Human Information Interaction

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Background and Aim: Gamification refers to the use of game elements in non-game contexts to motivate engagement. This definition is the most comprehensive one presented so far. The term was proposed first in 2002 but it has been prolonged 8 years to attract individuals’’ attention. Gamification has been applied in various contexts according to its capabilities. The current study aims to investigate the concept of gamification and its dimensions in library environment.

Methods:  This study used review method as well as comprehensive and systematic study to assess the concept of gamification in accordance with library environment.

Results: The results showed that gamification dimensions could improve the library functions and users’ loyalty. This could help libraries to solve the “engagement crisis”.

Conclusion: Playful engagement is an important approach to help librarians to attract maximum audience in the new information landscape. To achieve this, gamification and its elements can play an important role.

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Background and Aim: This study tends to investigate the reasons of interpersonal trust and the results of trust in online scientific social networks.
Methods: The applied Research has been used cluster sampling to collect data. The study population consisted of Shiraz university and Persian Gulf university faculties. A sampling of 269 person was determined by Morgan table according to whole population (900 person). In order to gathering data it was used Wu, Chen and Chang (2010) questionnaire. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze data.
Results: Results showed that Among the reasons that create trust among scientific social networks members, Satisfaction (Mean score= 27.2 and T score= 53./6) is the most effective. According to the obtained correlation coefficient between two variables commitment and trust (0.798), commitment is the result of trust in online scientific social networks. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between two variables Stickiness and trust (0.744) showed that the stickiness is the results of trust between members of online scientific social networks.
Conclusion. Due to high impact of satisfaction on creating trust between members of online scientific social networks, we should create consent and satisfaction of members, in order to provide a place that researchers think these networks are good places to present their specialized knowledge and experience and they can exchange their information and knowledge. 
 

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Background and Aim: Usually, researchers who have different levels of academic degrees, are different in terms of specialized knowledge. Also, academic degree may affect the information seeking behavior of researchers. Therefore, in this study, the difference of information seeking behavior of researchers with different academic degree for “conducting the research” and “updating scientific information” was investigated.
Methods: Survey method was used to conduct the research. In order to gather data, self made questionnaire was used. We have not sampled. In total, 140 researchers (70%), out of the 200, completed the questionnaires. Data were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics methods and were performed using IBM SPSS 22. In order to analysis the data, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's tests were used.
Results: Findings showed that the use of “journal articles” (high and very high more than 90%) was a top priority of “PhD and master students” and “PhDs”. In order to access scientific information, “PhD and master students" and “masters/professional doctors” mostly used “communication and consultation with Iranian experts and researchers” (high and very high with 75%) and “personal experiences” (high and very high with 65%). While minimal use of “communication and consultation with foreign experts and researchers” (low and never with 56%) and “participating in foreign congresses” (low and never with 69%) was used by “masters/professional doctors”.
Conclusion: Just in using the "journal articles" was significant difference in order to "update scientific information" and "research" (p<0.05). “PhD and master students”, compared to other levels of education, used “journal articles” more. While, in using the “communication and consultation with foreign experts and researchers”, “participating in foreign congresses”, and “personal experiences”, there was significant differences; So that, PhDs used them more than the others.

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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explain the impact of information and communication technology on the use of information among the elite Brilliant talents of the Young and Elite Research Club of Islamic Azad University.
Methodology, In this research, qualitative methodology has been used with an interpretive approach and using grounded theory. In the process of constructing the ground theory, there are three stages of data encoding: open coding, axial encoding, and selective coding. Encoding is an analytical process in which data is segmented, conceptualized, and integrated, so that they can formulate the final theory. In the process of coding, the unit is the concept of analysis. The data collection was conducted through a semi-structured interview with pre-designed questions. Questions were asked about the respondent's response when asked to answer the questions when needed. The research community is the elite and talented talents of the Young and Elite Research Club of Islamic Azad University. A targeted sampling was used to select the research sample. The sample size was determined during the work. The research sample was 22 elite and talented members of the young and elite scholars club of Islamic Azad University, which according to the characteristics of the subjects under study, through the representative of the club to provide access to these people.
Findings, the elite, are searching for a lot of information, cultivating their curious minds, so that they do not ignore any information, and, with the choice of information, seek, in their entirety, their puzzle pieces. On the other hand, they collect information based on the most relevant, newest, or based on the importance and credibility of the information using mental ability and visual memory. On the other hand, in different stages of the process of using information, they use the capabilities and the most important features of information and communication technology tools for storing, processing, accessing information, and so on.
Conclusion, In the process of information retrieval, there is an innovative touchdown. The largest eclectic wizard for using online information technology tools is the security and space for storing, generating, transferring and sharing information.
Keywords, Use of Information, Information and Communication Technology, Elite, Innovation

