Dr Abolfazl Shahabadi, Dr Mohamad Kazem Naziri, Morteza Nemati,
Volume 4, Issue 12 (7-2013)
Abstract
In the current structure of world economy, imports play an important role in the economic development strategy. Although taking the suitable policies for the imports of goods and services is important, but taking the correct strategy is subject to factors affecting imports. In the most of empirical studies, imports are a function of real income and real exchange rate. So, the effect of income inequality on imports of goods and services has less been investigated. Whereas, increase in income inequality causes an increase in the purchasing power of high income people and demand for imported luxury goods and also causes a change in the composition of domestic and imported consuming goods.
This study examine the effect of income inequality on import of goods and services in 17 developed countries and 18 developing countries in the period 1990-2010 using generalized method of moment (GMM) analysis. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between income inequality and imports of goods and services in developed countries while this relation is negative in developing countries. Furthermore, the relationship between GDP and imports of goods and services is positive in both groups of countries, while the relationship between real exchange rate and imports of goods and services is negative in both groups. Thus, policy makers should redistribute income and wealth in favor of the low income people and motivate them to participate in the production sectors, reduce the inequality gap and improve their competitiveness power in the market and enhance the income from the abroad.
Dr Hassan Tahsili,
Volume 4, Issue 13 (10-2013)
Abstract
In economic literature especially in international economic literature, the Harberger, Laursen and Metzler (HLM) effect is an important issue. According to HLM effect, deterioration in the terms of trade decreases GNP and then causes deterioration in the current account.
The main idea of this study is the examination of HLM effect in Economy of Iran. We use annual data of current account, terms of trade and GNP as relevant variables. In this paper ARDL approach was applied for period (1978 -2010).
The Banerjee, Dolado and Mastre and also Pessaran and shin cointegration test verified the equilibrium long run relation between our variables. In the other words the results of econometric estimation indicated a long run relationship between current account, terms of trade and GNP. According to these results, terms of trade and GNP have direct effects on current account.
Dr Ahmad Jafari Samimi, Saman Ghaderi, Salahaddin Ghaderi, Taha Ketabi,
Volume 4, Issue 13 (10-2013)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of trade openness and economic globalization on employment. This study employs the Bounds test method and Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL) model for Iranian economy during 1979-2009. Comparing with the other empirical studies, this study in addition to traditional index of trade liberalization as trade openness has been applied the new and more comprehensive economic globalization index as one dimension of the new KOF globalization index. This index includes the actual flows of trade such as trade, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, and restrictions such as trade barriers and tariffs on actual flows. Also, the other control variables effective in employment such as GDP per capita, industrialization and government size has been considered. The results show a negative relationship between trade openness and employment but they show that the impact of economic globalization on employment is positive. Thus, it seems that the new economic globalization (KOF index) which is a broader comprehensive index is a better proxy of globalization.
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Volume 5, Issue 16 (7-2014)
Abstract
Iran’s share of world exports has not been great in recent years and the development of non-oil exports such as exports of industrial goods in order to reduce the economy's dependence on oil revenues made necessary. The real exchange rate is one of the most important variables affecting exports. In this context, investigate the effect of the real exchange rate volatility on different variables such as the export is important. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of real exchange rate volatility on exports of Iran Industrial goods over the period of 1968-2010. To that end, The real exchange rate volatility index has been estimated incorporating with EGARCH (0,1) model than we using co-integration of Saikkonen & Lutkepohl and FMOLS to investigate the impact of the real exchange rate volatility index, along with other variables of model exports of industrial goods have been evaluated.
The main empirical finding of this paper show that the real exchange rate volatility variables and export prices have negative and significant effects on exports of industrial goods and variables GDP’s world, GDP’s Iran and trade of openness have positive and significant effects on exports of industrial goods. The empirical findings of this paper, The beneficial implications for investors and Policy makers needs to recognize the exact effects of exchange rate volatility on exports of industrial goods are provided.
Masoud Sadeghi,
Volume 6, Issue 19 (3-2015)
Abstract
In many Developing Countries liberalization of international trade has been accompanied by demand for skilled labour and inequalityof wages.Thisphenomenon seems to be inconsistant with the Stopler- Samuelson Theorem.Studies in this respect show that imported high –tech capital andintermediate goods are skill-based, thus increasing the relative demand for skilled labour.
