Human Information Interaction

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Background and aim: The effective communication of librarians with their counterparts, referrers and relevant authorities is a major factor in the success of libraries and the need for librarians of the current age. Creating and applying effective communication is influenced by several factors. The present research seeks to identify the effective factors in the creation and application of effective communication by librarians of public libraries from the viewpoint of librarians in public libraries of Kermanshah.
Methods: this research has been done in a qualitative cognitive approach and the method is content analysis. Data has been gathered with deep interview technique. Contributors are 19 librarians of public libraries in winter 2018. Sampling was done in a purposeful method and continued up to saturation on information. The content analysis method was used to analyze the results. Data gathering was done at the same time with data gathering.
Results: The analysis of interviewing data cause the formation of 106 concepts that were categorized in 20 sub-categories and finally classified in 3 categories: individual factors, out of the library factors, and inside the library factors. 20 sub-categories include moral and personality features; appearance features; Skills and abilities; professional knowledge; experience; demographic characteristics of librarians; personal beliefs and type of viewpoint; physical and psychological conditions of the librarian; cultural factors; demographic characteristics of the audience; Ethical and personality characteristics of the audience; Physical and mental conditions of the audience; Capacity and ability of the audience; The audience's attitude toward the library and librarian; Need and aim; education; job satisfaction; environmental conditions; human and physical facilities, organizational chart, and administrative rules
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that some factors as effective barriers to effective communication, have a negative effect on the creation and realization of the relationship, while others have a positive effect. Some factors are directly communicative skills that must be learned or reinforced in person, and others are factors that provide the setting for the advent and maintenance of effective communication.
 

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Background and Aim: The present study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the unplanned behavior of users to use academic library resources and services.
Methods: The present study is considered as being an applied one in terms of purpose ,and it has has been conducted using descriptive-survey method. Research population consist of the students of central libraries at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Shahid Chamran universty of Ahwaz, universities of Tabriz and Shiraz, as well as the Tehran Univrsity. Having determined the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 700 questionnaires were distributed among the participants and 654 questionnaires have been analyzed applying stratified random sampling method based on the population size. Path analysis and LISREL software have been used in order for data analysis to be carried out.
Results: The results shows that the environmental factors and also the ones associated with technology affect the students’ unplanned behavior as far as using resources and services of university libraries through the situational factor of time are concerned. In addition, the data resources and services have no direct or indirect influence on the incidence of these behaviors.
Conclusion: Libraries should pay a special attention to the factors affecting the clients’ unplanned behavior, especially the ones whose impact has been proven including "environmental factors", "factors associated with technology", and the "accessible time ". This way, it will be possible for the libraries to have an optimized and efficient use of their resources and services. The result of paying attention to these factors will be the greater use of library resources and services, attracted audiences, and an increased level of awareness and information of users.

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Background and Aim: Understanding collaborative information seeking behaviour requires knowing about personal characteristics, differences between users, and the type of interactions occur during a collaborative behaviour. The aim of this study is to investigate dimensions of collaborative information seeking behaviour of graduate students of Kharazmi University when using a digital library based on easy and difficult task scenarios.
Methods:  this was a mixed-method study with 60 (30 pairs) participant randomly chosen from graduate students of Kharazmi University (enrolled in 2017-2018). The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. Participants participated in a test based on easy and difficult tasks of collaborative information seeking using a digital library (Tebyan).
Results: the time spent interacting with peers or librarians was relatively short. Participants in difficult tasks mostly played the role of consultant. Most of information or help requests were of the type of procedural.
Conclusion: the results confirm the important role of librarians in collaborative information seeking and the feasibility of providing human assistant in digital library environment to support users.

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Purpose: the aim was to identify users' search strategies and the rate of using search strategies on the web.

Method: It is a practical survey. The statistical population included all the postgraduate students in the first semester at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 95 students were selected by stratified random sampling method. To gather the data, log files were used.

Findings: 12 search strategies were identified which was divided into 5 general categories. Iterative evaluation strategy in another tab was a new form of evaluation strategy of results. Among all, starting search strategies were the most commonly used category which were repeated 397 times, and the search results evaluation strategies were ranked afterward, with 321 replications. The category of Simultaneous multiple resource access strategies, with 77 repetitions, were also the least used strategies, but in particular, the recurring exploration strategy, with 21 repetitions, was the least applicable strategy. Conducting correlation test between strategies showed that some of Pearson's correlation coefficients were significant. The strongest relationship was between the starting search strategies and the search result evaluation strategies with a 0.591 correlation coefficient.