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Background and Aim: Information systems cannot be well designed or developed without a clear understanding of needs of users, manner of their information seeking and evaluating. This research has been designed to analyze the Ganj (Iranian research institute of science and technology database) users’ query refinement behaviors via log analysis.   
Methods: The method of this research is log analysis. In this research, the Ganj users’ query refinement behaviors were analyzed. User’s logs during 3 months between May and June 2016 were analyzed for semantic features. The study tool was a researcher-made checklist of semantic features. The total searches were 10 milion records which were limited to information science domain. About 106641 records were selected for analysis. 
Results: The semantic relationships (based on thesaurus relationships) were revealed between pair’s terms in user’s searches. The results showed that users refined their searches based on some semantic relationships.    
Conclusion: The results of this research can be used to improve the Ganj results and for term suggestion for users, so that they be able to choose proper terms while there are several related terms.

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Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate cognitive skills, composition and use of information among graduate students of Islamic Azad University Doruod Branch.
Methods: The research is descriptive. The study sample included 1105 persons of Doruod Islamic Azad University graduate students, which is based on the sample of 286 subjects were selected. To gather data for these study questionnaires were used. The questionnaires were distributed and 276 questionnaires were received that the number of Inventory data extraction and analysis using statistical software was SPSS20. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics t test was used.
Results: The results showed that the cognitive, composition and use of information among graduate students of Islamic Azad University Doruod higher than average.
Conclusion: The results of this study and other research related to information literacy of students  It can be concluded that universities and higher education institutions should pay special attention to students' information literacy and provide grounds for its upgrade.

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Background and Aim: Managing the experience the user has in dealing with the website can play a significant role in improvement of a longer and more valuable relationship. One of the new technologies that can play a role in pleasant, enjoyable and effective experience of the users is gamification. Because this technology transforms every day, repetitive, and formal activities into exciting, challenging and entertaining experiences with the rules of the game and makes a different experience for users; also, provides the intention to use and advice to others. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to Digi Kala website features analysis in the field of gamification focusing on the roles of the mediator of experience and attitude of users and impact of the antecedents on intention to use and word of mouth intention   
Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all users of Digi Kala online store, which in the period of data collection in July, 2018 were users of this website, and 294 samples were collected by sampling method. The main tool for collecting data was a questionnaire. To analyze and confirm the validity of research, construct validity and convergent validity were investigated. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS and LISREL software were used to analyze the data.
Results: All the research hypotheses were approved except for the second hypothesis.
Conclusion: The results of the research show that service quality, system quality and information quality on Digi Kala website affect user experience and user experience on Digi Kala website affects the user's attitude toward it. Also, the user's attitude towards Digi Kala website affects the intention to use and word of mouth intention.

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Background and Aim: Technologies such as social networks have provided new opportunities for health and social interactions, and the promotion of attitudes such as the attitudes of health control and improving the health literacy in society. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the use of social networks with the health literacy of Ilam public library users.
Methods: The present study has used questionnaire based survey method. The statistical population of this study is 4696 users of public libraries in Ilam. Based on Morgan's table, 351 individuals were selected as sample size. The questionnaire was distributed by using of stratified random sampling method. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used by SPSS 19 software.
Results: The Findings showed that the components average of users in receiving health literacy information was at a sensible level and, due to the importance of those components, users began to utilize social networks in the field of health literacy. Also, the findings showed that there was a significant relationship between users' use of social networks and health literacy and the components (access, reading, understanding, assessment, application), so that by increasing the use of social networks, the health literacy of users increases as well.
Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that public libraries, universities and centers related to health cooperate so that held suitable conditions in social networks with the aim of experience sharing and expanding the level of health literacy of users by taking into account issues related to user information confidentiality and so that new facilities and conditions can be provided library users, institutions and planners in this field.

