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Showing 45 results for Rural Development

Hassan Afrakhteh,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (12-2012)
Abstract

Despite all initiatives and endeavors, Iran’s rural communities are encountering with challenges regarding the achievement of comprehensive development. Space economy is associated with location distribution of economic activities as well as movement and flow of population, goods, services, and capital. These in turn, would have great impact upon the development level of different settlement including towns and countries and their interrelations. The major objective of this study is to investigate the impact of space economy upon rural development. The study area is Shaft district located in Gilan providence. Data gathering technique is tied to direct observation, interview with local folks as well as filling questionnaire .This is further supported by application of inferential statistics including regression correlation techniques and top SIS model. This study suggests that concentrated social-economic system is associated with imbalanced location of economic activities. It is argued that spatial arrangement of economic activities is major determinant of flow of population, goods, services, and capital and further influence regional development of rural as well as urban nodes. This in turn, would question the qualification of rural
development.
 
Farshad Momeni,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (12-2012)
Abstract

The major objective of this paper is to determine the impact of inappropriate planning on economic function and further to explain the link between oil rent and rural development. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical one. However, this analysis is geared toward combination of institutionalized pattern with emphasis on dependency upon marched path and political economy rent. This study suggests that the failure of our policy constitute the major core of the problem. This similarly exemplified itself in different historic periods with or without dependency upon oil. This paper further tries to propose some
suggestions and recommendations in order to get out of this political failure phenomena.

Mojtaba Ghadirimasoum, Hadi Gharagozloo,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Abstract

The construction of industrial towns and regions are being considered as an important strategies regarding rural development. However, Iran is not an exception. It is being argued that by 2010, there exists 335 industrial regions. This in turn, could explain prominent changes associated with rural areas. The research method of this study is based on descriptive- analytical method. 50 out of 139 employed people were extracted. This study further is supported by application of McNamara and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests. This study suggests that there exists signification difference and variation with regard to income, variance in occupations, job satisfaction as well as security, improvement in nutrition and quality of life indices. However, there are not major significant variations regarding community participation, ownership, and rural inertia.

Hamid Jalalian,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Abstract

Limitation regarding water resource along with skyrocketing population growth and its subsequent agricultural production consumption, demand more attention with respect to rational methods of water use and as well as improvement in irrigation system. This in turn will lead to provision of ample water resource and increase in agricultural crops as well as helping the country’s economy. Taking into consideration that agriculture is being consideration as major economic sector in rural areas, thus increase in production level along with decrease in its relevant costs could play a prominent role in social and economic trends of rural areas. The major objective of this study is to investigate the impact of practice of under pressure irrigation system on agriculture status of Khodabandeh County. The research method is based on descriptive – analytical as well as surveymethods. The population is composed of 800 of family households in Khodabandeh in 2011-2010 in which 168 were extracted via Kokrans formula and random sampling technique. This study more specifically deals with questionnaire which its viability was proven by extension agricultural experts. According to Chrombakhs reliability is amounted to be 0.79. This study further supported by SPSS software. This paper suggests that the implication of this irrigation system leads to some economic, social, and environmental impacts on agricultural situation of the study area. It is argued that according to T test with 99% confidence level, there exists significant difference with regard to per capita yield as well as provision of job opportunities comparing with past, that is prior to new irrigation system. Moreover, according to principle component analysis, economic, environment, agricultural inputs, and social factors with 17.261, 16.262, 14.729, 12.201 respectively are capable of explaining 60.45% of all variations.

Ahmad Farahani, Falsoliman Mahmod, Mohamad Hajipour, Nahid Haghdost, Morteza Felezi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Abstract

Nowadays information technology indices are being concerned as measures of development. This in turn will lead to many advantages’ in different areas
for the evolved party. However, rural development is responsible for social and cultural changes. These could be exemplified itself in increase in job opportunities and rural income, improvement in nutrition’s standards as well as educational and sanitation-medical status. The provision of these them could prevent irrational rural urban migration. The major objective of this study is to investigate the impact of information technology on job opportunities, self employed phenomena, job skill, relevant general knowledge’s, specialized knowledge’s, and last but not least rural urban migration. This study is composed of all rural settlers between 15-30 age brackets living in southern Khorasan villages which are exposed with ICT services the sampling technique was based on regular clustering. As such 386 were selected. The research method is composed of descriptive and in feral statistics. It is further supported by filling questionnaire. This study suggests that the targets of information technology are predominately young. In addition, there exists significant variation and differences between the level of information technologies acceptance and improvement in general and specialized rural knowledge’s as well as self employed and increase in job skills.