Discussion: The results showed that the majority of students used traditional and simple strategies, such as the formulation of search terms strategy and the iterative result evaluation strategy, and they used more complex strategies in few cases. These results showed that the students need to be trained in using strategies.

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Background/aim. Considering the underlying role played by knowledge management in project-based organizations; and, the fact that knowledge audit is the most important step in supplying, maintaining and updating the content of knowledge management systems; this research effort is aimed at designing an appropriate knowledge audit model based on the requirements and factors of knowledge audit in project-based organizations.
Methodology.This research is an applied research with a mixed-methods approach (both quantitative and qualitative). To be more exact, several methods such as documentary study method, exploratory study method, the survey method, factor analysis and thematic analysis were employed to establish a weighted knowledge audit model based on the requirements, associated with project- based organizations.The statistical population of this study for collecting qualitative data were 13 experts of knowledge management and the statistical population of collecting quantitative data were 220 project managers, project control experts and knowledge managers from 4 project-based organizations (ICT Research Institute, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Niroo Research Institute; and, Iranian Space Research Center).
Findings. The findings of this analysis demonstrate that all five factors of knowledge audit in project- based organizations constitute the final structural model for knowledge audit, and the appropriate knowledge audit model for project-based organizations includes five factors: (1) knowledge need analysis; (2) knowledge inventory analysis; (3) knowledge valuation, (4) knowledge flow analysis; and, (5) knowledge application analysis. Among these factors, knowledge valuation with its factor loading of 0.9 is the most important factor.
Conclusion. 5 factors and 54 subfactors of Knowledge audit have highly-desired factor loading values and exert impact within the knowledge audit model for project-based organizations. Moreover, the final model displays a fair goodness-of-fit.

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Background and Aim: This study attempted to investigate Khouzestan Institute for Higher Education students' viewpoints on librarians' nonverbal communication skills and their roles to attract the audience.
Methods: This is an analytical survey which used a researcher-made questionnaire to measure librarians’ communication skills in five dimensions by 39 statements. It also measured students’ satisfaction of librarians’ performance through one question. The population consisted of 3500 bachelor students enrolled in second semester of 2016-2017 academic year. According to Krejcie and Morgan Table, 346 students were determined as the sample. Using SPSS v.20 software, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied.
Results: From the students point of view the total score of nonverbal communication skills of librarians was 4.58±0.71. The highest means belonged to “facial expression” (4.70±.30) and “their situations and hints (4.64±.468). The score of students’ satisfaction with librarians was 4.68±0.47, accordingly.   
Conclusion: There are a lot of research on non-verbal communications skills in general; however, there was no sufficient research on librarian's non-verbal communication skills. Library in academic institutions, where librarians interact with the youth, non-verbal communication skills may prevent many unnecessary encounters.

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Background and Aim: Current study has investigated the status of research about digital rights management and to identify the gaps and research trends in the field.
Methods: Using a narrative review approach major databases such as Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, ProQuest, etc. were searched for the term “Digital Rights Management”.
Results: Following the preliminary analysis, 80 research sources were selected for the study. The results of the study showed that 72% of recovered resources pursued technical issues, and 19% management perspectives, and the remaining 9% legal and cultural aspects.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that, we need to do more research on management approach, and there we found a deep research gap in legal and cultural studies. Furthermore, economics is a missed approach in the field. Considering the evolution of research, we had technical issues bolder with an approach towards new technologies. Also, the results were in line with the development of modern information and communication technologies and legal aspects. On the contrary to earlier research that was more focused on the rights of copyright holders, current studies are focusing on the consumers’ rights.
 

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of text based indexing and folksonomy in image retrieval via Google search engine.
Methods: This study used experimental method. The sample is 30 images extracted from the book “Gray anatomy”. The research was carried out in 4 stages; in the first stage, images were uploaded to an “Instagram” account so the images are tagged with 600 contacts. In the second stage, the images were uploaded onto 2 blogs using text-based and folksonomy indexing, respectively. In the third stage, 118 medical experts were asked to find one of the images in Google’s image search engine. Finally, in the fourth stage, the rank of the retrieved images from the 2 blogs was reviewed.
Results: Based on the findings; in descriptive analysis, the scores of retrieved images was calculated and in the inferential analysis, independent Chi² test was used to compare the search results of two blogs. The reported difference was significant.
Conclusion: The results showed that the folksonomy improves images’ retrieval by Google search engine compared to the text-based indexing.