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Background and Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the prevailing views in the field of information retrieval in information science (system-oriented, user-oriented and domain-oriented) and to enlighten the new view of "semiotics."  The research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the main components of the views in information science? What are the characteristics of the semiotic view  and what is its added value compared to other perspectives?
Methods: Researches  that have used the concepts, models and theories of semiotics in various fields of information science were searched in the databases of Emerald, Scopus, Google Scholar. The retrieved articles were reviewed with the selection of 23 Articles.  The title, abstract and results of the articles as well as the full text of 5 articles associated to the purpose of the research were analyzed via content analysis method.
Results: Findings showed that most of the research in the field was published between 2000 and 2018 by mostly researchers in Denmark. Some articles have explained and defined the concept of information based on the concepts and theories of semiotics and had presented a new view on information science based on the classification, called the semiotic view.
Conclusion: The results showed that system-oriented, user-oriented and domain-oriented views emphasized the document and each of them emphasized an aspect. The semiotic point of view, information is intended as sign and can combine the characteristics of the three views and define the information regardless of the media that carries it and remove the boundaries of the document.

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the quality requirements of the National Digital Library based on the Kano model and categorize users needs into three groups of:  Basic, functional and motivational.
Methods: This survey was conducted with a qualitative approach. The requirements of the digital library were extracted using two standards: "Digiqual manual" and the "Digital Library Evaluation Manual."   The requirements were adjusted based on Kano model in a questionnaire consisting of four categories and 52 pairs of questions (104 questions).
Results: The results of each of the requirements (basic, functional, motivational) in four dimensions (access control, content, data retrieval, and visual effects) show that   half of the users' requests are in the basic requirements group which National Digital Library officials should pay more attention to and prioritize the redesign or development plan of the digital library. Also, the second priority was the requirements of the functional group. Paying attention to the requirements of this group causes satisfaction and dissatisfaction otherwise. Attention to meeting the motivational requirements of the third priority if met  could create a high level of satisfaction in the use of the National Digital Library.
Conclusion: If clienteles  satisfaction is of worth,    managers of the National Digital Library should design short-term and long-term programs according to the users real needs.

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Introduction: Information behavior in knowledge and information science is seen as a fundamental human behavior that has been studied extensively thus far. This study include different approaches and perspectives that examined information behavior. The purpose of this article is to investigate the paradigm shift in information behavior by using the texts of this research ground.
Methodology: The study was directed via library method with an analytical approach. After reviewing previous studies with the intention of identifying the dominant paradigms of information behavior.
Findings: Findings show that information behavior studies fell into two main paradigms of old and new. The old paradigm focuses on Shannon's theories of information, and the new paradigm emphasizes interdisciplinary relationships. In the new paradigm, cognitive, sociological, and multifaceted approaches could be defined.
Conclusion: Information behavior is an innate behavior that occurs in the social environment. It is influenced by various factors. like many human characteristics, is a behavior that does not occur in a vacuum. This behavior can be defined in interaction with information, human beings and society. Thus, it can have a wide and multifaceted aspects. This behavior is also a division of social sciences that can be examined under different paradigms. In social sciences, unlike natural sciences many meta-theories may go hand in hand. Sometimes a meta-theory simply disappears, and other times it may grow, evolve, and rekindle the interests of researchers. So, the evolution of information behavior research shows the combination of disciplines and interdisciplinary theories and new relationships in understanding human information behavior.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the frequency and time spent in the use of search tactics and the effect of user characteristics and type of search task on the use of search tactics.
Methodology: A quantitative approach based on data obtained from Morayeh software used. Sample was 35 post graduate and graduate students majoring in humanities and engineering in Tehran. Four search tasks and scenarios designed based on Anderson and Crasswell classification provided as guidelines. Data were extracted from Morayeh software, that included the frequency and time spent using search tactics, effect of user characteristics and search task type. Data analyzed by ANOVA.
Findings: The results showed that there was no significant difference between individual characteristics and the frequency and time elapsed for search tactics. However, female students spent more time using search tactics than male students, and despite the significant difference between degree and frequency and time spent searching, they used more tactics than senior students. Equally post graduates, spend more time than graduates in the search process. This is due to their familiarity with the search process and proficiency in searching with fewer tactics and achieving appropriate and less tactical results. Also, humanities students have spent more time in the search process than engineering students. This is probably owed to the greater search skills of technical and engineering students than humanities students. The effect of search task type on frequency and time spent in the present study shows a significant effect of task type on search process - frequency and time spent using search tactics.
Results: Considering the limited number of studies in search tactics application, the findings will be beneficial in clarifying the trends in the search process and identification of the frequency and duration of user application tactics. Identification of high-frequency tactics and large quantity of time searcher spends, information system support for the use of search tactics is suggested.