Khadijeh Javanii, Esmail Karami Dehkardi, Hosin Farahani,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2013)
Abstract

Agricultural sustainability is being undoubtly considered as one of the most prominrnt sector of sustainable development. Bala Velayats settlers Torbate Heydareeyeh basically rely on orchard economy and more specifically on Safran for their livelihoods. This crop originally was cultivated in Khorasan this in turn requier special attention regardinng the sustainability issue. This paper aims to emphasis on social – economic sustainability regardingSafarans production. The research method of this study is based on both field works and documentary method. It is further supported by regression correlation analysis as a part of data gathering procedures, questionnaire were distributed among rural key and influential persons (Dehyaran) as well as 227 of peasants extracted out of 20 villages. This study suggests that the economic status of the peasants, their low income, price fluctuation of Safran, non-assured prices of Safran, lack of appropriate marketing, the high procurement costs, and incapability of government institutions regarding the creation of co-operative institutions responsible for transaction of Safran, all are being considered s major cause of Saran’s economic no sustainability. However, spontaneous community participation and their extravagant desire regarding cultivation of this crop are among sustainability’s elements. This in turn could justify the social sustainably of the villages. This study suggests that there exists a positive and significant correlation between levels of sustainably of this crop and literacy level of the population as an independent variable. This study further suggests that there exist a significant and negative correlation between sustainability of this crop and distance from the town as an independent variable.

Shah-Bakhti Rostami, Mohammad Mirza-Ali,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2013)
Abstract

Rural conducted plan is being imposed to accomplish rural development. In fact, these plans are regarded as a document for social – economic development at village level. These plans aim to meet all of residential, services and entertainment needs within their time period taking into account village settings as well as the relevant ultra-plans. However, the implementations of these plans face some problems. This world be intensified taking into account unplanned rural development and shortage in corresponding allocated credits. These plans are ordered by Islamic housing institute. However, there exists some regional differences among geographical spaces. This in turn reduces the degree of accuracy of these plans and demand them some modification. The study area is villages of GonbadKavuoos. It further aims to investigate the locational criteria for different land uses pertaining to rural conducted plans. The research method is based on descriptive – analytical approach and it has applied nature as well. It is based on survey technique. This study suggests that locational criterion for these types of plans have been proposed. However, the lack of monitoring during implementation has diverted these plans from their predetermined goals.

Hamid Barghi, Yousef Ghanbari, Mohammad Saeedi,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2013)
Abstract

Nowadays, rural councils are performing prominent role on rural development. It is argued that the creation of these bodies is among the major measures for organization of community participation regarding rural development. This study aims to investigate the role of rural Islamic council’s as well as the level of community participation upon rural development of Hossainabad in Najafabad. The research method is based on field work as well as questionnaire. It possesses descriptive-analytical nature. Statistical community is composed of two groups including households and member of rural councils. The sample size turns out to be 255 which were extracted by random sampling technique. As such 15 council members were interviewed. This study followed by application of Kolmogorov–Smirnov test in order to assure the normality of average score distribution. This is followed by application of T test in order to evaluate the council function. Comparison between the view points of the households and council members demands application of Mean Whitney U and non-dependent T. This study suggests that there is not a significant variation in rural council performance from economic aspect. However, social rural council performance is more appropriate comparing with their economic status. With respect to cultural aspect, the significance level is less than average. Moreover, the degree of rural community participation is amounted to be little over than average.

Hossein Farahani, Zahra Asdaghi-Saraskanrood, Mehrshad Tulabi-Nejad,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract

Nowadays, empowerment is being considered as one of the most applicable ways regarding development achievement. This is more applied to vulnerable rural peasants. It is argued that development without empowerment considerations in general namely as far as the rural settlers are concerned is an incomplete concept. Targeted subsidy could be very influential regarding empowerment of the rural settlers which is the main contribution of this paper. The research method has applied as well as analytical and descriptive nature. Data gathering was done through both survey and documentation procedure. It is followed by distributing questionnaire and conduction of personal interviews of household heads. As such, 10 villages (35%) out of 28 villages located in Jaider district of Poldokhtar were selected. Furthermore, 80 households were interviews via random stratified sampling technique. This is followed by application of SPSS and Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test. This study suggests that there exists positive relationship between the received targeted subsidy and economic empowerment level of the rural settlers. That is one could observe relativity high purchasing power, increase in saving, reduction of poverty and increase in household welfare. However, the reductions in arable land, as well as decrease in agricultural investment level, high inflation and mortgages are among the main important negative impacts.

