Human Information Interaction

---

Background and Aim: Known by different titles in Iran and worldwide, knowledge translation (KT) has been introduced to push the knowledge from theory to action. In medicine and healthcare research fields, KT reads as needs assessment procedures, producing effective knowledge, taking into account all types of audiences, knowledge synthesis, appraisal, and monitoring sustained knowledge use. This research aimed to introduce KT and assess its effectiveness in medical fields.
Methods: Description of KT was provided using available literature and ideas from some international KT researchers. KT effectiveness was assessed using some ideas from some experts in the KT field and also conducting a type of systematic review namely scoping review. Using keyword inquires relevant research were retrieved from several online databases and of 316 collected English articles published between 2008 and 2017, 22 articles were included. Selection of articles was based on PRISMA recommendations and flowchart. Findings were presented through C+M=O, i.e. context, mechanism, and outcome pattern configuration.
Results: Initially, various dimensions of KT such as its backgrounds, parallel names, knowledge synthesis, knowledge hierarchy, and issues of application of KT in other than medical fields were discussed. Then, through a scoping review general effectiveness of KT in most reviewed subjects was confirmed, so that of 22 assessed articles only 3 were not supportive. Education was the major intervention used for assessing effectiveness of KT.
Conclusion: KT has received attentions from some Western countries like Canada, the US and recently Iran. Despite the allegedly insufficient resources on KT, it has good results in practice for delivering knowledge to experts and lay people, with an exception of policy makers. However, there are some doubts as if KT is not a new paradigm but a restatement of traditional strategies in production and application of scientific knowledge.

---

Purpose: There are several metrics for evaluating search engines. Though, many researchers have proposed new metrics in recent years. Familiarity with new metrics is essential. So, the purpose is to provide an analysis of important and new metrics to evaluate search engines.
Methodology: This review article critically studied the efficiency of metrics of evaluation. So, “evaluation metrics,” “evaluation measure,” “search engine evaluation,” “information retrieval system evaluation,” “relevance evaluation measure” and “relevance evaluation metrics” were investigated in “MagIran” “Sid” and Google Scholar search engines. Articles gathered to inspect and analyse existing approaches in evaluation of information retrieval systems. Descriptive-analytical approach used to review the search engine assessment metrics.
Findings: Theoretical and philosophical foundations determine research methods and techniques. There are two well-known “system-oriented” and “user-oriented” approaches to evaluating information retrieval systems. So, researchers such as Sirotkin (2013) and Bama, Ahmed, & Saravanan (2015) group the precision and recall metrics in a system-oriented approach. They also believe that Average Distance, normalized discounted cumulative gain, Rank Eff and B pref are rooted in the user-oriented approach. Nowkarizi and Zeynali Tazehkandi (2019) introduced comprehensiveness metric instead of Recall metric. They argue that their metric is rooted in a user-oriented approach, while the goal is not fully met. On the other hand, Hjørland(2010) emphasizes that we need a third approach to eliminate this dichotomy. In this regard, researchers such as Borlund, Ingwersen (1998), Borlund (2003), Thornley, Gibb (2007) have mentioned a third approach for evaluating information retrieval systems that refer to interact and compose two mentioned approaches. Incidentally, Borlund, Ingwersen(1998) proposed a Jaccard Association and Cosine Association measures to evaluate information retrieval systems. It seems that these two metrics have failed to compose the system-oriented and user-oriented approaches completely,  and need further investigation.
Conclusion: Search engines involve different components including: Crawler, Indexer, Query Processor, Retrieval Software, and Ranker. Scholars  wish to apply the most efficient search engines for retrieving required information resources. Each   metrics measures a specific component, to measure all, it is suggested to select metrics from all three mentioned groups in their search.

---

Background and Aim: Mind map is a full-color illustrated note-taking in which, main idea or subject is situated. The main ideas then branch out from the center, which are linked to the central idea. This is a relatively new topic, and slight research has been conducted to show its effectiveness worldwide. The aim is to examine the effectiveness of mind maps in the information retrieval process.
Method: This is an applied in terms of purpose and in order to collect information about the familiarity and use of graduate students with mind maps by survey method. The present study also investigates the effect of mental map tools on quasi-experimental information retrieval. The statistical population of the present study includes all graduate students (Master and PhD) of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016-2017, in four areas: humanities, basic sciences, engineering and agricultural sciences. The statistical sample size of the first phase of the research includes 224 graduate students and 127 doctoral students. The total size of the laboratory population is 30 people. The sampling method of the first stage is stochastic research of relative classes. The sample size of the second stage of the laboratory is purposeful. A questionnaire was used to collect data in this study. Cronbach's alpha of questionnaire number one is more than 0.8 and questionnaire number two and three is more than 7%.
Results: Analysis show that the level of familiarity with mind maps and its use by graduate students at Ferdowsi University is below average. The average overall level search satisfaction with the whole search process in the second stage (3.833) is higher than the first stage (3.704). The average effectiveness of the whole search process in the second stage - with the help of mental map (359/3) is more than the first stage of the search process - without mental map (2.332).
Conclusion: Mind maps are effective tools in the process of information retrieval that can be used with careful, purposeful planning and in consultation with experts in the field of information retrieval and information science. Information systems, search engines, information needs, etc. are among the areas in which mind maps can be examined.