In such circumstances, identifying the impact of such goods upon the demand for skilled labour in Iran is of great importance.
In this paper, by using Translog cost function and the Method of Seemingly Unrelated Regression, short and long run demand function for the period of 1977- 2014 in Iran has been estimated. Althoug the short and long –run results arecompatible with the theortical expections, the investment on domestic research and development regarding the employment of skilled labour has been effective only in the long-run and not the short –run.
Ali Dehghani, Majid Ameri,
Volume 6, Issue 19 (3-2015)
Abstract
In recent years, regarding the export of Food & Beverage is important.in Iran and the economic researchers have been noted it. The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of market concentration as a structural variable, advertising and R&D expenditures as behavioral variables and investment productivity on the Iranian food exports as a performance variable. For this purpose, the data for Iranian food firms has been extracted from the Statistical Center of Iran over the period of 2000-2007. Moreover, the empirical model of this study has been estimated by the Static Panel Data approach (SPD). The empirical results indicate that the market concentration, advertising and R&D intensity and investment productivity have positive and significant effects on the Iranian food exports and the impact of researching intensity (as measured by the ratio of research & development expenditures on sale) is more than other explanatory variables. Therefore, the market conduct is one of the main determinants of Iranian food exports. Also, due to the direct impact of R & D spending effect on exports, we can say that if managers and policy makers increasing the research and development activity in Iranian food industry sector can promote non-oil exports, especially exports of food products in Iran. Moreover, Facilitate and encourage producers to participate in exhibitions and international markets sales increased exports of goods and services can help.
Karim Eslamloueyan, Zahra Khalilnezhad,
Volume 6, Issue 21 (10-2015)
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to study the relationship between exchange rate misalignments and inflation persistence in Iran. In order to achieve this goal, we first use a non-linear smooth transition regression model to estimate equilibrium exchange rate in the context of a monetary model for the period 1978:2-2012:1. This allows us to compute exchange rate deviation from its equilibrium level. In the next next state, in order to examine whether the inflation rate is persistence, we use a threshold autoregressive method to examine the non-linear behavior of inflation rate in Iran. In general, the result shows that there is a direct relationship between the exchange rate misalignment and the inflation persistence. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that exchange rate deviation from its equilibrium level is costly due to its effect on inflation rate. Moreover, the result indicates that an increase in the level of exchange rate is associated with inflation persistence. This finding has important policy implication for monetary authorites in Iran to implement appopriate exchange rate policy in order to fight inflation persistence in this country.
Saeed Rasekhi, Mojtaba Montazeri,
Volume 6, Issue 22 (12-2015)
Abstract
Regarding to the importance of the relationship between macroeconomic instability and exchange rate pass-through, present study by using EGARCH and smooth transition regression (STR) model has examined the nonlinear effect of macroeconomic instability on the exchange rate pass-through of Iran during the period 1963-2010. For this, firstly the macroeconomic instability index has been estimated using EGARCH and then, by using STR, the research hypothesis which is that the macroeconomic instability has a nonlinear and positive effect on the exchange rate pass-through has been examined. Based on the obtained results in this research, macroeconomic instability has the macroeconomic instability has a positive effect on the exchange rate pass through in both regimes, although an increasing in volatility increases rate pass-through. So, the sequence of economic policies is important and specifically, we suggest that macroeconomic instability reduction policies should be prior to exchange rate policies.
Dr Mohammad Mahdi Barghi Oskooee, Ahad Mohammadi Bilankohi,
Volume 7, Issue 25 (10-2016)
Abstract
Energy as one of the most important factors of production, as well as one of the most important marginal products, has effential role in trade and economic development.The importance of energy has increased after the two oil crises in 1970’s. The relationship between energy and trade is an important topic to study for several reasons. If energy consumption is found to Granger cause exports or imports, then any reductions in energy consumption, coming from say energy conservation polices, will reduce exports or imports and lessen the benefits of trade. Energy conservation policies which reduce energy consumption will offset trade liberalization policies designed to promote economic growth. This places energy conservation policies at odds with trade liberalization policies.In this regard, the impact of trade on energy consumption through energy applications in the production process of import and export goods and their transportation is included. This study uses panel data to investigat effect of trade on energy consumption in D8 countries (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey) during the years 1990 to 2014. The results indicat that foreign trade has a significant and positive impact on energy consumption. The findings show a significant and negative impact of energy prices on energy use.