Mahdi Pour-Taheri, Abdol-Reza Roknoddin-Eftkhari, Mahnaz Rahbari,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract

Hidden properties and potentials of agricultural product provide grounds for this sector to play a prominent role in development process in general and rural development in particular. Special capabilities of each region in terms of growing particular crops and their subsequent role in provision of job opportunities as well as rural infrastructures and development could not be underestimated. Taking intoconsideration the role of pistachio in Damghanthis study aims to focus on the social and economic impacts of this crop upon farmers’life. The research method has descriptive - analytical nature which in turn demands application of SPSS.Sample size composed of 318 pistachio growers which was determined viaKokrans. This study suggests that economic impact of pistachios cultivation in terms of economic well-being, economic security and quality of employment compared with social impacts associated with level of participation and social capital is higher. moreover,there exists significant relationships between history crop practice, level of education,familiarity with market, level of mechanization as well as changes and as independent variables and with economic and social impacts each as dependent variable transformation in arable land. Moreover, access to banking credits,consultation services,household dependency rate,area of croplands, yield per acre, the application of new cropping methods and ownership are being considered as additional dependent variables which have relations.

Ali Shams-Aldini, Javad Etaat, Human Shahrivar,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract

Rural tendency toward continual participation of rural settlers in social, economic and political activities is being considered as one of the most prominent factor in rural development .However, it is being argued that political participation of people namely rural settlers does not necessarily lead to high level of awareness and overall and comprehensive social and economic development of subsistence communities.Rather,it may provide the ground for demanding their economic and service share and subsequent struggles and internal disputes. In Mamasani region located in Fars province,criteria with regard to peoples participation is not based on an open society rather, political participation principle follows the tribal expectation. This study aims to analyze the political participation trend of the rural settlers taking into account their tribal identity, in provision of economic and social services in rural communities. As such, 90 rural households extracted out of 4 villages with population over 1000 as sample. This paper considered the level of rural participation in national election as well as the determination of relationship between tribal identities of the house of representative with level of provided services in their rural communities. This study suggests that people who took part in election voted for nominees who have high tribal identity. Moreover, provision of services and welfare in villages is highly associated with representative’s identity and his tribal affiliation.

Jamshid Eynali, Ahmad Roumiani,
Volume 3, Issue 7 (6-2014)
Abstract

Urban-rural linkages play a prominent role with regard to rural development. It is being argued that city considers as an engine of rural development thus urban-rural linkages and their nature and intensity demand thorough and comprehensive investigation. Provision of monetary and financial transaction the flow of capital including governmental construction budgets’, commodity transfers and individual as well as households based investments are the most valuable outcomes of urban-rural linkages. This study aims to investigate urban-rural linkages with particular emphasis upon individual investment with regard to tourism in the area. The nature of study is based on descriptive-analytical approach. Data were gathered via questionnaire and interviews. Statistical society is composed of all of the permanent rural residents. Data analysis requires application of Wilcoxon statistic as well as multi-variable regression. This study suggests that there exists significant difference regarding all of the variables prior and after of tourism development in the study area. Most of the variation is being explained by physical quality of rural dwellings as opposed to rural settler’s participation in general rural development especially regarding tourism activity. It further suggests that according to regression analysis, people satisfaction with respect of individual investment in rural development with regression coefficient of ٠.٦٨ has the greatest positive impacts.

