Human Information Interaction

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Background and Aim: This study tends to investigate the reasons of interpersonal trust and the results of trust in online scientific social networks.
Methods: The applied Research has been used cluster sampling to collect data. The study population consisted of Shiraz university and Persian Gulf university faculties. A sampling of 269 person was determined by Morgan table according to whole population (900 person). In order to gathering data it was used Wu, Chen and Chang (2010) questionnaire. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze data.
Results: Results showed that Among the reasons that create trust among scientific social networks members, Satisfaction (Mean score= 27.2 and T score= 53./6) is the most effective. According to the obtained correlation coefficient between two variables commitment and trust (0.798), commitment is the result of trust in online scientific social networks. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between two variables Stickiness and trust (0.744) showed that the stickiness is the results of trust between members of online scientific social networks.
Conclusion. Due to high impact of satisfaction on creating trust between members of online scientific social networks, we should create consent and satisfaction of members, in order to provide a place that researchers think these networks are good places to present their specialized knowledge and experience and they can exchange their information and knowledge. 
 

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Background and Aim: This study is set to represent information search process in the selected preschool children in Tehran (namely Mahgol and Taranom) and compare the results with BAT model.
Methods: This is an Applied and comparative study with qualitative approach based on grounded theory. Research population was preschool children in Tehran from two different regions of city. Sampling was done by multi-stage and clustering purposive method. Considering the context of the society, preschools in two different regions of Tehran were selected. 20 children were selected as a sample of the study. Three groups including children, teachers and parents were studied.
Results: The results show that information search behavior in Mahgol and Taranom preschools include education, preparing, predictive behavior, curiosity and incomprehension. In comparison with BAT model, it has education of concepts instead of reading. They have shown planning, finding, gathering data and organizing behavior in doing research assignments. Defining behavior was rare and there were no evaluating behavior in comparison with BAT model. Some similar behaviors with BAT model were seen in the second stage. Happiness behavior was seen less than other behaviors. Referencing was seen in the telling stage and there was little interpreting and integrating. The same behaviors with BAT model were seen in the third stage.
Conclusion. Educating information search process to preschool children based on BAT model can enrich children’s skills in research.

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Background and Aim: This study aims to explore the concept of information culture, and survey its status among the faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

Method: This research is applied research that conducted via survey research. Population included faculty members of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad that 250 of them were selected via random sampling. A questionnaire based on (Choo et al., 2008) model were used for data collection. This questionnaire including six dimensions: information integrity, information formality, information control, information transparency, information sharing, and proactive use of information. Before collecting data, validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed.

Results: The results showed that, from the perspective of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, information culture and its dimensions are not desirable at the university. Among the dimensions of information culture information sharing has highest average and information transparency has the lowest average. Also the results show information culture pattern of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad is Relationship-Based Culture. The relationship between demographic variables and information culture also showed that there is a significant relationship between gender and field of study with some dimensions of information culture.

Conclusion: survey the information culture as an empowerment variable that influence information behaviors and programs in organizations is essential, Because of the important role of information in organizations. Moreover, information culture is a new subject that addressing the new research area for further research, especially in the field of knowledge and information science. 

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Background and Aim: Information literacy is a contextual concept that needs to be studied in different contexts like schools. Promoting reading literacy is a core instructional objectives of Persian literature curriculum and also a part of information literacy. Understanding Concept of information literacy helps us to understand information literacy in elementary schools and can implement it in information literacy Instruction and Assessment of schools.

Methods: This research is a phenomenological research that used Qualitative Content Analysis technique for analyzing Semi structured interviews and Observations. Theoretical sampling was used and three schools were selected. We interview with four Teachers and observed four classes in Fourth Grade.

Findings: based on data analyzing we can describe information literacy for language in  Fourth Grade in this phrases: “Set the scene: Make a space for thinking, reflecting and planning”, “ emerging of determining information need”, “locating and searching of information”, “information engagement”, “information Processing”, “record, organize and ethical use of information”, “Communication”, “Presentation”.