 

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Background and Aim: Information systems cannot be well designed or developed without a clear understanding of needs of users, manner of their information seeking and evaluating. This research has been designed to analyze the Ganj (Iranian research institute of science and technology database) users’ query refinement behaviors via log analysis.   
Methods: The method of this research is log analysis. In this research, the Ganj users’ query refinement behaviors were analyzed. User’s logs during 3 months between May and June 2016 were analyzed for semantic features. The study tool was a researcher-made checklist of semantic features. The total searches were 10 milion records which were limited to information science domain. About 106641 records were selected for analysis. 
Results: The semantic relationships (based on thesaurus relationships) were revealed between pair’s terms in user’s searches. The results showed that users refined their searches based on some semantic relationships.    
Conclusion: The results of this research can be used to improve the Ganj results and for term suggestion for users, so that they be able to choose proper terms while there are several related terms.

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Background and Aim: Today, the physical presence and traditional advertising in order to compete in the market of many businesses, especially the banking industry, is not enough, and the era of competition has tended to be digital or online. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social media brand engagement on brand equity, with emphasis on the moderating role of trust and its impact on brand performance among the customers of the Bank Melli Iran of Tehran Province.
Methods: In terms of the objective, the study is a descriptive work and survey in nature, an applied work in terms of usage, and a correlation work in terms of implementation. In this regard, 385 customers of the Bank Melli Iran of Tehran province responded to the questionnaire by multi-stage cluster sampling.
Results: The results of the research showed that all the factors of identity, information availability, entertainment, personalized advertisements and brand affiliation have a positive and significant effect on social media brand engagement. The results also showed that social media brand engagement have a positive and significant effect on brand equity and brand equity on brand performance. In the end, the results showed that the trust variable in the relationship between social media brand engagement and brand equity has a moderating role.
Conclusion: In order to enhance the brand performance of the Bank Melli Iran, paying attention to engaging customers through social media and increasing their trust in influencing brand engagement and brand equity is important.

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Background and Aim: This paper aims to survey the method of Selecting subject to coping with Information Resources based on the Ellis model in Seminary, study 323 Students in Fars and Bushehr Province.   
Methods: The method of this study is a survey with analytical approach. Data collection tools in this study was questionnaire and in order to assess validity (content), and the questionnaire reliability was obtained by Cronbach alpha. Sampling is purposeful; Descriptive and analytical statistical methods such as Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were utilized. 
Results: prying mind (2/6), reviewing of information resources (3/13), Sites in the Internet related to subjects or social networks (3/92), Using online databases or weblogs (3/48), Authority (3/7), Studying abstract (2/48), is so important for seminary students.      
Conclusion: The results showed that Students of Seminary selected different methods that selected by research population for Selecting subject to coping with Information Resources and its not based on the Ellis Model

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Background and Aim: Science is the result of collective thinking and sharing of findings and the use and critique in collective spaces. Also, Researchers share scientific findings by using communication platforms. Therefore, platforms play an important role in development of science. With the creation of communication and information technologies, scholarly journals have placed considerable position in facilitating the formal scholarly communication between researchers. Despite the widespread use of researchers from electronic journals, their role in the scholarly communication process has not yet been studied.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of electronic journals in improving the process of scientific communication between faculty members.   
Methods: the present study was carried out with a quantitative approach and survey method using survey questionnaire. Of the total of 350 faculty members of the University of Kurdistan, 181 were selected as samples, and individuals were selected for the proportion of the college population and departments and completed the questionnaire. After that, the research questions were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. 
Results: Previous models of scientific communication process were investigated and two steps were added to the four-step process of Harmsze and Thorin. According to The studied sample belief, the environment of electronic journals have a role in improve of all six stages of the scientific communication process. Demographic variables had no effect on decision making. The environment of electronic journals plays an important role in improving the scientific communication process. Therefore, it's better, in design such systems, in addition to the function of creating a substrate presentation of the article, the role of modifying and changing the behavior of researchers should also be predicted.    
Conclusion: The findings of this research will help improvement and completion of the process of scientific communication stages and also helps designers of electronic journal systems to design their system functions aimed at modifying the behavior of researchers. So far, a research that should investigate the faculty members' opinion about the role of electronic journals in improving their scientific communication, has not been implemented. Also, in this research, the four stages of the scientific communication process has expanded into six stages.