Aaij Azmi, Hadi Almasi,
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Abstract

New rural management and Islamic Councils are being considered as people-oriented institutions during last years with regard to rural economic development. This in turn, demands extra efforts for improvement of this institution status. The major objective of this study is to analyze the influential factors upon strengthening the economic role of these councils in rural area of Harsin (Kermanshah). The research method of this study is descriptive – analytical using questionnaire survey. The sample size is determined to be 50. The sampling techniques were based on simple random sample out of which 32 villages were selected. This is followed by application of Cronbach's for determination of research viability of the research data. K.M.O coefficient (o.7 and 0.71) as well as Bartlett’s test were used. Data analyses were done via utilization of descriptive methods including median, frequency, principle component analysis and Wilcoxon. This study suggests that there exist significant variation regarding economic service provision prior and after the foundation of these rural councils. Moreover, 6 preventive components with respect to economic rural development were identified. They include the legal deficiencies of the councils, their in capabilities related to passing economic rules, peoples cooperation with the councils, the community’s lack of familiarity with the council’s rules, the people’s lack of confidence regarding the council’s performance and their low financial and administrative authorization level. This is followed by identification of four other corresponding factor including community participation, better council membership selection procedure, high acquaintance of council’s members regarding rural economic problems, drawing governmental, public and private financial supports regarding rural projects and high intimacy of council members performance.

Hamdolah Sojassi Gheydari, Ahmad Rumiyani, Somayeh Sanei,
Volume 3, Issue 8 (8-2014)
Abstract

Industry is being considered as major economic element in any area. This in turn, is associated with prominent economic variables including production, employment and investment. It performs considerable role regarding environmental and social changes. More specifically, rural industries are responsible for provision of job-opportunities, prevention of rural-urban migrations, increase in economic productivity level, economic variation, and decentralization, and resource optimization. This means that rural industries are the major indicator of development level. It is argued that the assessment of rural industrial functions and consequences could assist the planners regarding the achievement of industrial sustainability in rural area. The major objective of this study is to assess and explain the rural industrial function taking into consideration sustainable development approach in Saein Ghaleh district located in Abhar. The nature of this study represents applied character. The research method is based on descriptiveanalytical one. It follows by field work and documentation survey. The sampling size using Cochran’s formula determined to be 104 households. This study suggests that there exist significant influences regarding rural industries and their corresponding economic, social, cultural and physical dimensions. Relative impacts of the industries upon rural development show high score regarding economic and environmental dimensions as opposed to physical dimension. Multiple regression analysis represents that economic dimension possess the highest score and value. Prioritizing of the rural area using victor model show that Chergar village possesses the highest score as opposed to SarveJahan.

Hamid Borghi, Roghaye Taziki, Ramezan Toosi,
Volume 3, Issue 10 (3-2015)
Abstract

Introduction
Variations in rural economy, prevention of the unprecedented rural-urban migration, and reduction in spatial imbalances between rural and urban areas via creation of industries namely industrial towns are being considered as the fundamental Iran’s policies regarding rural development. The major objective of this study is to identify and investigate the economic impact of Aghola industrial towns upon the adjacent rural areas located in Gorgan in Aghola.
Methodology
This study from methodological stand point has descriptive- analytical nature. However based on its objective, possesses applied essence. The data gathering demands application of field works as well as documentation. The studied villages composed of 7 villages located in vicinity of this industrial town. 320 households were selected based on random sampling technique and Cochran formula. The credibility of the study was checked by rural studies experts. Viability determined to be 70 % based on Kronbakh Alpha. This study is further supported by principle component analysis as well as one way analysis of variance using SPSS.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the location of Aghola industrial town imposed a prominent economic impact upon the adjacent rural development. However, increase in welfare and purchasing power component compare with the other components possesses the highest significant difference.

Ali Akbar Najafi Kani, Mehdi Hesam, Hadiseh Ashor,
Volume 4, Issue 11 (5-2015)
Abstract

