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Reza Akbarnejad, Maryam Okhovati, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Shahram Sedghi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Image, as a kind of information vehicle which can convey a large volume of information, is important especially in medicine field. Existence of different attributes of image features and various search algorithms in medical image retrieval systems and lack of an authority to evaluate the quality of retrieval systems, make a systematic review in medical image retrieval systems field necessary. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of papers on medical image retrieval systems appeared between 2000 and 2011.
Method: The major scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Webof Knowledge (ISI), and Google Scholar) were searched, using standard keywords in English between 2000 and 2011. All papers reviewed using standard critical assessment and grading and papers with more than half of the quality scores were considered as qualified to enter to the next stage. Then, the data in selected studies were extracted and classified.
Results: Eighty sixreviewed papers were classified into 3 categories. The first category introduced new medical image retrieval systems (40%) and the second category presented a new framework for the major medical image retrieval systems (45%) and the last category was about medical image retrieval systems evaluation (15%). However, the growth rate was increasing during the period and the most papers published in 2009. The CBIR systems were used more (66%) and then hybrid systems (20%) respectively.
Conclusion: Applying medical image retrieval systems with Decision Support Systems (DSS) and other information and computer technologies can help clinicians to present a better service and can help them in diagnosis as well. Meanwhile, these systems can be very useful in education and research, the medical image retrieval systems can be more successful if they are designed for a specific field and based on new and modern image features.
Anahita Bavakhani, Saeid Rezaei-Sharifabadi,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Volume 1, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study attempts to show the cybernetics approach on peer reviewing articles to recommend an appropriate solution for increasing the qualitative level of published articles in scientific journals.
Method: Heuristic Cybernetics method is suggested, based on the scientific experiences of related researches and also the mathematical principles that is an appropriate formed solution. This field is modeled by simulating real space by use of the Fuzzy theory, based on AHP method and relying on expert's opinions.
Results: The effective factors of peer reviewing articles are divided into 5 categories: innovation novelty of subjects and its practicality in international domain order, logical solidarity and its reasonableness validity of used sources appropriateness for audiences and writing style. Then these factors have been prioritized, regarding the cybernetics nature of the case and by use of the AHP method. Also the available limitations in optimization problem have been studied. Meanwhile, fuzzy sets were appropriate tools for achieving the objective.
Conclusion: Using the suggested method for peer reviewing articles, fuzzy AHP method has acceptable results in this field and emphasizes the importance of peer reviewing articles as a systematic process.
Fatemeh Sa'adati, Yazdan Mansourian, Mohammad Zerehsaz,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Volume 4, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The purpose of this research is investigating the structure of research articles in the Iranian knowledge and information science journals (peer reviewed journals). In the next step, the writing guidelines in the scientific journals websites that designed to introduce desired structure of a scientific paper are studied.
Methods: The research was survey with analytical approach. The population of the research were articles published in the Persian scientific journals of knowledge and information science field in 2013-2015 and their writing guidelines. Stratified random sampling was used and, accordingly, 245 scientific articles were examined using a research checklist.
Results: Research findings showed that the structure of the research articles reviewed are in a good condition and only in three sub-structural components i.e "theoretical foundations", "research application" and "research limitations", consistent with the desired structure is weak. About the writing guidelines, the findings showed that they are in the unfavorable condition. Some structural components i.e "brief review of the scientific literature," "rationale to the study," "aim and motivation of the research", "advantages and importance of the research", "the research time", "space of the research", "credibility (reliability) of the research tools", "reliability of the study" did not appear in any writing guidelines. The first hypothesis showed a significant difference between research journals about their matching with the desired structure of the research article. However, the overall average ratings of the articles structure in this journals are in the good condition. Also in the second hypothesis was found a significant difference between the compliance rate of writing guides and articles published in the scientific journals with the desired research article structure.