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Background and Aim: Relative generality and precision are two important criteria for measuring the efficiency and performance of information retrieval systems. The aim of this study was to compare the integrity and location of evidence-based bases in the digital library of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences in data retrieval of diabetes.   
Methods: The design of this research is cross-sectional, survey, descriptive and is an applied type. Preparing a list on clinical questions here was done as referring to the Diabetes Center in Semirom for 5 months. The following keywords were searched on databases: Up To Date, Clinical Key, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid, and PubMed Tool. The data were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of tables, diagrams, chi-square test.
Results: The findings showed that both Ovid and Clinical Key databases recovered more relevant documents in contrast to other databases Based on the most relevant documents. According to the relevant and relatively relevant documents, Clinical Key, Embase, Ovid and Up To Date databases had the highest recall in contrast to the PubMed and Cochrane databases which possessed the lowest recall. According to the most relevant documents, the Ovid Database has the highest precision while the PubMed Database had the lowest precision. Among the databases, up to date had retrieved the relevant documents.
Conclusion: Ovid possesses more recall and precision among the databases analyzed, but evidence-based resources are generally well-suited to clinical questions in the field of diabetes

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of information poverty, its levels and its causes in society   
Methods: The article is a review-analytical paper.
 Results: The findings show that information poverty is part of the larger problem of poverty and results from socioeconomic, educational and infrastructural issues. Information poverty can be discussed at macro (community), meso (society) and micro (personal) levels. Several factors, including the lack of access to information, the inability of meaning to information, socioeconomic and infrastructural factors and context-related factors, contribute to the creation or intensification of information poverty in society. It has also been shown that educational, economic/ financial, institutional, social/ cultural, mental/ diagnostic, personal/ attitudinal, and information awareness contributes to the creation of information poverty.    
Conclusion: Information poverty is a concept that is less addressed in the literature of knowledge and information science. Considering the necessity of recognizing it in order to confront and reduce it in society, this paper, while addressing the importance of information poverty, the concepts of poverty, Information, information poverty, information poor, vulnerable groups, and reasons causing information poverty, and showed that this concept has overlapping themes with inequality of information, information gap, information divide, information rich and poor, digital divide and the balance of information

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Background and Aim: Under the influence of various factors, people use different methods and methods to obtain information and express different information behaviors. These behaviors have been introduced in the form of patterns and models of information retrieval by information science experts in recent decades, which can be used in various fields. One of these areas that almost all people are directly or indirectly involved in is the field of treatment and medicine.   
Methods: This paper whit quasi-experimental examines the Analysis of information behavior of psychotherapists in the process of diagnosing and treating mental disorders based on the Kuhlthau information search process model. The population of this study is psychologists and psychiatrists with more than two years of treatment history. The sample selected from this group also includes 30 therapists who entered the competition through a public call as a top therapist using a simple sampling method. 
Results: The findings show that the sequence of therapists' movements is in accordance with Kuhlthau's opinion and they perform a repetitive movement in the diagnosis and treatment process, but the level of presence of therapists (time spent) differs at different stages from the model considered by Kuhlthau. The findings also showed that variables such as treatment history, field of study, and gender could influence the behavior of therapists. On the other hand, the relationship between the information of the therapists' information behavior and variables such as information literacy, state anxiety and trait, specialized knowledge and self-assessment of therapists was significantly evaluated.    
Conclusion: The information behavior that a treatment specialist performs in his or her treatment process can be analyzed according to the Kuhlthau model.

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Background and Aim: The last two decades have witnessed efforts to identify ways and tools of showing the value of science for society known as the social impact of science, the efforts that have been made under various titles such as social benefits, social quality, social utility, social relevance, and so on. Academic publications, especially academic articles, are objective representation of scientific activities. One question raised in this regard is which kind of academic articles can have much more social impact. Bornmann (2014) argues articles that review previous studies and provide evaluative reports are of greater potential for social impact. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to compare the social impact of review articles with the original research articles indexed in the Web of science in four fields including psychology, pharmacy, biology, and agriculture.   
Methods: Current research is an applied one and has applied altmetrics analysis. Research and review articles were retrieved from Web of Science database, and altmetric score of articles is collected using Bookmarklet tool of Altemetric.com. The population of this research is composed of review and research articles of abovementioned fields indexed in the Web of Science in 2015. Using a randomized stratified sampling method, a sample of the research population has been chosen for more investigation. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. 
Results: The findings of this research shows that there is a significant difference between the altmetric score of review and research articles, in a way that the altmetric score of review articles is higher than research articles. Both review and research articles have been mentioned in Mendeley more than the other social media, but these articles have received the least mention from the Wikipedia.    
Conclusion: It is concluded that review articles have more social impact than research articles. The fact that strengthens the position of review articles in the body of scientific publications more than before.