Introduction:
Nowadays, management and economy as science as well as entrepreneurship receive special attention. Strengthening entrepreneurship and creation of an appropriate setting for its development are being considered as a good tool for economic improvement namely in developing countries. Based on entrepreneurship world statement, there exist a high relationship between national economic growth and organizational and national entrepreneurship level. Generally speaking, entrepreneurs potentially exist in any country. However, one should put extra effort to increase their capabilities. Moreover, the existing structures should pave the way for proving themselves. As a matter of fact, entrepreneurs play a vital role regarding social and economic development and transformation. They act as a prime element for revitalization as well as continuation of development. That is why many governments in both developed and developing countries try to guide and encourage entrepreneurs and provide them relevant education .Iran experienced high rural-urban migration as a result of rural backwardness. This is associated with ghettoes, down grading of quality of life, low job opportunities, increase in crime and delinquency. The major objective of rural plan is the achievement of rural development. This in turn will lead to reduction of unemployment increase in job opportunities. These two phenomena are the resultant of Imbalanced labor force, demand and supply as well as decrease in agricultural growth sector in rural areas and decline in job opportunities (23.4%). It is argued that agricultural development by itself cannot guarantee rural economic development and irradiate poverty. Thus attention to other sectors is strongly suggested. Despite, the importance of entrepreneurial ship and its impact upon global economy, Iran has not paid an appropriate attention in this regard. High degree of youth population, lack of job opportunities, high unemployment rate demand more attention to this phenomenon. As such this paper predominantly aims to access entrepreneurship status in southern Astarabad in Gorgan.
Research method:
This study possesses descriptive- analytical nature. It is farther based on survey technique and questionnaire. As such 10 experts in the area were asked to give their opinions in order to weigh the relevant chosen criteria. Study area is composed of 16 villages which house 4805 households. Cochran formula was applied in order to determine the appropriate sample size with the significant level of 95%. Sample size turned out to be 356 which extracted via random sampling technique taking into consideration the number of households in every individual village. This study further followed by application of hierarchical weighing fuller triangle technique regarding the viewpoints of the experts. At the end, it demands ORESTE model in order to rank the villages.
Discussion and concluding:
This study suggests that entrepreneurship not only cause better utilization of the existing resources, but also paves the way for rural settlements sustainability. This is because entrepreneurship through providing job opportunities and resultant sufficient incomes make the settlers to remain in their village. It further could attract investment and draw outside labor force to the area. This in turn will strengthen the foundations of national regional development. However, all of the villages do not possess the same potential in terms of entrepreneurship. As such this study try to prioritize villages located in southern Astarabad in Gorgan from entrepreneurship aspect. According to experts view points, accessibility to education and training, consulting, experiences, knowledge and skill are being considered as main yardsticks in this regard. However, access to capital without needed education and training could not lead to entrepreneurship. According to ORESTE technique computation Naziabad, Sarnabad, and Maryamabad, based on the above mentioned criteria possess the highest ranks as opposed to lower shahkoh, Siyashlou and Qazagh-mahale. This study suggests education and training regarding entrepreneurship specifically in the area of tourism. It believes that lack of capital is being considered as a major obstacle in the study area. Providing low interest loans to rural settlers which could give them initial capital and motivation with respect to entrepreneurship is highly recommended.

Hossin Heydari, Qumars Zarafshani, Khadije Moradi,
Volume 4, Issue 11 (5-2015)
Abstract

Introduction:
Rural development requires special attention regarding human forces .Rural settlers as a prime human resources related to agriculture are a major leverage as far as rural development is concerned. Lack of social capital is being considered as missing chain with respect to economic growth and development in underdeveloped countries. It is agrued that social capital influences sustainable development from different aspact in developing countries including Iran. This is well justified by existance of their transient, unstable economy. Social capital is known world wide as a major determinent of rural development. However, this is not well experienced in Iran's rural geographical space. In other word, planners and policy makers overlooked this issue. This is being considered as the most prominent vacume as far as the rural development litriture is concerned. Both social capital and development possess complex nature. This in turn demands comprehensive and deep study. This could well be done via application of qualitative approach. This study aims to invastigate Farsinj rural development taken into account social capital in order to come up with associated development model.
Research method:
This paper applied qualitative approach using foundamental theory method. This theory is being considered as one of the qualitative research methods. It ia besed on inductive approach using real situation for determination of the components of a problem. Statistical society was comprised of key aware folks in Farsinj village located in songhor koliayee which were chosen through targeted snow ball sampling technique. The study area is center of parsineh which is located in cold mountainous climatic zone. Based on 1390 census, it houses over 2355 with 663 households. Data gathering were done via individual semi structured interview as well as concentrated groups and direct observation resulted in field notes. The application of multi data gathering techniques in qualitative research named trianglizaition increase the viability of the result. Compiling fifteen of those interviews, led to theoretical saturation at least after one hour. The resultant data in three stage that is open coding (conceptualizing and investigating), axis coding and selective coding, were analyzed. Open coding led to formation of 16 classes. The relationships between components were explored through application of axis coding. This led to formation of external social capital as a prime class or phenomena based on paradigm model. This model includes casual conditions and backgrounds, intervening conditions, as well as interaction, strategies and consequences.
Discussion and conclusion:
Farsinj village located in songhor koliayee is being known as one of the typical and pilot village in Kermanshah province. Based on the investigation, high level of education, number of existing occupations as well as the rural settler’s level of commitment, responsibility and the feeling of being served with regard to following the villages affairs are among the factors responsible for Farsinj being known as spectacular villages. It is argued that the feeling of being rival, high level of settler’s motivation and engagement of some of the folks in high ranking governmental possessions all would be important components formation of external social capital in the study area. Trust in outsiders, the existence of agriculture bank, high schools as well as getting married to the males outside their locality all led to formation of better opportunities for investment in the study area. All these factors have led to some positive outcomes including the provision of services to neighboring villages and being well known village in the area. Make it short; the level of development of the study area is highly associated with the formation of external social capital.