Conclusion: Due to structural weakness in the writing guidelines of Persian peer-reviewed journals studied, can be such a conclude that authors of these articles shape the article structure based on what they have been trained and not attend to the writing guidelines of the journals. From the other side, one of the reasons of the structural weakness in the structure of the articles is disregarding editors and the other practitioners of journals to offering needed help contents.
Ali Azimi, Azam Sanatjoo, Mohammad Hosein Dayani, Rahmatollah Fattahi,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Known by different titles in Iran and worldwide, knowledge translation (KT) has been introduced to push the knowledge from theory to action. In medicine and healthcare research fields, KT reads as needs assessment procedures, producing effective knowledge, taking into account all types of audiences, knowledge synthesis, appraisal, and monitoring sustained knowledge use. This research aimed to introduce KT and assess its effectiveness in medical fields.
Methods: Description of KT was provided using available literature and ideas from some international KT researchers. KT effectiveness was assessed using some ideas from some experts in the KT field and also conducting a type of systematic review namely scoping review. Using keyword inquires relevant research were retrieved from several online databases and of 316 collected English articles published between 2008 and 2017, 22 articles were included. Selection of articles was based on PRISMA recommendations and flowchart. Findings were presented through C+M=O, i.e. context, mechanism, and outcome pattern configuration.
Results: Initially, various dimensions of KT such as its backgrounds, parallel names, knowledge synthesis, knowledge hierarchy, and issues of application of KT in other than medical fields were discussed. Then, through a scoping review general effectiveness of KT in most reviewed subjects was confirmed, so that of 22 assessed articles only 3 were not supportive. Education was the major intervention used for assessing effectiveness of KT.
Conclusion: KT has received attentions from some Western countries like Canada, the US and recently Iran. Despite the allegedly insufficient resources on KT, it has good results in practice for delivering knowledge to experts and lay people, with an exception of policy makers. However, there are some doubts as if KT is not a new paradigm but a restatement of traditional strategies in production and application of scientific knowledge.
Mehdi Alipour-Hafezi, Parichehr Aghaseyyedjavadi, Shahrzad Motamedi Mehr,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Volume 5, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Current study has investigated the status of research about digital rights management and to identify the gaps and research trends in the field.
Methods: Using a narrative review approach major databases such as Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, ProQuest, etc. were searched for the term “Digital Rights Management”.
Results: Following the preliminary analysis, 80 research sources were selected for the study. The results of the study showed that 72% of recovered resources pursued technical issues, and 19% management perspectives, and the remaining 9% legal and cultural aspects.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that, we need to do more research on management approach, and there we found a deep research gap in legal and cultural studies. Furthermore, economics is a missed approach in the field. Considering the evolution of research, we had technical issues bolder with an approach towards new technologies. Also, the results were in line with the development of modern information and communication technologies and legal aspects. On the contrary to earlier research that was more focused on the rights of copyright holders, current studies are focusing on the consumers’ rights.
Dr Hashem Atapour, Ms Zahra Shiravand, Dr Rasoul Zavaraqi,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Volume 5, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The last two decades have witnessed efforts to identify ways and tools of showing the value of science for society known as the social impact of science, the efforts that have been made under various titles such as social benefits, social quality, social utility, social relevance, and so on. Academic publications, especially academic articles, are objective representation of scientific activities. One question raised in this regard is which kind of academic articles can have much more social impact. Bornmann (2014) argues articles that review previous studies and provide evaluative reports are of greater potential for social impact. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to compare the social impact of review articles with the original research articles indexed in the Web of science in four fields including psychology, pharmacy, biology, and agriculture.
Methods: Current research is an applied one and has applied altmetrics analysis. Research and review articles were retrieved from Web of Science database, and altmetric score of articles is collected using Bookmarklet tool of Altemetric.com. The population of this research is composed of review and research articles of abovementioned fields indexed in the Web of Science in 2015. Using a randomized stratified sampling method, a sample of the research population has been chosen for more investigation. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings of this research shows that there is a significant difference between the altmetric score of review and research articles, in a way that the altmetric score of review articles is higher than research articles. Both review and research articles have been mentioned in Mendeley more than the other social media, but these articles have received the least mention from the Wikipedia.
