Journal of Economic Modeling Research

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After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the capture of the spy nest, the West, and especially the United States, in addition to pursuing other tools, has also used the tools of sanctions and has implemented many sanctions against Iran. One type of sanctions is oil sanctions, which were imposed to force Iran to join the international community. The US and its allies' embargo on Iranian oil affects the variables of the Iranian and world economies. For this reason, a computable five-zone global trade model (GTAP) is used to calculate the implications of the game tree between the three independent actors of the United States, the European Union, and Iran. The closing of the GTAP model has been changed according to the assumptions used. The results show that the US, Iran and major oil buyers from Iran are damaged by the sanctions. This damage is exacerbated by increasing oil restrictions. With the escalation of sanctions, the European Union is also gaining negative welfare. In the Nash equilibrium, the United States and the European Union will choose weak sanctions, and Iran will try to circumvent the sanctions. Due to the economic costs of oil sanctions against Iran, the lack of full understanding between the United States and Europe, and Iran's efforts to circumvent sanctions, it seems that the United States will not be able to reduce Iran's oil exports to zero.

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Economy and environment are two interdependent systems; In recent decades, the global environment, as the most important global public good, has been heavily influenced by the negative external effects of economic growth, including climate change. In order to internalize these external effects, the use of tracking tax is a recommended method. One of the most important models designed for the integrated study of economy and climate is the Nordhaus RICE model; Of course, with the limitation that in this economic growth model, it is included exogenously. In this study, the aim of endogenizing the economic growth of the RICE model and determining the tax rate in 6 scenarios including 1) the base scenario 2) the optimal emission control rate application scenario 3) the 2°C temperature limit scenario 4) the discounted Stern scenario 5) the calibrated Stern scenario and 6) Copenhagen scenario. The results show that in the endogenous growth model, the ratio of taxes to net domestic production and CO2 emissions should increase over time. In all scenarios of Iran's endogenous growth model (except the base scenario), tax increases between 2022 and 2122 will reduce industrial CO2 emissions and reduce atmospheric carbon concentration. Finally, by applying the specified optimal tax in all scenarios, temperature changes have increased by less than two degrees Celsius.