Farhad Azizpoor, Zahra Khodakarami,
Volume 4, Issue 13 (11-2015)
Abstract

Introduction
Considering the important role of agriculture sector in the rural economy, it has caused the development of rural economy in various environmental, social and economic aspects. Thus it can play a significant role in achieving sustainable rural development. To achieve such goals, a particular value must be given to natural, social, human and financial capital resources. Among these, financial capitals receive the highest level of importance. According to the relatively small amount of local benefits of villages along with limited financial resources, less capital flows can be seen to the agriculture sector. Due to the individual exploitation system in the form of micro-credit granting, this condition has caused government give an important value to the supporting procedures of agricultural sector. Karasf in Khodabande county of Zanjan province is one of those rural districts whose share of agriculture sector in its economy is highly remarkable. The relatively low income of farmers in this region together with bureaucratic mechanism of banking system to finance resources of agricultural sector provoked farmers to utilize micro-credits. As in the years of 1385-1392 about 30 thousands of credits was granted to the farmers of this region. Approximately about 66 billion Tomeans of microcredits allocated to this region. It has been concluded to some effective results for villagers in agricultural sector and consequently for the rural development of the study area of the project. the present research we are trying to evaluate the effectiveness of such credits which have been mainly used in agricultural sector. In this regard the following fundamental question raised:
- In which ways the allocated agricultural micro credits are being used?
- What are some socioeconomic effects of microcredits on the rural district and its nearby villages?
- What factors influence the effectiveness of agricultural microcredit in the intended rural area?
Methodology
This study done by the used of descriptive analytical approach. The statistical population includes exploiting farmers of different villages from rural district of Karasf in Zanjan province (20 villages), Agriculture Jihad experts (10 experts), and experts of agriculture bank (5 experts) in Khodabande county. The following steps were spent in order to sample and determine the sample size: Selecting sample villages, we initially determined the number of villages which were taking advantages of microcredits and then classified them through the frequency of targeted utilizing. Out of 20 villages which had received credits, the sample size of 4 was determined by means of an estimation method based on similar research experience. Then 4 villages of Karsaf, Paskuhan, Korechal, and Dalaye sofla were selected based on results from qualitative sampling. By the use of Cochrane method, 157 out of 2200 units which were taking advantage of microcredits (and had received the credits at least one time in 1385- 1392) selected as agriculture utilizing units. Then using random and stratified sampling methods a case group has been selected from four villages. The intended experts were investigated by census method. To measure the amount of effectiveness, criterions like bank credits for the installment sales of machinery, creating livestock facilities, credits granted for digging wells, providing engine, saving the cost of planting, sowing and harvesting, creating jobs, increasing the amount of production, increasing of revenue and preventing migration of villagers have been selected. Data collection has done through library and field methods. Questionnaires and questioning techniques have been used in parts related to field studies. Due to the subjective nature of the criterions, an ordinal scale used for evaluating data. To assess validity and reliability of the questionnaire, expert opinion and Cronbach's alpha have been respectively used with emphasis on internal consistency of data. Total alpha coefficient was about 82% which indicates high reliability of the questionnaire. One sample t test and rational arguments were used for analyzing data.
Discussion and conclusion
Measuring the effectiveness of agricultural microcredits in rural development indicates that some indicators are more effective than others. The increase of agricultural products (particularly crop products) is the most effective factor on the effectiveness of microcredits. Of course, some other significant factors like the increase of income and savings and decrease of the migration rate can be attributed to it. Results show that agricultural microcredits do not affect equally on different indicators of development- especially on socio-economic ones. Moreover, executive mechanisms of granted microcredits influenced by traditional approach (economic growth) are not necessary efficient enough. In this framework, effective factors like centralized management (up to down) and official and legal relationships have caused financial resources of local nature not to rely on micro-savings by people which has caused by itself the instability of such resources. This situation can be a consequence of different factors. Among these factors, the dominant approach of implementing the policy of agricultural micro-credit is one of the most important ones. A comparative study of the principles governing the granting of credits shows that in the study area, traditional thinking (affected by the perspective of economic growth) was dominant. In the other words, one-dimensional development of the study area influenced by microcredit is influenced by traditional thinking which is governing its role of credits in positive developments of rural areas.