Conclusion: It is concluded that review articles have more social impact than research articles. The fact that strengthens the position of review articles in the body of scientific publications more than before.
Jamileh Nateghifar, Soraya Ziaei, Esmat Momeni, Faezeh Delghandi,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (2-2022)
Volume 8, Issue 4 (2-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim was to identify the targeted search, work duty, cultural and social-Organizational dimensions of information retrieval contexts using the Ingwersen and Jarvelin framework.
Method: Content analysis and systematic review of articles between 1991 and 2021(1371 – 1400) in domestic and foreign databases steered via: Scopus, Science Direct, Emerald, ProQuest, Eric, Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Noormags, Magiran, SED, and Civilica. Six steps including: Identifying keywords; retrieving Ingwersen and Jarvelin; Selection of the article by subject matter and validity of the sources; Search the background and extract a list of related articles; Prepare final articles and; Open coding were completed. Data collection was based on keywords extraction and texts information. Population, information sources, and validity of the results were guaranteed by the systematic classification process, based on past researches.
Findings: Keywords related to the dimensions of information system substances and retrieval of Ingwersen and Jarvelin was identified among 53 out of 3048 articles. Dimensions, criteria and open codes of identified matters, information retrieval context including: Comprehensiveness; Obstacle; Effectiveness; Information and process quality; Targeted search context includes; usability; Information and process quality. Task context includes: Information quality and work process / results. Cultural and social-organizational context including: socio-cognitive relations; The quality of the task result.
Conclusion: Real information is the result of human understanding of data sources during the process of interaction, communication and information. Interactive approach helps to understand human information behavior. Equally, interactive information retrieval provides theoretical framework for understanding its nature and analysis by considering the dimensions of the contexts.
Method: Content analysis and systematic review of articles between 1991 and 2021(1371 – 1400) in domestic and foreign databases steered via: Scopus, Science Direct, Emerald, ProQuest, Eric, Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Noormags, Magiran, SED, and Civilica. Six steps including: Identifying keywords; retrieving Ingwersen and Jarvelin; Selection of the article by subject matter and validity of the sources; Search the background and extract a list of related articles; Prepare final articles and; Open coding were completed. Data collection was based on keywords extraction and texts information. Population, information sources, and validity of the results were guaranteed by the systematic classification process, based on past researches.
Findings: Keywords related to the dimensions of information system substances and retrieval of Ingwersen and Jarvelin was identified among 53 out of 3048 articles. Dimensions, criteria and open codes of identified matters, information retrieval context including: Comprehensiveness; Obstacle; Effectiveness; Information and process quality; Targeted search context includes; usability; Information and process quality. Task context includes: Information quality and work process / results. Cultural and social-organizational context including: socio-cognitive relations; The quality of the task result.
Conclusion: Real information is the result of human understanding of data sources during the process of interaction, communication and information. Interactive approach helps to understand human information behavior. Equally, interactive information retrieval provides theoretical framework for understanding its nature and analysis by considering the dimensions of the contexts.
Dr Shahnaz Khademizadeh, Mrs Zeinab Mohammadi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Purpose: Study aimed to identify the applications of data mining in the provision of services, collection and management of digital libraries.
Methodology: This is an applied study in terms of purpose and in terms of method is qualitative research that have been done by systematic review method. For this purpose, articles have been obtained by searching databases of Springer, Emerald, ProQuest, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Semantic Scholar.