Dr Abolfazl Shahabadi, Ms Hanieh Samari,
Volume 8, Issue 27 (3-2017)
Abstract
Always new technologies exports have been regarded as a competitive advantage and it implies the dynamism and cohesion of the economy and its special position in the global markets. Lack of innovation is one of the main factors affecting the country's high-tech exports. And until innovation and training to use of knowledge do not improve, efficiency and effectiveness of other production factors will remain low. So, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of innovation on high technology exports in selected developing and developed countries during the period 2007-2013, using panel data approach and simultaneous equations system. Estimates of general model in developing countries expresses that the coefficients of global innovation index, accumulation of FDI inflows and GDP is positive and significant and coefficient of governance index is positive and meaningless. And in developed countries, coefficients of global innovation index, accumulation of FDI inflows, GDP and governance index is positive and significant. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the innovative environment, by changing the policy making in the resource-based economy moving towards knowledge-based economy by the alignment of macro-economic policies with scientific and research policies, in order to strengthen the relationship between industry and academia. So based on the current needs, the productions and technologies of knowledge-based industries will change.
Dr Saeed Rasekhi, Dr Zahra Mila Elmi, Mr Milad Shahrazi,
Volume 8, Issue 27 (3-2017)
Abstract
The bubble of Asset Price is the deviation of the asset price from its fundamental value. Since the many of the financial crisis arise from bursting bubble of financial assets, the explore of bubble behaviors in these markets and the early detection for the prevention of adverse economic consequences is important. Considering the criticisms of conventional tests for detecting price bubbles and also the importance of the subject, in this study, we have considered the new methods proposed by Phillips, et al. (2011, 2012) based on Right-Tailed Augmented Dickey-Fuller (RTADF) tests. In this regard, in order to testing explosive behavior and multiple bubbles and determining bubble periods in Iranian informal exchange market, we have applied the tests of SADF and GSADF according to monthly data for the nominal exchange rate from 2002:04 to 2016:03. Since the explosive behavior in nominal exchange rate might be driven by the its fundamentals, to comment on the existence of rational bubbles in the exchange market, we have evaluated the ratio of the nominal exchange rate to the relative prices of tradable and non-tradable goods. Based on the obtained results, the Iranian foreign exchange market has been experienced explosive behavior and multiple bubbles in the period of under study. Moreover, the relative prices of traded goods explain some explosiveness in the Iranian exchange market. Our findings suggest that the explosive behavior in nominal exchange rate from 2008:10-2008:12, 2012:01-2012:03 and 2013:09-2013:11 was because of rational bubbles in exchange rate and in other periods was driven by the relative price of tradable goods. Therefore, it is suggested to control the sharp exchange rate movements, in addition to bubbles, fluctuations in prices of traded goods market require more attention. Also, due to the possibility of bubbles repetition, the GSADF test is the better test to detect bubbles.
Mehdi Yazdani, Hamed Pirpour,
Volume 8, Issue 30 (12-2017)
Abstract
Due to the more dependence among countries and the raised demand for energy, the energy trade have increased during recent decades, while its major share is intra-industry trade (IIT). In this regard, countries are trying to exploit the diversity of a particular product, as well as the technology transfer and knowledge of technology which generated by IIT in this sector. According to the importance of role of IIT in the economies, this study will identify the determinants of IIT in the energy sector among Iran and its major trading partners using gravity model and Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) method during 1997-2016. Based on the results, the effects of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Iran and the selected countries, the products’ diversification in the energy sector of Iran and its partners, access to the open sea for Iran's trading partners, and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the energy sector in Iran are significant and positive on IIT. However, the geographical distance, transportation costs, and trade imbalances among Iran and the selected countries have had the significant and negative effects on IIT
Manizheh Bratzadeh, Javad Harati, Mohammad Lashkari,
Volume 9, Issue 33 (10-2018)
Abstract
Money laundering is an illegal practice that legitimizes the income from illegal activities during a legitimate process.Trade-based money laundering (TBML) as one of the newest and most complicated types of money laundering has negative effects on economic, social and political aspect of a society.The most important objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of various factors on trade based money laundering in Iran using the Ferwerda Gravity model.For this purpose the effective factors on trade base money laundering between iran and some selected trade partners are investigated by the use of a random effect model during the period 1999-2012. The results indicate that a great significant part of the trade based money laundering flow between Iran and selected trade partners can be explained by the the Ferwerda Gravity model. Accordingly, gorss doimestic product(GDP), trade volume, geographical, cultural, population and attractiveness variables have a significant effect on the amount of trade based money laundering in Iran.This means that with the increase in trade flow, money laundering opportunities resulted from the trade channel, that is hidden in it, will also increase. These results can be used by policy makers for designing policies to combat money laundering particularly coming from trade channel.