Seyyed Hassan Moteei-Langroudi, Horieh Moradi,
Volume 4, Issue 13 (11-2015)
Abstract

Introduction
Rural planning is one of the most important activities for agents and planners of development. Agriculture Jihad aims to accomplish rural development purposes through codification of plans and activities to increase the level of awareness and professional skills of villagers. In developing countries, it is a problem that rural planners do not have enough technical and professional information. Change agents in Agriculture Jihad as the engine of rural development have the responsibility to educate villagers and increase their level of awareness, insights and professional skills. Agents' professional development in Agriculture Jihad means using potential capacities of staffs which are not used completely at the moment. Today, economic development experts believe that using human resources which have been developed is the most important factor that effect on the process of socioeconomic development in countries. So, they have emphasis on investment in human resource development more than ever. On the other hand, changes because of globalization resulted in changes in human resource development and also characteristics of developed human resource and human resource requirements of labor market have increased in more dimensions. Creating communication is change agents' skill which means capability of planning, preparing and presenting profitable innovations to the villagers. On the whole, it can be said that professional empowerment is the process of continuous improvement in of Agriculture Jihad which is done by creating and expansion of dominance based on people and groups' competency on all the areas and duties and influence on staffs' performance and the overall performance of the organization in rural planning. Therefore, empowerment should be focused in order to develop human resource in Agriculture Jihad which results in empowerment and job satisfaction of the staffs and approaching to one of the rural development's purposes. So, regarding to the importance of the subject and since the operational systems of the organization are executed by humans and this is the most important investment of the organization, this study is implemented aiming to explain professional capabilities of the agents in Agriculture Jihad for rural planning. The study aims to answer this key question that "Whether agents of Agriculture Jihad in Kermanshah province have the professional capabilities of rural planning or not".
Methodology
The study population includes all agents and rural development planners in Kermanshah province which is 456 people. In this study, all the staffs of Agriculture Jihad including manager, experts, technicians and constructive corps are called agents of Agriculture Jihad. The sample size is determined 210 people according to Morgan table. Sampling method was chosen randomly out of the respondents. Data collection tool was questionnaires and its validity was confirmed by some of the university professors and experts; its stability was determined using pre-test. Cronbach's Alfa was calculated 93% and 90% for professional capability in rural planning and entrepreneurial spirit respectively that shows the suitability of the data collection tool. For data analysis, descriptive statistical methods and referential statistics have been used. In descriptive statistics part, distribution of items' frequency and characteristics of respondents such as frequency and percent are measured and also the professional capability in rural planning and entrepreneurial spirit in management of Agriculture Jihad in Kermanshah province are studied too; in referential statistics part, correlation analysis and regression analysis are used. Data analysis is done with SPSS 20 software.
Discussion and Conclusion
According to these study findings, the condition of entrepreneurial spirit between agents of Agriculture Jihad in this province is more than the measured average level. The result showed that in organization staffs' point of view these parameters are considered as the most important ones in performing a job: having responsibility, job satisfaction and self confidence in performing the job and having the experience in the field of training courses for having job satisfaction and professional capability, job requirements' assessment for starting a job, motivation for improvement and using new and innovative methods for performing the job, having the spirit of forgiveness and sacrifice in group activities and having the ability to adapt to new environment. And there is also a great correlation between variables such as entrepreneurial spirit, age, effects of in-service training course and professional capability for rural planning which shows the importance and outstanding role of these variables in professional capability. The results of step by step regression showed that variables such as entrepreneurial spirit, up to date specialized information and contribution in in-service training courses had many impacts on agents' professional capability and these variables are able to explain 64 percent of changes in the case of professional capability for rural planning. So it can be said that, using information systems in developmental activities, training the skills and creativity techniques to the staffs are some of the actions which can be suitable areas for development of entrepreneurial spirit and these actions also provide agents' professional capabilities in Agriculture Jihad.