Articles published between 2000 and 2021 have been scrutinized. The systematic review model of Kitchenham and Charter (2007) was surveyed. According to the inclusion criteria, 1296 articles have been extracted after initial refinement, and among them, 77 articles related to the subject have been identified by reviewing the titles of articles and entered the final review by reviewing the full text. In conclusion, 29 articles were chosen for final analysis. The Qualitative content- coding method was used for data analysis and qualitative analysis was performed by two coders. The agreement of the evaluators based on the formula of Miles and Haberman for the performed analyzes, 78.5 was obtained.
Findings: Based on the results of qualitative analysis, 74 basic, 13 organizing and 3 comprehensive themes of "digital services,” “digital library management" and "digital collection" have been identified, which in total define the application of data mining in digital libraries represented.
Conclusion: Using data mining techniques in digital libraries, a variety of information can be stored seamlessly in different classes so that the end user of the information could meet their information needs in the shortest possible time. On the other hand, libraries can provide more useful resources by analyzing their users' information interests, and this can be considered a turning point in situations where libraries are facing financial difficulties.
Mousa Bamir, Associate Professor Maryam Okhvati,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (11-2023)
Volume 10, Issue 3 (11-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Information behavior is a term used to describe the ways of human interaction with information, especially information search methods, which is intended to understand the relationship between humans and information. Information behavior refers to the complex patterns of human behavior and mutual interactions when searching for any type of information, which leads to information seeking Information seeking, as an information behavior, is a set of activities that are used to meet information needs, information search, information search method and factors affecting information search, and includes two important aspects, information search and information retrieval, which In it, recognition, evaluation and understanding of users' behavior with information needs and their performance in facing information sources, the method of retrieving and accessing information are taken into consideration. Information seeking is a growing behavior that has enabled individuals and organizations to change their information seeking behaviors to meet their needs and users. Searching for information has been studied for years and various definitions and models have been presented for them, which today, with the increase in the number of sources, the number of information systems, the prevalence of social networks, collaborative research and the increase in digital literacy, increase cooperation. International scientific events, multi-specialization of research, increase of work teams, etc. have led to a change in information behavior. Since the type of information behavior has seen many changes as a result of the interactions of existing information carriers and the effects of technology, and is of great importance in today's world, and so far no research has been conducted in the form of a review of information search behaviors, in The world level has not been done, so it is necessary to have a comprehensive research of information search behaviors, all existing studies should be included in one study in order to get a general impression of information search behaviors and their direction. Based on this, the researchers of this research decided to review the studies related to information seeking behaviors, to determine their direction.
Methodology: In order to examine the topic of the research, a narrative review method has been used. Narrative review is one of the important scientific functions that is used to review detailed and comprehensive topics. In fact, a narrative review creates a bridge between a wide and scattered set of articles on a topic or a reader who does not have enough time and resources to follow them. Since in this research, giving meaning to scattered and read sources does not require the study of individual sources, therefore, narrative review is an appropriate method. In this narrative review study, in order to collect data, keywords related to information search behavior in English such as Information seeking behavior, collaborative information seeking, CIS, collaborative information retrieval, CIR, collaborative search, collaborative information behavior, CIB, individual information behavior and IIB and search for Persian articles using keywords, collaborative information search, CIS, collaborative information retrieval, CIR, collaborative search, collaborative sense, collaborative information behavior, CIB, individual information search, and IIB; In the reliable scientific databases and search engines, Web of Science, Pubmed, google scholar, Google SID, Magiran were examined in the period from 1980 to 2023, which 115 studies were obtained in the initial search and after entering the entry criteria and Exclusion, studies that were generally in the field of information seeking behavior were excluded from the study circle and 12 related studies entered the final stage. Then related studies were summarized in terms of concept and findings and categorized and interpreted in the form of individual and collaborative search behavior.
