has not developed enough and has failed to make the promotion of other capitals. The results of interviews conducted with residents indicate that they are dissatisfied with tourists there and think of them as a contributing factor to environmental degradation and the rise of social abnormalities. Joestan has also dedicated to the third place of this ranking. Vicinity to Shahrood River and the presence of tomb shrine of Haron the son of Muses, are the most important attractions of this village. Although it is the center of Top Talogan district, it has failed to accomplish its central role. So, many people have left the village over time as even the tomb shrine as a strong religious attraction with lodging facilities has not been able to properly accomplish its role of attracting tourists. For this reason, it is only social capitals, and partially, financial capitals, which have perfect situations here. Other villages have similar status and in spite of having human and natural attractions they have not been successful enough in collecting capitals. Of course, it must be mentioned that in this district tourism is mostly found in the form of Daily tourism and second home tourism by a more percentage of Daily tourists than the second-home ones. Because in the mountain villages studied, due to the lack of access to adequate lands with sufficient slopes in order to construct housing units, there have always been lots of limitations for constructing second houses for the non-native. Additionally, in some villages such as Karkbood, native people refuse to sell lands to the non-native and this could affect the status of financial capital of the village.

Fatemeh Kiyani, Rahime Ansari, Ahmad Taghdisi,
Volume 4, Issue 12 (9-2015)
Abstract

Introduction
On one hand, economic development as a fundamental section in every country's policies has a close relation to industry and technology, and on the other hand it is related to environmental pollutions. Considering the fundamental role of industry in the process of development in developing countries, the relation between industrial activities and the rate of pollution caused by industry section are of great importance. According to potential and capacities of cement industry, it can causes a tremendous improvement and flourish in terms of other "requisite" and "prerequisite" activities as well as its critical role in the case of the "volume" and the "value" of non-oil export, however, to reach these economic benefits, environmental damages caused by cement companies are inevitable. These damages include air pollution, water pollution and pollution of underground water in the region and so on. Emissions from the cement industry include particles, compounds of carbon, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, among them particles are more important because they are more produced and emitted in the environment.
Methodology
This study is a descriptive-analytical survey, and questionnaires had been used as the data collection method. The population in this study includes 2300 residents of Shahanjari village, according to Morgan's Table, 175 people had been chosen randomly as the study population. Questionnaires as the tool of data collection are divided to four parts and include environmental, agricultural, social-cultural and economic issues to assess impacts of Cement Company on environment and economic (21 variables). For data analysis, Frequency Distribution Tables, Average Statistics, Factor Analysis method and Correlation Coefficient had been used.
Discussion and Conclusion
Increase in regional employment rate and also economic development is the important positive impacts of Cement Company in this region. Of course, Cement Company have negative impacts on the region including destruction of a large part of agricultural lands in the village, yield decline of agricultural production and increase in the number of people with respiratory diseases. Although, farming is the main occupation, it is also severely affected by the company using up the water resources in the region and agriculture is confronted to the decline in production. Certainly, economic impacts of Cement Company are more than these and other positive economic impacts of Cement Company include increase in facilities and services in the region, more opportunities to get second job in the region, and improvement of the villagers' income. From a social point of view, other considered issues as the result of the construction of this company are residents' satisfaction, improvement of rural roads, decrease in rural-urban migration which have positive impacts in the region on the long term and this leads to population stability and avoiding irregular migration. In conclusion, it can be said that on one hand, Cement Company had a lot of positive impacts, on the other hand it caused reduction of farmers' income which is the direct result of Cement Company location, farming is encountered with some problems, it reduces green area expansion in the region and most of farmers are not satisfied of these conditions.

Asghar Nazareian, Kaveh Zalnejad, Reza Mirzanejad,
Volume 4, Issue 13 (11-2015)
Abstract