Result: based on findings, teachers highly focused on developing skills of information engagement(reading, listening, viewing), Information Processing(supplying Infrastructures of text understandings; Practice textual, audio, visual comprehension; practicing information processing in action), presenting information(in written and Unwritten format and learning how to do them). Integrating information literacy with language curriculum seems that can help to achieve language instructional objectives. The findings can be used for designing instrument of information literacy assessment and also can be used for teacher training.

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Background and aim: An important factor to tendency for read and increase per capita reading is enjoy the reading. Pleasure reading has significant impact on the continuity of reading and lifelong readers. This is very important in Iran due low per capita. It must be understood what factors are influencing and creating of Pleasure reading. Therefore, this study aim is, identify the experiences of Kermanshah public librarians and public libraries’ members about effective factors on Pleasure reading.

Methods: This study was qualitative methodological approach and methodology, subject analysis. Data were collected using in-deep interview. The research participants consisted of 33 people who were public librarians and public libraries’ members of Kermanshah city in 2016. Sampling was done in a systematic method and continued until the saturation of information. Data analysis was done with information gathering in a subject analysis approach.

Result: Analyzing data showed 13 primary codes, 16 sub-themes and 22 themes in 2 basic subjects as internal and external factors. The internal factors included Interest, spontaneity and discretion, the notion of reading, motivations, needs and goals, forehead knowledge, feelings, application review, cognition, communication and relations and links. The external factors as issue of foundations included Family, education, libraries, content creators, content distributors, and media and as issue of the conditions and facilities included Subject matter, time, place, and reading tools.

Conclusion: The results show that Pleasure reading depends on the internal and external factors. So, on one side is individual and on the other side are factors such as family, education, libraries and like this that, both of them, with the coordination and efforts can receive to aim of Pleasure reading.

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Background and Aim: The current study aimed to investigate the state of health information supply and demand on prostate cancer among Iranian medical researchers and Iranian web users during 2011 to 2015. The purpose of this study, based on infodemiology indicators, was to investigate the alignment of health information supply and demand on prostate cancer among Iranian medical researchers and Iranian web users.
Methods: A mixed method research was conducted. In qualitative part, a focus group interview was applied to the users to identify their selected keywords searched for prostate cancer in Google. The collected data were analyzed using Open Code software. In quantitative part, data were synthesized using R software in two parts. First, users’ internet information-seeking behavior was analyzed using Google Trends outputs during 2011 to 2015. Second, the scientific publication of Iranian prostate cancer specialists was surveyed using PubMed during the period of the study.
Results: The results showed that the search volume index of preferred keywords on prostate cancer have decreased from 2191 in 2011 to 1798 in 2015. Also, the findings revealed that Iranian scholars had 161 scientific papers on prostate cancer in PubMed during 2011 to 2015. Among these 161 papers, 20 records related to 2011 and 44 records related to 2015. There was no significant relationship between users’ information seeking behavior in Google Trends and the scientific publication behavior of Iranian prostate cancer specialists (p>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, when the search volume index of Iranian web users decreased or increased during the period of the study, the number of scientific publications had not been affected by users’ search volume. Thus, it can be mentioned that Iranian scholars had not pay enough attention to the concerns of people toward prostate cancer. 

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Background and Aim: Usually, researchers who have different levels of academic degrees, are different in terms of specialized knowledge. Also, academic degree may affect the information seeking behavior of researchers. Therefore, in this study, the difference of information seeking behavior of researchers with different academic degree for “conducting the research” and “updating scientific information” was investigated.
Methods: Survey method was used to conduct the research. In order to gather data, self made questionnaire was used. We have not sampled. In total, 140 researchers (70%), out of the 200, completed the questionnaires. Data were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics methods and were performed using IBM SPSS 22. In order to analysis the data, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's tests were used.
Results: Findings showed that the use of “journal articles” (high and very high more than 90%) was a top priority of “PhD and master students” and “PhDs”. In order to access scientific information, “PhD and master students" and “masters/professional doctors” mostly used “communication and consultation with Iranian experts and researchers” (high and very high with 75%) and “personal experiences” (high and very high with 65%). While minimal use of “communication and consultation with foreign experts and researchers” (low and never with 56%) and “participating in foreign congresses” (low and never with 69%) was used by “masters/professional doctors”.
Conclusion: Just in using the "journal articles" was significant difference in order to "update scientific information" and "research" (p<0.05). “PhD and master students”, compared to other levels of education, used “journal articles” more. While, in using the “communication and consultation with foreign experts and researchers”, “participating in foreign congresses”, and “personal experiences”, there was significant differences; So that, PhDs used them more than the others.