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Aim: today, digital literacy, as a set of skills that enable people to use digital space effectively for success in personal, educational and professional life, has become a necessity in all societies and public libraries are one of the most important providers of digital literacy education in the world. Digital literacy education has not been considered in public libraries in Iran. The first step in promoting digital literacy education in Iran`s public libraries is to design courses and topics that can cover a variety of this aspects of the phenomenon. Now, the boundaries of this content art not clear, and this research seeks to design a comprehensive framework to meet this need. The purpose of this study is to present a content framework for digital literacy education to Iranian public libraries users.
Methodology: this research is a qualitative research and it`s method is qualitative content analysis. at first, the courses provided by the public libraries of Iran Were reviewed and then content analysis of digital literacy courses was conducted in public libraries of developed countries. 16 libraries were selected from English speaking countries that hold digital literacy courses and share information on their websites by cluster sampling with probability proportional to size. To perform Delphi, Experts from the fields of library and information science and information technology, and public libraries professionals were selected.
Findings: 9 courses were identified and after compiling a questio0nnaire and preforming two Delphi rounds, these courses were reduced to 8 main courses and 37 sub-courses. These courses were included computer, internet, job management, information literacy, financial literacy, learning skills, effective communication skills and how to work with smartphones. Software courses were not considered suitable by specialists. This seems to be due to the different groups of society and the heterogeneous community of public libraries users and the experts do not see this as a readiness in the society to receive software related courses.
Conclusion: digital literacy education in Iran has generally neglected. Generally, digital literacy education in universities and educational institutions is provided in formal computer training courses. Libraries in general have paid very little attention to the issue of education.  the first step in advancing digital literacy education in public libraries is designing courses that can covers the various aspects of this phenomenon. Educational content is also one of the sides of the education triangle (learner, educator and educational content). However today the boundaries of this content are not clear and this study try to design a comprehensive framework to meet this need.

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Background and Objective: The study aims to develop and validate a model for analyzing the textual feedback of users in social networks in the face of environmental events and actions with emphasis on identifying the factors affecting the presentation of text messages by users in social networks.
Research Methodology: Heuristic mixed method has been used. In the first stage, the meta-combined method was applied with a qualitative basis. In the second stage, to inspect, validate the identified factors and prepare the final research model, the survey method via questionnaire and forming conveyor group was combined. Population consisted of: 1) Selection and analysis of written documents related to the analysis of textual feedback and users' feelings, including 60 articles and works based on valid criteria from among 198 articles and works; 2) Experts in  information technology, sociology, behaviorism, etc., which 15 people were selected, but as a result and limitations of the corona pandemic comments and suggestions were remotely submitted.
Results: Using the seven steps of meta-combination, a conceptual pattern was obtained in six conceptual layers, categories and codes. In each layer, concepts and topics were included, and to end 27 components were identified. For qualitative validation, the obtained model was found based on the opinions of experts in the form of focus groups and the conceptual model was approved by the research experts.
Conclusion: The conceptual model - obtained from the hybrid stages and focus groups – which has been approved and accepted by experts could be used as a basis for future research to guide, and direct the behavior of users in social  networking in order to provide strategies and executive policies for officials and decision makers in relevant organizations and institutions.

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Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the effect of excessive use of social media in the workplace on employees' job performance.
Methodology: This study is an applied research. Population includes all government employees  through Nov.  2020 to April 2021. A 19-item questionnaire was used to collect and assess the current situation.  Validity and reliability was confirmed. Structural equations have been used to investigate the relationships between the components of the model. LISREL software was used to examine the hypotheses.
Findings: Findings have shown that excessive social use (rendering t-statistic of 4.24) and excessive cognitive use of social media in the workplace (according to t-statistic of 2.92 ) have a positive relationship with media fatigue, but hedonistic use has no effect on social media fatigue. Social media fatigue also has a positive relationship with employees' job performance (Based on t-statistic of 7.13). Also, according to z statistic (2.70) social media fatigue plays a mediating role in the relationship between excessive cognitive use of social media in the workplace and employees' job performance. Further, social media fatigue has a mediating role (giving z statistic of 3.64) in the relationship between excessive social use of social media in the workplace and employees' job performance. But social media fatigue does not mediate the effect of hedonistic use on employees' job performance.
Conclusion: Conferring unnecessary use of social media includes three dimensions. The role of these dimensions in influencing fatigue and job performance was examined and it was found that each of these dimensions has a different effect on fatigue and job performance. Therefore, this issue helps to theoretically understand the relationship between excessive use of social media and job performance, as well as for managers to formulate policies related to t