Hengame Hendizadeh, Alireza Karbasi, Toktam Mohtashami, Hossein Mohamadzadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 33 (10-2018)
Abstract
One of the factors that have a significant impact on the economic development of countries is reliance on foreign trade, and due to the dependence of countries on export earnings and the import of foreign trade, it plays an essential and indisputable role in the growth and development of different sectors. Foreign trade in agricultural products has an important role in expanding the export and import of various countries due to its high and stable value. Among the agricultural products, saffron is one of the most important export commodities of agriculture, which contributes greatly to the creation of agricultural value added. This study examines and analyzes Saffron's foreign trade network among 11 active countries including Iran in this area. The required data and statistics were collected during the years 2007-2016. Considering the geographical dispersion of the studied countries, a spatial panel model was used to analyze the factors affecting the value of saffron trade. The results of estimating OLS methods, spatial interruption and spatial error showed that import price variables per gram, export price per gram, export volume, export standards index, gross domestic product, exchange rate and government support index in agricultural sector is significant and has a positive effect on the value of trade. Positive and significant spatial dependency coefficient shows that neighborhood is an important role in increasing or decreasing trade. This means that, as long as the value of saffron trade in neighboring countries increases, the value of trade in the target country will increase as the size of the coefficient.
Monireh Rafat,
Volume 9, Issue 34 (12-2018)
Abstract
The existing trade models suggest that for tradable goods potential partners can be many, but eventually only one (the one offering the best price) should be selected, therefore relatively few (unidirectional) trade links will appear between countries. If the structure of international trade flows describes as a network, trade link would give rise between countries. This paper exploit recently-developed indicators based on network analysis such as node-degree, node-strength and node-disparity, and second-degree characteristics such as node-clustering and centrality indicators to investigate the pattern of international trade pattern followed by Iran and its Asian partner. The results of this study show that East Asian countries, have had a greater increase in the number of trade partners. Iran and its trading partners in Asia, is growing trade links with countries that have more trading partners. Nearest neighbor degree index show that selected countries are looking to improve relations with countries that have more similarities with his own country. Based on the centrality, it was found that only China with the centrality index of .97 is in the core of global trade network. Emirates, Taiwan, Korea and Thailand respectively with values of .94, .92, .94 and .91 are in the inner-periphery and Turkey with a value of 0.87 is in secondary-periphery. Iran with a value of 0.72 is in outside of the global trade network
Hassan Heydari, Mahsa Rashidi,
Volume 10, Issue 35 (3-2019)
Abstract
Exchange rate changes could impact on prices. Whether exchange rate pass through to prices is complete or incomplete is an interesting question in analyzing impacts of exchange rate policy. An important aspect of exchange rate pass through is in producer price index and in its sub-indices. Our aim is to analyze the effects of exchange rate changes on producer sub-indices. To do that we have used of the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) methodology. Our data contains 1991 Q2-2017 Q1. The results show that there is a significant heterogeneity in exchange rate pass-through to producer prices. Our results showed that there is complete exchange rate pass through in industrial prices but agricultural and service prices show incomplete pass through. According to previous studies, the difference could be related to different market structure in industrial activities compared to agriculture and service activities.