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify managers' viewpoints toward the status of components of the cybernetic pattern in academic libraries.
Method: This research was method by analytical survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 753 directors and librarians of the central libraries of Tehran and other cities. 250 People were selected by stratified random sampling and based on Krejcie and Morgan table (Powell, 2006). Data collection for this study through a questionnaire According to Byrne Baum (2003), the opinions of experts and specialists in this research. The 6-item questionnaire consists of monitoring and control, links, decision-making, hierarchy, and leadership, which are based on the Likert spectrum of managers surveyed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-20 software.
Results: The results of this study showed that all components of the cybernetic pattern have been considered from the viewpoint of the managers of academic libraries and have a good position in academic libraries. Among the sub-components of the cybernetic component, the sub-components of the social component with a mean of 36.16, the minor component of the graft, with a mean of 48/15, the subsystem of the causal circuit with an average of 7.75, the minor component of decision making sources with a mean of 49. 15, sub-component divided system by 12/12and cognitive component subscales with an average of 8.49 above the average of other sub-components of the cybernetic pattern in academic libraries.
Conclusion The results of this study showed that components of the cybernetic pattern have a good place in academic libraries, which can indicate the knowledge of the managers of academic libraries about the structure, goals, tasks, services and functions of academic libraries. According to the results of the research, it is advisable to pay more attention to the social role of users of the library in their library management structure in their interactions and to direct them, and to provide the basis for the commitment of human resources through social participation in the process of work and interaction with more management.
 

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Background and Aim: Health Information Prescription (HIP) means delivering right information to the right person at the right time. The present study was performed to determine the effect of HIP on caregivers' self-care ability.
Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the effect of HIP on caregivers' self-care ability the quasi-experimental study was carried out on 37 caregivers. Data collection was conducted using a checklist for evaluation of self-care ability. According to the checklist, the caregivers' information including four main domains (total knowledge about JHMS, attention to the effects of JHMS, the effective treatment activities and the quest of medical services) was scored based on a 5-point Likert scale. HIP services were then delivered. The caregivers' information was evaluated once again through the checklist and the pre and post intervention results were compared.
Finding: This study showed that the mean score of self-care ability in each of four domains including total knowledge about JHMS (p=0.001), attention to the effects of JHMS (p=0.001), the effective treatment activities (p=0.001) and the quest of medical services (p=0.001) increased significantly after HIPS.
Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that HIP can increasingly improve the caregivers' self-care ability.
 

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this paper is to study, identifying and discuss the foundation and concepts, models and frameworks, dimensions and challenges of research data curation and management in scientific and academic environments.
Method: This article is a review article and library method was used to collect scientific and research texts in this field. In this research, external and internal scientific databases, as well as web resources, were searched with the keywords "data curation", "digital curation", "research data management", "research data curation" and their equivalent in Persian. After removing duplicate sources and unrelated sources, a total of 132 sources were selected and their content evaluated and analyzed.
Results: The analysis of the literature revealed that the curation and management of research data is a emerging area with complex issues and different dimensions which included of a wide range of educational, organizational, cultural, technological, legal, and security issues. Since the 2000s,This area has been at the forefront of governments, funding organizations, universities and has been formed around it a strong research community of researchers, especially in the field of information and knowledge science, archives and information systems. Today, the curation and management of research data is considered as one of the main components of the large-scale science and technology policy and needs government support and legislative and policy-making institutions. Different models and frameworks have been drawn up at various levels of the national, institution or community for understand the dimensions of the curation and management of research data and its implementation. The study of literature also has shown that libraries and librarians have the ability and competence to take on the roles and responsibilities of curation and management of research data at universities and scientific institutes. However, the research dat curation and management in implementation and practice faces with challenges such as privacy, data ownership, intellectual property rights, lack of data sharing by researchers, lack of proper data management infrastructure, lack of awareness and cognition and knowledge of the process of research data curation and management, and so on.
Conclusion:Despite extensive research abroad, this area has not received much attention in Iran. Therefore, this article addressed relatively comprehensive the subject and dimensions of the research data curation and management, and it can be useful for researchers, policy makers of science and technology, librarians for research and implement research data curation and management services. 
Preservation and creat added value for data research throughout its lifecycle in order to reuse it for new purpose of research is an important application of data curation. Several models have been provided by various reserchers and organizations for data curation based on the life cycle approach.Among which Digital Curation Center curation model had important role in identification of data and curation practices as well as others models development.