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Background and Aim: Today, word of mouth communication plays a significant role in customer's decision-making, especially in the service environment, particularly tourism. However, it should be noted that several factors influence the pursuit of information (information tracking) in this type of communication that needs to be identified and strengthened.Therefore, the present study aims to provide a model for explaining effective factors in tracking information in electronic word of mouth communication among foreign tourists who have traveled to Kashan in the summer of  2016.   
Methods: The present research is applied and the method of data collection is descriptive-survey.The sample size was estimated to 150 people according to Morgan and Krejcie tables and random sampling was performed.To collect the research data, 28 questionnaires and 8 demographic questionnaires were designed by reviewing the theoretical foundations of the research.
Results: Of the eleven hypotheses, three hypotheses of the effect of perceived ease on mental involvement and the effect of trustworthiness and mental involvement on information follow up were confirmed, and eight other hypotheses were rejected. Therefore, mental involvement is not affected by the source trustworthiness, validity of the message, and the perceived benefits of online counseling communication. Subjective conflict can be influenced by the perceived ease of online counseling communication and perception fun. Comes from online communication communications. The source's trustworthiness and perceived benefits and perceived enjoyment of online advices do not affect its follow-up, and the validity of the message in online advocacy communications is effective in tracking it. Mental conflicts with online advocacy are also affected by follow-up.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, marketing and tourism experts should strive to advertise their services and awareness to the tourists through the use of the Internet and social media capabilities.

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Background and Aim: the field of indigenous medicine is one of the indigenous knowledge fields. The tendency of native people to use indigenous medicine for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, knowledge management of indigenous medicine in this district, have doubled the importance of paying attention to this topic. In this way, the present research intends to propose an appropriate model for knowledge management of indigenous knowledge, through identifying items of indigenous knowledge, Emphasizing on indigenous medicine, in Makran district.
Methods: the type of present research is applied and the Qualitative methods have been used in this study. The Statistical population of this research involved of experts and pundits that are familiar with indigenous knowledge in Makran district. The sample members were selected with purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interview was used for Data Collection and the process of conducting interviews was continued with 12 persons of sample members to reach the theoretical saturation after interview. Thematic Analysis method is used for analysis, interpretation and coding of data.
Results: Based on the analysis of qualitative data, 175 initial codes were obtained. 55 codes represent different fields of indigenous knowledge which were categorized in 5 sub-items of "handicrafts", "fishing", "animal husbandry", "agriculture" and "indigenous medicine" and 2 key items of "non-medical" and "medical knowledge". 78 codes represent the different fields of indigenous medicine knowledge which were categorized in 6 sub-items of "sphygmology", "face color", "urine and stool color", "drug therapy", "prayer therapy", "surgery and traditional  treatments " and 2 key items of "Traditional diagnosis" and "traditional medicine". Finally, 42 initial codes related to the items of the knowledge management model of indigenous medicine were categorized in 14 sub-items and 5 key items of "knowledge creation", "Knowledge acquisition”, "knowledge sharing and development", "knowledge transfer", "knowledge recording", which show the dimension of knowledge management model of indigenous medicine in Makran district.   
Conclusion: Due to the vast capacity of Makran district in the field of indigenous medicine knowledge, the present research provides a basis for the more efficient management of this knowledge through identifying different items of this knowledge and proposing a model for its management. In addition, this research can be the basis for further investigations in this field.

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Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate cognitive skills, composition and use of information among graduate students of Islamic Azad University Doruod Branch.
Methods: The research is descriptive. The study sample included 1105 persons of Doruod Islamic Azad University graduate students, which is based on the sample of 286 subjects were selected. To gather data for these study questionnaires were used. The questionnaires were distributed and 276 questionnaires were received that the number of Inventory data extraction and analysis using statistical software was SPSS20. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics t test was used.
Results: The results showed that the cognitive, composition and use of information among graduate students of Islamic Azad University Doruod higher than average.
Conclusion: The results of this study and other research related to information literacy of students  It can be concluded that universities and higher education institutions should pay special attention to students' information literacy and provide grounds for its upgrade.