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Background and Aim: The purpose is to identify the components of health literacy amongst University library users.
Methodology: This purpose-based research is a qualitative-quantitative survey study. The qualitative part concentrates on the individuals with background in health literacy and research. In the quantitative part students at the libraries of the University of Tehran were surveyed. The research instrument was a structural questionnaire on health literacy of individuals in the community. Reliability of  more than 0.7 was obtained via Cronbach’s alpha
Findings: It is important to mention that understanding health information stood at the desirable level and other components stood at a comparatively appropriate stage among the elements of health literacy of users at the University Library of Tehran. Although there is a significant relationship between health literacy skills with income, there is no significant relationship among gender, age, faculty, and level of education with health literacy skills.
Conclusion: It is necessary to measure health literacy practically and apply the results in the community and other comparable communities. The level of health literacy could increase considerably by using programs to promote the health literacy of the community.

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Purpose: This study investigates the automatic keyword extraction from the table of contents of Persian e-books in the field of science using LDA topic modeling, evaluating their similarity with the golden standard, and users' viewpoints of the model keywords.
Methodology: This is mixed text-mining research in which LDA topic modeling is used to extract keywords from the table of contents of scientific e-books. The evaluation of the used approach has been done by two methods of cosine similarity computing and qualitative evaluation by users.
Findings: Table of contents are medium-length texts with a trimmed mean of 260.02 words, about 20% of which are stop-words. The cosine similarity between the golden standard keywords and the output keywords is 0.0932 thus very low. The full agreement of users showed that the extracted keywords with the LDA topic model represent the subject field of the whole corpus, but the golden standard keywords, the keywords extracted using the LDA topic model in sub-domains of the corpus, and the keywords extracted from the whole corpus were respectively successful in subject describing of each document.
Conclusion: The keywords extracted using the LDA topic model can be used in unspecified and unknown collections to extract hidden thematic content of the whole collection, but not to accurately relate each topic to each document in large and heterogeneous themes. In collections of texts in one subject field, such as mathematics or physics, etc., with less diversity and more uniformity in terms of the words used in them, more coherent and relevant keywords are obtained, but in these cases, the control of the relevance of keywords to each document is required. In formal subject analysis procedures and processes of individual documents, this approach can be used as a keyword suggestion system for indexing and analytical workforce.
 

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Abstract: Researchers emphasize the role of digital annotation technologies and tools in teaching and learning. The purpose of the present study was to improve the learning and reading experience of users about vocabulary by using different types of annotations (audio, phonetic transcription). The approach of this research was quantitative and the research method was semi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test. The statistical population are users with no knowledge of Persian language. In order to carry out the research, 30 non-Persian speaking users were selected from the statistical population using a non-probability and targeted sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The tools used in this research were two questionnaires to perform practical work, one questionnaire in the pre-test stage and one questionnaire in the post-test stage. After the pre-test, the experimental group received support such as adding an interactive tutorial introducing the work program and IPA to users in order to improve the learning experience and strengthen reading. While the control group did not benefit from this intervention during the research process. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the reading scores between the experimental and control groups. Also, a significant difference was observed between the pre- and post-test scores in the experimental group. But this difference before and after the test was not observed in the control group. The average scores of users' learning and reading experience in the control group before the international transliteration training is equal to 18.6 and after the international transliteration training is 19.8, while the average scores of the users' learning and reading experience in the experimental group before the transliteration training International is equal to 1.19 and after the training of international transliteration, it has increased to 2.23. Also, in the pre-test stage, the average distance from the correct answer (error rate) of the experimental group was 4.09 and in the post-test stage, it reached 1.1, showing a significant decrease. In the control group, the average distance from the correct answer (error rate) of people was 3.4 and in the post-test stage it reached 3.6, which did not change much. Therefore, according to the above evidence, it can be said that the types of annotations (audio, transliteration) have resulted in a significant change in the learning and reading experience of users, and international transliteration training has been effective as a method to support the learning and reading experience of users.