This paper is an opinion paper based on library method.

This paper addresses the issue of Data Curation and its foundations, models and issues. So, it could be of interest to Information professionals, Archive and data management researchers, academic and scientific and educational organizations’ managers and other data-intensive Environments.

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Background and Aim: The current study aimed to investigate "ambiguous aversion behavior" based on Quran explains. The lack of "Descriptive Models of Human Behaviour" (DMHB) is one of the oldest anomalies in behavioral sciences. It's because different scientific demands to understand, predict and control human behavior. Specially, ambiguous aversion that is a common behavior and extremely influences different scientific issues.
Methods: The methodology and all the steps of this research in preparing, organizing text, studying, and documentation, coding, abstraction and final conclusions are based on qualitative content analysis. The model is identified and explained thorough the deep studies in scientific literature of DMHB and Quran text. Quran in this research is the source of idea to find DMHB; also the guide of explaining DMHB.
Results: The results showed that 814 phrase of Quran (Ayah) are related to DMHB and ambiguous aversion behavior. The final model could be explained in the scientific standard structure -as "Ideal Type of DMHB"- so its Comprehensiveness to explain a behavioral model is approved.  Also, its relations to other renowned theories is discussed.
Conclusion: According to the results, in this paper we developed new model of "Ambiguous Aversion" that describes why people tend to resist against changes and ambiguous situations; and what their behavioral strategies are. The basic reason of ambiguous aversion is avoiding uncertainty to owning utilities. And human feels uncertainty when he feels situational changes. His behavioral strategies against change are: change denial, interpreting not important change, change resistance. Also his direct behavioral strategies against ambiguous are: clarification, Risk coverage and resource possessing. 

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Background and Aim. The promising outlook of easy communication incurring minimum cost has caused social networks to face increasing number of active members each day. These members develop and expand international communication through information sharing including personal information. Thus, big data analysis of social networks provides companies, organizations and governments with ample and unique opportunities to reach their strategic goals and various methods have been proposed in order to accomplish this objective. Each method has its own advantages, disadvantages and application area which would require deep study and assessment to understand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the approaches and methods of data analysis in social networks and study the advantages, disadvantages and application area of each method.

Method. This research is an applied research with qualitative approach and it was conducted using thematic analysis method and the study population include 35related conference papers, journal articles and reports published during 2010-2017.

Results. Various methods are used for the analysis of social networks and these methods are classified into three categories: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods.

Conclusion. Due to the complex and multidimensional nature of social networks, the best approach is a mixed approach. This means combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and exploring various aspects of networks.

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Background and purpose: Business Information is among the important sources for companies, especially for those located in Science and Technology Park which intend to launch a technological business and enter the market. To this end, different aspects of business information behavior of the companies need to be investigated. The aim of this article is to study business information behavior of companies based in Khuzestan Science & Technology Park.

Methodology: This qualitative study was conducted based on grounded theory. Companies affiliated with Khouzestan Science and Technology Park formed our research population. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 companies.

Finding: The results show that the aims of business information seeking include: organizational goal completion and task fulfillment, updatedness, efficiency, competitiveness and preparation for difficult situations and problem solving. Furthermore, business information need includes knowledge of market, national and international policies, laws, financial information, information about products, information about management, as well as information management. Sources of business information were mass media, science and technology park, internet, educational courses, informal communication, and library and financial consultants.  However, barriers to business information seeking included lack of information seeking and information literacy skills, problems about information, technical infrastructure, personal factors, cultural, political and ethical problems, problems in receiving information from the science & technology park and organizational problems.