Introduction
In the last half-century, tourism has been considered as one of the most efficient factors in socioeconomic reconstruction and development of rural districts and non-urban areas. Tourism can be nominated as driver of peace, because it underlies friendship and mutual understanding between nations and brings peace without polluting the human environmental interactions unlike other productive industries. Today, tourism is a promising activity which is reminded as development pathway. In recent years, tourism as a new form of industry has had many effects on economic, social and cultural status of the world. Job creation, regional balance, helping to global peace, helping to investment on cultural heritages, improvement in the environment conditions, helping to improve wild life, development of rural districts which are endowed with tourism attractions and preventing migrations and etc. are some advantages of this industry. Iran is a country which has many different tourism attractions. Our country is among top ten in terms of tourism attractions; it is among top five countries in terms of tourism variations and among top three countries in terms of variations in handicrafts. According to tourism ranking in South Asia, tourism is dominated by Iran after India. It can be said that Serein County is the most attractive county in some seasons in Ardebil province. It can be said that Serein County is the most attractive county in some seasons in Ardebil province.
Methodology 
Regarding its aim, this study is a practical one and regarding its methodology, it is a descriptive-analytic one. Data collection has been done by literature review, field study and using questionnaires. To analysis data, we have used a statistical test, T-Test which is considered as a parametric test. This test uses data with interval scale and ratio scale regarding the parametric test. The design of the questions can be changed to numerical indicators, so numerical equivalence is used in the form of Likert scale, describing the situations as very low to very high. The populations (or elements) are considered as the people with mutual characteristics including Hostess population of Serein and experts in the region. For sampling, Cochran Formula is used. For residential households which are 600 people, considering reliability level of 95%, and 6% possibility of acceptable error of estimation in sample size according to conducted surveys, these samples are 260 people and the population of experts regarding reliability level of 95% and 6% possibility of acceptable error of estimation is 56 people. Since organizational experts were unavailable in this region, the total number of people for distributing the questionnaires was 33 ones, so all of them were considered in questionnaires distribution.
Discussion and Conclusion
Even though our country is potential in tourism, it is taking the first steps and comparing other countries, the country still fails to find an outstanding position for itself in the world. The results show that by cooperation of private section, necessary infrastructures in tourism section have been developed partly and some standard hotels and accommodations have been constructed. On the other hand, visiting hot springs is possible in every season because of its conditions. So, we can consider it as a yearly active industry. Iran has many hot and mineral springs which have healing characteristics for many diseases and building hospitals with expert staffs and specialist doctors can create a good situation for medical tourism in the world. Springs in Iran, especially hot spring in Serein, are not introduced to the world and this causes that hydrotherapy be generally an attraction just for domestic tourists. Job creation and foreign exchange created by hot spring are some advantages that undoubtedly can be used for healing diseases and attracting domestic and international tourists by suitable and extensive announcements and also investment and cooperation of private section in development of accommodations and welfare centers. Documents and records of municipality for issuing building permits from 2003 to 2010 showed that in this period of time the number of issuing building permits increased which explains the constructions expansion and spatial-physical expansion during these years. The meaningful relation between spatial-physical changes in Serein during the exploitation of hydrotherapy treatment springs creates a meaningful relation between vertical expansion of Serein and tourism infrastructures and the conclusion of questionnaires about changing Ardebil to be the capital city of the province which were distributed among householders, experts and managers and its impact on Serein spatial-physical development and development of Serein because of its mineral springs and natural characteristics. So, the following strategies are notable about Serein:
- Presenting a comprehensive plan for tourism development in accordance with rural and small town development;
- Controlling irregular constructions of accommodations;
- Good planning for `physical-spatial development and presenting strategies in suitable directions in Serein;
- Avoiding unauthorized constructions on the farms around the city.

Fazileh Dadvar-Khani, Somayyeh Mousavi,
Volume 4, Issue 14 (2-2016)
Abstract

Introduction
Sustainable human development is possible only in case of justice being kept between the two genders. Even, it will remain incapable without the participation of women. Rural entrepreneurship, as a new approach in the development theories of empowering and capacity building of human sources, especially women in rural district, plays a crucial role to achieve sustainable development. This article will analyze conditions of entrepreneurship acceptance and its development between men and women to restore the status of women in economic activities and create an atmosphere of justice-oriented development. In fact, as a new strategy in the development of rural areas regarding to its high capacity of employment generation, entrepreneurship can create productive and permanent job chances for villagers and temporary employment for the seasonal unemployed ones. Rural women constitute a large segment of the rural population. So, if they get pushed to the entrepreneurship as well as the improvement of their spirit of entrepreneurship, job creation, and social participation, rural development will be achieved faster as a subset of sustainable development of the country. Therefore, it is meant to examine factors affecting the inequitable acceptance and development of entrepreneurship between the two genders based on gender analysis. This study is to examine influencing factors and barriers ahead of the development of entrepreneurship between rural men and women by evaluating the process of acceptance and development of entrepreneurship between genders. In this article, we are trying to find answers to the questions that; "What causes the inequality between genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" and "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?"
Methodology
The present study is an applied one which has done using descriptive method. Data collection was conducted by library and field methods. Data collection tools include interviews, observations and set by Likert scale. The study population consists of men and women of 82 families as the adopters of entrepreneurship in Sooleghan village. The district contains 11 villages. Four out of this number named by Keshar-Elya including 76 adopted families as the center of entrepreneurship acceptance and development, Keshar-Sofla: 3 adopters, Sooleghan: 2 adopters, and Kan: 1 adopter, are studied here. The village is located in the North West of Tehran within the municipal zones of 5 and 22 which is 7 KMs. far from it. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software using non-parametric and parametric tests.
Discussion and conclusion
Studying the process of entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution between rural men and women led to the two questions. First, "What causes the disparity between the genders in the process of entrepreneurship development?" Second, "What affects the pattern of entrepreneurship development between men and women?" In this study, we have studied the process and pattern of entrepreneurship development. According to the questions, it was identified that geographical conditions, environmental factors, and family status are different for men and women that can lead to the inequalities of the entrepreneurship acceptance and distribution among them. Results indicate that there is a significant difference up to 99% among role, legal and judicial, and institutional factors of men and women. Such differences can be the results of other various factors, all of them together can cause faster and more complete acceptance and distribution of entrepreneurship among men and women.
Results from the gender- based analysis suggest that the social role of women in the villages is mostly confined to their home and its immediate environment. This happens because of the prevalence of patriarchal culture, beliefs, traditions and social attitudes towards women and their role in the rural environment. Gender-based discrimination of these kind have a significant impact on the direction and speed of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution. This means that the entrepreneurship has always been stronger among men than women. Also, women's entrepreneurship has been less during the process of acceptance. Even, in case of their presence, women's group has been counted among the Late Accept groups of the entrepreneurship. Family oriented constraints of women and their dependence on men, especially their financial dependence, some cultural and geographical factors and environmental conditions can all be counted as some other barriers in terms of entrepreneurship acceptance and its distribution against women. This study reveals that women are highly affected by their husband in their position in the labor market, home and family. In this way, the acceptance of women entrepreneurs is subject to their husband being an entrepreneur.


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