Heshmat-Allah Saadi, Hajar Vahdat Moadab,
Volume 4, Issue 14 (2-2016)
Abstract

Introduction
Industrialization of rural districts can be considered as one of the appropriate approaches toward the diversification of economy. In this way, the rural lifestyle can get developed through the process of job creation and the increasing of income and its balanced distribution can create a favorable environment for the achievement of sustainable rural development. Some researchers of rural development believe that the industrialization of rural districts in the framework of national master plan is inevitable in economic growth. So, in the last two decades, authorities and program makers have mainly shifted their focus of attention on the settlement of industries in villages in the form of industrial towns and areas.
Results from various studies imply the improvement of lifestyle among villagers after the establishment of industrial towns there. In spite of all the good consequences of industrial growth in rural areas, it should be noted that rural industry can cause lots of problems within rural population and itsenvironment if they cannot be correctly controlled.
Opposing ideas like those mentioned against economic, social, and environmental interests seems common in the process of development. Environmental effects of industrial concentration in a small zone or an inappropriate area can cause serious hazards either locally or internationally. So, identification and evaluation of such problems from different aspects can help us discover the effectiveness of these programs and investigate their range of effectiveness for the purposes of local and regional development. On the other hand, it can be useful for the spatial programming of the target areas where this activities have been done or are affecting by such activities. Therefore, this study aims to study social and economic impacts of industrial micro plans on rural populations.
Methodology
This is a quantitative study, a non-experimental type regarding the strategy used for the rate and control degree of variables, an applied one on its target, and a survey research according to the method used for collecting data.Its statistical society includes villagers above 18 in the village of Shahnjryn among them 161 members were randomly selected through Cochran formula as samples. Also, we have also made questionnaires to collect data. 
Questionnaire used for collecting data in this research has been already designed in 1392 in consultation with experts. Its validity was confirmed by researchers and experts. For testing the reliability of the questionnaire a number of 30 questionnaires was done by the villagers of Shahnjryn. Results were analyzed and Cronbach's alpha was calculated 0.73 which is good for the project. Collected data have been already analyzed in SPSS .16 software. Descriptive statistics such as Frequency, percentage, standard deviation, mean variance and coefficient of variation have been used in descriptive part of the research as well as mean comparison, correlation coefficient and factor analysis tests used for data analyzing.
Discussion and conclusion
Lots of researches have been already done in Iran and throughout the world to find out the socioeconomic impacts of industrial micro plans on rural communities. A major noticeable part has focused on the positive effects of industrial occupations on rural development. Results from the present study reveal the high economic impacts of industrial projects in rural areas as it can cause new chances of employment and economic variations that cause the development of the areas. In addition, it should be considered that in rural districts industrial activities are in rival with farming.
Generally, industrial projects in rural areas have negative effects on agriculture. As, in some cases like the utilization of lands and human forces, industrial projects are precedent. Not only can industrial projects affect the economic status of rural areas, but also social consequences are possible. Prevalence of industrial projects in rural areas may lead some changes in relationships and geographical actions and trends, as well. Predictions like these have been proven to be true up to the results of the present study. Totally, based on the results from the study, there are some approaches to moderate the negative effects of industrial projects in the neighboring villages by the reinforcement of their positive effects. The followings are examples of these approaches:

- As a necessity, all the Eco environmental impacts of each industrial project must be evaluated in advance to find measures to modify its dangerous impacts on the environment.
Industrial occupations are produced in villages mainly by the purpose of creating nonagricultural business and employments. It is obvious that such industries should not affect negatively on agricultural production. Therefore, it is necessary to pay simultaneous attention on both industrial and agricultural development. To achieve the goal, we suggest to make measures for programming agricultural growth along with the industrial ones.
Modifying the negative effects of industrial growth on agriculture, the headquarters of the industrial activities must be located in villages with less farming capacity. Additionally, a strategy of development and implementation of industrial projects must be defined to keep villagers from leaving the village.
In rural industries, for a more effective development process, it must be tried to use mainly from rural labor force and formations.


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