Conclusion: Companies based in science and technology parks are well-aware of the importance of business information. Moreover, their business information needs are in line with other researches. By identifying the relevant sources and obstacles, this paper can help to provide appropriate information services to these companies.

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Background and Aim: Information literacy is a key element in the development of an independent and effective learning in higher education in the 21st century. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between information literacy and learning motivation in undergraduate students. In addition, the mean score of information literacy was measured based on educational and demographic variables.
Methods: This applied research carried out with a quantitative approach and survey method. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The study population was undergraduate students at Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University and 379 samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics analyses (Pearson correlation, independent T and ANOVA) were performed using SPSS software.
Results: Students' information literacy based on five standards was 2.48. Based on the findings of the Pearson correlation coefficient with 99 percent confident there was positive and significant relationship between information literacy and learning motivation. In addition there was positive and significant relationship between information literacy and Grade Point Average (GPA)  of students with 99 percent confident. Based on independent T-test was not observed a significant difference in male and female students' information literacy. ANOVA test showed a significant difference with 99 percent confident between information literacy and entrance year of students. Based on ANOVA test there was no significant differences on students' information literacy based on field of study.
Conclusion: Students' information literacy unsatisfactory. Information literacy had a positive relationship with learning motivation. Also there was a positive relationship between information literacy and academic performance (GPA). Information literacy of senior students was more than freshmen. Information literacy of students in four areas of study (Humanities, Engineering, Agriculture and Science) was almost similar.

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Background and Aim: Known by different titles in Iran and worldwide, knowledge translation (KT) has been introduced to push the knowledge from theory to action. In medicine and healthcare research fields, KT reads as needs assessment procedures, producing effective knowledge, taking into account all types of audiences, knowledge synthesis, appraisal, and monitoring sustained knowledge use. This research aimed to introduce KT and assess its effectiveness in medical fields.
Methods: Description of KT was provided using available literature and ideas from some international KT researchers. KT effectiveness was assessed using some ideas from some experts in the KT field and also conducting a type of systematic review namely scoping review. Using keyword inquires relevant research were retrieved from several online databases and of 316 collected English articles published between 2008 and 2017, 22 articles were included. Selection of articles was based on PRISMA recommendations and flowchart. Findings were presented through C+M=O, i.e. context, mechanism, and outcome pattern configuration.
Results: Initially, various dimensions of KT such as its backgrounds, parallel names, knowledge synthesis, knowledge hierarchy, and issues of application of KT in other than medical fields were discussed. Then, through a scoping review general effectiveness of KT in most reviewed subjects was confirmed, so that of 22 assessed articles only 3 were not supportive. Education was the major intervention used for assessing effectiveness of KT.
Conclusion: KT has received attentions from some Western countries like Canada, the US and recently Iran. Despite the allegedly insufficient resources on KT, it has good results in practice for delivering knowledge to experts and lay people, with an exception of policy makers. However, there are some doubts as if KT is not a new paradigm but a restatement of traditional strategies in production and application of scientific knowledge.

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Background and Aim: As of the entrance of web surfing to the lifestyle of a vast majority of people in the society and the need for a more accurate social and cultural policy making in the field, authors intended to analyze the behavior of the society users in viewing different websites so as to help politicians and practitioners.
Methods: Design science research method is used in this research. The data sample of research consists of all available users that surf Iranian and foreign websites. For gathering data from various active users, some add-ons were designed and published over browsers so as to gather sufficient data.
Results: Through the utilization of text mining algorithms, the browsed webpages were differentiated and using data mining algorithms, the pages were categorized and interpreted.
Conclusion: Finally, a comprehensive system was designed for the analysis of internet users’ web browsing trends which contains the data gathering phase and innovative report preparation that can be used as an effective sample for analysis, design, and implementation of web-based analytical systems.