Findings: After searching and selecting related articles, finally analysis was done on twelve articles. What was extracted from the results of this narrative review study, in the general field of information search behavior, in the 4 main axes of individual search behavior, cooperative search behavior, advantages and disadvantages of individual and cooperative search behavior, and the comparison of these two types of information search behavior are described below. This narrative review study was carried out in order to investigate the direction of information behaviors, the findings of this research generally showed that the studies investigated individual and cooperative information behavior and the difference between these two behaviors and the reasons for the direction of individual search behavior. According to the results of studies, one of the types of information search behavior is individual search behavior. As the findings of the research showed, information behaviors have been studied for years and various definitions and models have been presented for them, but in the early stages, in most of these studies, the emphasis was on individual needs and behaviors. It has also been investigated in some studies. Kolthau, by studying the search behavior of high school students, presented a model for individual search behavior. Ellis also presented a model for individual information seeking behavior, which is the result of studying the information seeking behavior of engineers and researchers of an industrial company, which examined the search behavior from an individual point of view. presented, which paid attention to the individual nature of information search. After studying the researches conducted on the information behaviors of engineers, doctors and lawyers, Laki and his colleagues have presented a model for individual information behavior. Another area investigated in the present study was the investigation of collaborative information behavior. The findings of the research showed that in recent years, many researches have been proposed and investigated in the field of collaborative behavior, and they have investigated the motivating factors and obstacles in the collaborative search behavior. In his last work, Shah has introduced participatory search behavior as an interdisciplinary field that is based on participation, human-computer interaction, networks and social media. In another research, the collaborative search behavior in an exploratory search team has been investigated. In this research, three main factors in the collaborative search behavior were identified, which are: repeated communication between team members, division of work and awareness. Karanakaran, with the cooperation of Reddy, has studied the factors inhibiting cooperative behaviors in organizations by using the findings of previous researches. Another area investigated in this research is the difference between individual and collaborative search behavior. The findings of this research showed that both types of search behavior have obstacles and inhibiting factors. The research findings of Karanakaran and Redi have identified the factors of complexity of information needs, lack of sufficient expertise, dispersion of information sources and lack of access to information sources as the advantages of cooperative information behavior. Some studies have also identified the barriers to cooperative information behavior and the lack of spirit of participation, responsibility, and envy of the progress of others is a serious obstacle to any cooperative activity. Another area investigated by the research is the comparison of these two types of information search behavior. The findings of this research showed that the strengths and motivating factors of collaborative search behavior along with the weaknesses of individual search behavior and other stimuli are among the most important differences of this research. There are two types of information search behavior, which has provided the context for the orientation from individual to collaborative search behavior. Reddy and Jansen observed that two main concepts: (a) collaboration (two or more people working together to search for information) and (b) solving an information need as a group; Also, the important role of communication as the first motivating factors has been one of the most important reasons for the direction towards collaborative search. In another study, Kurankaran and colleagues considered the stimuli and technology of information and communication recovery as one of the main motivating factors in directing towards cooperative behavior. Early search behaviors, most of the research activities focused on individual search, but as a number of researchers have stated, the importance of collaboration in organizations is increasing and collaborative information behavior is increasing, and attention is shifting from focusing on individual search to more research. Focused collaborative search. Although there are different views and different vocabulary in the relationship between individual and collaborative search behavior and clear demarcation between these two types of search behavior is still in the early stages and despite some barriers to collaborative search and some strengths of individual search, but stimuli such as The complex nature of information, dispersion of information, lack of specialization, the role of information retrieval technologies, the importance of collaborative aspects of work, time constraints, targeted information search, meaning understanding, information search troubleshooting, workload sharing, sending diverse questions, communication and interaction. , the complexity of information problems, the interdisciplinary nature of information, understanding the behavior of collaborative information in organizations, in turn, are the starting point and the factor of moving from individual search to collaborative search. The researchers believe that, despite the identification of the direction of information behaviors, there are still gaps, and to know how this process is, one should learn about the existing approaches in the field of information systems design and identify the type of information behaviors based on this.Also, there is an urgent need to understand the conceptual characteristics of cooperative search behavior and its supporting technical methods in cooperative activities, because the main characteristics of cooperative information behavior and the activities that lead to cooperative information behavior are still completely unclear.