Morteza Chashti, Mohammad Reza Lotfalipour, Mehdi Behname, Taghi Enrahimi Salari,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (10-2019)
Abstract
International balance of payments is one of the most common criteria for measuring the flow of trade and capital transfers in an open economy. The three main components of this balance are: trade balance, current account (or difference between export and import of goods and services) and capital account. In this study, factor augmented vector autoregressive model (FAVAR) was used to evaluate the effects of balance of payments shocks on macroeconomic variables in the Iran economy in periode 1989-2017. The factors used in this study included economic growth, oil revenues, money growth, inflation, exchange rates and interest rates. The results show that the shock from the current account and capital account led to an increase in production, consumption and investment. The reaction of nominal sector variables such as inflation and interest rate to positive shock was also positive. Comparison of the results of this study shows that incorporation of hidden variables and factors into the model resulted in faster response of macroeconomic variables to the shocks entered by the balance of payments components.
Pegah Pasha Wanous, Javid Vahrami, Hossein Tavakkolian, Taymour Mohammadi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (3-2020)
Abstract
The effects of International financial integration on the fluctuations of variables in response to shocks are a matter of heavily concentrated literature of the business cycle in recent years. In this paper, a New Keynesian DSGE model is developed in which there is a channel for capital account changes through the foreign deposit's inflow and outflow. Then the effects of financial integration are simulated. The integration factor is defined by the percentage of the total foreign deposits absorbed by the banking system. This coefficient could change due to changes in effective domestic interest rate and global interest rate. This paper shows in presence of oil shocks, the fluctuation of production, consumption, real exchange rate and variables of the banking system such as deposits and loans, is higher in financial integration but there is no significant difference in inflation. In presence of technology shocks, there is no significant difference.
Matin Saneifar, Parviz Saeedi,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (6-2020)
Abstract
The corona virus has turned a health crisis into an economic crisis and its spread has led to strong negative reactions from stock markets in various countries and price fluctuations in many macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, the spread of the virus provides a basis for examining the effects of its prevalence on stock markets, economic variables and the power of influence and the speed of information dissemination in times of crisis in these markets. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of corona virus on the stock markets of 75 countries and the variables of oil, gold, silver and copper by comparing complex networks before and after the outbreak of the virus. Also, for the calculation section, matlab statistical software has been used and for drawing the networks, the maximum filtered flat graph method has been used with the help of daily data in the period from June 2019 to March 2020. the results show that before the outbreak of coronavirus, stock markets tended to move in small continental groups, but the outbreak of the virus led to negative group movements with high correlation for these markets, positive or negative information spreads 32% faster than before on the stock market network, also stock markets are twice as influential as they were before the outbreak. The corona virus has directly led to a 40% drop in stock markets. on the other hand, the virus has caused fluctuations in the global variables of oil, gold, silver and copper, which each respectively affected 55%, 32%, 28% and 35% of stock markets, the impact of these variables before the outbreak of the virus was 31%, 20%, 16% and 18% of stock markets, respectively. it is important to note that in crises due to the collective movements of stock markets, price stability in central stock markets and macroeconomic variables are very important to control and reduce the negative effects of the crisis on stock markets.
Mr Mohammad Nikzad, Dr Mahdi Yazdani,
Volume 13, Issue 48 (9-2022)
Abstract
The balance of payments shocks affects different economies and can lead to business cycles. Hence, the main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the effects of different balance of payments shocks, including the shocks of oil exports, non-oil exports, imports, net capital account, real exchange rate, real interest rate and consumer price index, on total output and creation of business cycles. Therefore, in this study it will be tried to evaluate the effect of balance of payments shocks, and their importance, on creation of fluctuations in total production in Iranian economy. For this purpose, the structural vector auto-regressive method has been used during the seasonal period of 2001:02-2021:04. The results based on impulse response functions show that the shocks real exchange rate, real interest rate and consumer price index have negative effect on output and lead to recession cycle in the economy. Also, the shocks of non-oil export, oil export, import and net capital account will be caused to boom cycle in the economy. Meanwhile, the exchange rate shock has had the most effect on output. Finally, the real exchange rate, oil export and real interest rate variables have had the most share in explanation of output variance, while the effect of import has been raised in the next.