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Background and Aim: This research was performed to investigate factors affecting the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies in E-Government from the perspective of the Hamadan province's citizens who refer to the offices of E-government using a descriptive survey.
Methods: this survey is applied using descriptive-analytic approach. To collect the required research data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. This questionnaire includes 24 questions in 7 dimensions (Economic, Individual, Technological, Cultural, Organizational, Motivational and Social Factors) and 5 questions related to demographic information. The statistical population of the survey includes citizens who apply for public and private sector services to E-government counter offices. A sample using stratified random sampling with proportional allocation was determined 518 people. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software.
Results: The results from this research showed a significant relationship between all the 6 factors of economic, individual, technological, cultural, organizational and motivational factors in the Web 2.0 technologies acceptance to implement E-government in the Hamadan. Nonetheless, no relationship was found between results from the social factors and Web 2.0 technologies acceptance.
Conclusion: Based on the results, in order to invest in the implementation of E-government based on Web 2.0 technologies focus should be on the field of economic, individual, technological, cultural, organizational and motivational factors. Because each of these factors has subcomponent that provide the context for development of these factors will indirectly affect the other factors.

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Background and Aim: Since anyone can freely share any kinds of information in the cyberspace almost without authenticity, validation information seems important. This paper examines the concept of credibility and describes and analyzes some well-known models for the evaluation of the Web credibility.
Methods: This research is a review in terms of research methodology and theoretical in terms of the goal. Data collection was using documentary method.
Results: The assessment of known models of Web Credibility including prominence-interpretation theory of Fogg, Wathen and Burkell’s model for how users judge the credibility of on-line information, Hilligoss and Rieh’s unifying framework of credibility, Sundar’s MAIN model, Metzger’s dual processing model of credibility assessment, Lucassen et al.’s revised 3S-model of credibility, and Choi new framework for web credibility showed that the systematic concept of the connection between credit key dimensions and criteria that can be used to assess the credibility of the Web exists in none of these models other than Choi and thus the templates and the theories have limited explanatory power for a comprehensive interpretation of findings of experimental studies.
Conclusion: Due to lack of imperical testing of these theoretical frameworks through standard tools on a large scale, no one was empirically supported. Thus, it is necessary to examine these frameworks empirically to improve their validity with an experimental basis.

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Background and Aim: Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), as the only local pervasive broadcasting service in Iran, has faced with serious challenges by the advent of new technologies and changes in media communication models in recent years. For this purpose, IRIB is going to lunch the IPTV in order to achieve the new media technologies and keep its situation in the media consumption baskets of Iranian families. However, employing a scientific method is needed to guarantee success due to the high costs of this work.. Therefore, with regard to a research vacuum  in this field, this study aimed to recognise the capabilities of Gamification to increase audience engagement in IPTV.
Methods: the preset study first tried to recognise the IPTV services with the highest gamification capability using three consecutive research methods including documentary studies, Delphi (in three consecutive rounds) and interviews. Then, capabilities of Gamification with the highest ability to gamify those services and practical examples of how to gamify these services were presented.
Results: In result of documentary and delphi (three consecutive rounds) studies, 12 IPTV services with gamification capability and 13 gamification capabilities with integrated ability with those services were selected by experts who were involved in study of community surveyed. Finally, in order to being more tangible, profound interviews were made with gamification experts and practical examples of integrated Gamification Capabilities with the IPTV services presented.
Conclusion:Th implementation of gamification technology in Iran’s IPTV media can act as a incentive technology in order to attract, engage and hold the audiences. It is also able to change Iran’s IPTV media as an affordable media with reference to its high launching costs. This technology can also be a tool to guarantee success of this media among media competitive environment.

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Background and Aim: This study aims to introduce a developed conceptual model of problem finding.
Methods: This article is carried out by utilizing qualitative directed content analysis. The researcher used this method to gather new knowledge on the four features of problem finding. In total, 17 scientific sources were analyzed.
Results: This research revealed 182 codes, 22 themes that outline issues related to the research problem finding. Personality feature extended in five dimensions; psychological  feature extended in four dimensions; thinking feature (creative thinking) extended in six dimensions and (critical thinking) extended in two dimensions; and educational feature extended in five dimensions.
Conclusion: Based on available data, the number of factors identified in this study is greater and more comprehensive than that of any previous research. It could provide an added value to the current researches about problem finding. This study has also developed the previous conceptual model and utilized a directed content analysis method that has never been conducted to date in the field of problem finding.