Conclusion: Early search behaviors, most of the research activities focused on individual search, but as a number of researchers have stated, the importance of collaboration in organizations is increasing and collaborative information behavior is increasing, and attention is shifting from focusing on individual search to more research. Focused collaborative search. However, there are different views and different terminology on the relationship between individual and collaborative search behavior, and a clear demarcation between these two types of search behavior is still in the early stages. The research findings indicated that despite the barriers and benefits of individual and collaborative information seeking behavior, factors such as the complex nature of information, scattered information, lack of expertise, the role of information retrieval technologies, the importance of collaborative aspects of work, time constraints, targeted information seeking, understanding meaning, motivation for collaboration, workload sharing, diversity of requests, communication and interaction, complexity of information problems, interdisciplinary nature of information, and understanding of collaborative information behavior in organizations are motivating factors leading to a shift from individual to collaborative information seeking behavior. Also, there is an urgent need to understand the conceptual characteristics of cooperative search behavior and its supporting technical methods in cooperative activities, because the main characteristics of cooperative information behavior and the activities that lead to cooperative information behavior are still completely unclear.
Methodology: In order to examine the topic of the research, a narrative review method has been used. Narrative review is one of the important scientific functions that is used to review detailed and comprehensive topics. In fact, a narrative review creates a bridge between a wide and scattered set of articles on a topic or a reader who does not have enough time and resources to follow them. Since in this research, giving meaning to scattered and read sources does not require the study of individual sources, therefore, narrative review is an appropriate method. In this narrative review study, in order to collect data, keywords related to information search behavior in English such as Information seeking behavior, collaborative information seeking, CIS, collaborative information retrieval, CIR, collaborative search, collaborative information behavior, CIB, individual information behavior and IIB and search for Persian articles using keywords, collaborative information search, CIS, collaborative information retrieval, CIR, collaborative search, collaborative sense, collaborative information behavior, CIB, individual information search, and IIB; In the reliable scientific databases and search engines, Web of Science, Pubmed, google scholar, Google SID, Magiran were examined in the period from 1980 to 2023, which 115 studies were obtained in the initial search and after entering the entry criteria and Exclusion, studies that were generally in the field of information seeking behavior were excluded from the study circle and 12 related studies entered the final stage. Then related studies were summarized in terms of concept and findings and categorized and interpreted in the form of individual and collaborative search behavior.
Findings: After searching and selecting related articles, finally analysis was done on twelve articles. What was extracted from the results of this narrative review study, in the general field of information search behavior, in the 4 main axes of individual search behavior, cooperative search behavior, advantages and disadvantages of individual and cooperative search behavior, and the comparison of these two types of information search behavior are described below. This narrative review study was carried out in order to investigate the direction of information behaviors, the findings of this research generally showed that the studies investigated individual and cooperative information behavior and the difference between these two behaviors and the reasons for the direction of individual search behavior. According to the results of studies, one of the types of information search behavior is individual search behavior. As the findings of the research showed, information behaviors have been studied for years and various definitions and models have been presented for them, but in the early stages, in most of these studies, the emphasis was on individual needs and behaviors. It has also been investigated in some studies. Kolthau, by studying the search behavior of high school students, presented a model for individual search behavior. Ellis also presented a model for individual information seeking behavior, which is the result of studying the information seeking behavior of engineers and researchers of an industrial company, which examined the search behavior from an individual point of view. presented, which paid attention to the individual nature of information search. After studying the researches conducted on the information behaviors of engineers, doctors and lawyers, Laki and his colleagues have presented a model for individual information behavior. Another area investigated in the present study was the investigation of collaborative information behavior. The findings of the research showed that in recent years, many researches have been proposed and investigated in the field of collaborative behavior, and they have investigated the motivating factors and obstacles in the collaborative search behavior. In his last work, Shah has introduced participatory search behavior as an interdisciplinary field that is based on participation, human-computer interaction, networks and social media. In another research, the collaborative search behavior in an exploratory search team has been investigated. In this research, three main factors in the collaborative search behavior were identified, which are: repeated communication between team members, division of work and awareness. Karanakaran, with the cooperation of Reddy, has studied the factors inhibiting cooperative behaviors in organizations by using the findings of previous researches. Another area investigated in this research is the difference between individual and collaborative search behavior. The findings of this research showed that both types of search behavior have obstacles and inhibiting factors. The research findings of Karanakaran and Redi have identified the factors of complexity of information needs, lack of sufficient expertise, dispersion of information sources and lack of access to information sources as the advantages of cooperative information behavior. Some studies have also identified the barriers to cooperative information behavior and the lack of spirit of participation, responsibility, and envy of the progress of others is a serious obstacle to any cooperative activity. Another area investigated by the research is the comparison of these two types of information search behavior. The findings of this research showed that the strengths and motivating factors of collaborative search behavior along with the weaknesses of individual search behavior and other stimuli are among the most important differences of this research. There are two types of information search behavior, which has provided the context for the orientation from individual to collaborative search behavior. Reddy and Jansen observed that two main concepts: (a) collaboration (two or more people working together to search for information) and (b) solving an information need as a group; Also, the important role of communication as the first motivating factors has been one of the most important reasons for the direction towards collaborative search. In another study, Kurankaran and colleagues considered the stimuli and technology of information and communication recovery as one of the main motivating factors in directing towards cooperative behavior. Early search behaviors, most of the research activities focused on individual search, but as a number of researchers have stated, the importance of collaboration in organizations is increasing and collaborative information behavior is increasing, and attention is shifting from focusing on individual search to more research. Focused collaborative search. Although there are different views and different vocabulary in the relationship between individual and collaborative search behavior and clear demarcation between these two types of search behavior is still in the early stages and despite some barriers to collaborative search and some strengths of individual search, but stimuli such as The complex nature of information, dispersion of information, lack of specialization, the role of information retrieval technologies, the importance of collaborative aspects of work, time constraints, targeted information search, meaning understanding, information search troubleshooting, workload sharing, sending diverse questions, communication and interaction. , the complexity of information problems, the interdisciplinary nature of information, understanding the behavior of collaborative information in organizations, in turn, are the starting point and the factor of moving from individual search to collaborative search. The researchers believe that, despite the identification of the direction of information behaviors, there are still gaps, and to know how this process is, one should learn about the existing approaches in the field of information systems design and identify the type of information behaviors based on this.Also, there is an urgent need to understand the conceptual characteristics of cooperative search behavior and its supporting technical methods in cooperative activities, because the main characteristics of cooperative information behavior and the activities that lead to cooperative information behavior are still completely unclear.
Conclusion: Early search behaviors, most of the research activities focused on individual search, but as a number of researchers have stated, the importance of collaboration in organizations is increasing and collaborative information behavior is increasing, and attention is shifting from focusing on individual search to more research. Focused collaborative search. However, there are different views and different terminology on the relationship between individual and collaborative search behavior, and a clear demarcation between these two types of search behavior is still in the early stages. The research findings indicated that despite the barriers and benefits of individual and collaborative information seeking behavior, factors such as the complex nature of information, scattered information, lack of expertise, the role of information retrieval technologies, the importance of collaborative aspects of work, time constraints, targeted information seeking, understanding meaning, motivation for collaboration, workload sharing, diversity of requests, communication and interaction, complexity of information problems, interdisciplinary nature of information, and understanding of collaborative information behavior in organizations are motivating factors leading to a shift from individual to collaborative information seeking behavior. Also, there is an urgent need to understand the conceptual characteristics of cooperative search behavior and its supporting technical methods in cooperative activities, because the main characteristics of cooperative information behavior and the activities that lead to cooperative information behavior are still completely unclear.
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