Sepideh Yasharel, Magid Habibian Naghibi,
Volume 7, Issue 23 (3-2016)
Abstract
Targeted subsidies plan affects income distribution and poverty through several channels. On most of the analyzies, changes on labor supply are not considered. Increasing nominal income alone after paying cash subsidy rule can reduce labor supply in targeted subsidies. This issue may decrease effect of targeted subsidies. In this research by CGE we calculate the result of impact of energy price increase and direct cash subsidy transfer with considering labor supply decrease in the first phase of this plan. Then we use this CGE data to calculate the poverty index and income distribution. The model is calibrated based on 2001 Micro Consistent Matrix (MCM) designed by Research Institute of Planning and Management Deputy Strategic Planning and Control. The results of the model show that while the plan reduce supply of labor, it improve income distribution and poverty in Iran. The results also reveal that the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of rural deciles is more than the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of urban deciles.
Somayeh Azami, Sajedeh Jalilian, Maryam Ahmadi,
Volume 7, Issue 25 (10-2016)
Abstract
The current study is an attempt to estimate markup and return to scale of 19 two-digit ISIC manufacturing industries of Iran, simultaneously, in accordance to Solow Residual and Structural approach, during the period 1995-2007. Based on Solow Residual approach, the neoclassical assumption of constant return to scale is approved within 95% of manufacturing industries; however in 84% of industries the price was higher than marginal cost significantly. Based on structural approach, 53% of manufacturing industries of Iran are experiencing increasing return to scale significantly; however, in 79% of industries, the price is higher than marginal cost. According to the criteria share of the cost of inputs in income as a theoretic criteria for return to scale-markup ratio, in 53% of cases, structural approach estimates this ratio closer to the reality.
Farhad Khodadad Kashi, Elham Karimnia,
Volume 7, Issue 25 (10-2016)
Abstract
Sporting success in international competitions is influenced by various factors. Exercise can identify the success factors in the development of sports programs for the development of human resources with a view to effective economic and social factors. This study investigates the impact of socioeconomic factors on the countries sports success at the Olympic Games.In this regard ,Using performance data of all the countries participating in the Olympic Games gold medal, silver and bronze medals during the years 1996-2012 in the form of a descriptive one tries to approach the factors affecting the success of the country in the Olympic Games of logit econometric model to be evaluated through.The results indicate that the net effect of human development indicator variables, number of participants, the trade balance, GDP, Sports performance period to increase the likelihood of successful sport in the Olympics. The population insignificantly negative impact on the sports chances of success, The results of this study showed that the most effective human development index of the sport in the Olympics has been an increase in the probability of success.
Mahmod Mahmodzadeh, Mehdi Fathabadi,
Volume 7, Issue 26 (12-2016)
Abstract
The aim of this paper is decomposition of total factor productivity (TFP) growth to four factors technological progress, technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, scale effects in 21 manufacturing industries, using a panel data technique, during 2000-2011.Findings show that the production elasticity related to labor and capital is o.57 and 0.13, respectively and economy of scale is less than unit. Also, results indicate that productivity growth is positive only in 8 industries that include electronics, communications, paper, medical and optical industries. The decomposition reveals that, TP has been the main driving force of productivity growth- especially in chemical, non-metal mineral, primary metal, motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers- while negative efficiency changes, allocative efficiency and scales effects observed in certain industries have contributed to reduce average productivity growth.
Ali Nazemi, Reihaneh Azhdar, Majid Feshari, Shima Nouri,
Volume 7, Issue 26 (12-2016)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of fare changes on commuters' motivation to change their travel time in the Tehran subway during peak hours was evaluated. A sample of 432 Tehran metro passengers who commuted between 6:30 and 9 am was studied, and their preferences were examined. The main question in this article is whether fare changes could affect passenger behavior. We evaluated fare changes and influencing factors using discrete choice models, including Probit regression models. The results indicated that commuters who received an allowance from their workplace were more willing to change their departure time. People with flexible schedules were not attracted to fare changes, as they perceived little benefits from this adjustment. The findings of this study suggest that increasing fares during the morning peak is not an effective measure. They indicate that people are more motivated when being rewarded rather than punished. Moreover, some commuters might decide to use a different mode of transportation for commuting instead of taking an earlier subway trip, which would have a negative implication for morning transportation.
Hosein Panahi, Firouz Fallahu, Ali Imani, Sima Nasibparast,
Volume 9, Issue 31 (3-2018)
Abstract
In recent decades, unnecessary growth in health expenditures of developing countries, and the importance of physicians' behavior in health market, have made investigating determinants of health expenditure on the one hand and the theory of physician induced demand (PID) on the other, as two of the most important issues in health economics. Therefore, using data collected through filling out information collection forms by psychiatrists and patients of East Azarbayjan in 2016 and employing hierarchical linear modeling methods (HLM), this study, examines the determinants of the average expenditure of each visit to a doctor and investigates the theory of PID within psychiatrists in the East Azarbayjan province. The results show that in psychiatry, although psychiatrists are “doctors tend to profit”, there is no physician induced demand. Results also indicate that patiant’s income, patiant’s education level, and condition of illness have significant effects on the average expenditure of each visit to a doctor. According to these results, it is suggested that in order to reduce unnecessary health expenditure, patient information on medical care should be increased, and government monitoring and control over the national health system must be increased.
Omolbanin Jalali, Zahra Nasrollahi, Madjid Hatefi Madjumerd,
Volume 9, Issue 32 (7-2018)
Abstract
The main goal of the study is to examine the effect of rewards on the behavior of players in a team activity. In this framework, by performing 12 sequential and simultaneous games in a laboratory environment examine the rewarding effect on players' behavior. Students from Yazd universities surveyed and the sample of 182 students is in the form of two groups, which collected in total for 2184 matches in 12 games. The results show that the increase in game rewards leads to a reduction in the player's first attempt in the game. Also, the structure of the game for simultaneous or sequential decision making does not affect the decision of the first player, but the decision of the second player is affected. In addition, the reciprocal effects of rewards and structure only affect the decision of the second player.
Younes Goli,
Volume 9, Issue 32 (7-2018)
Abstract
One of the main goals of many households is to improve the quality of their children by increasing their education expenditure. This study investigates the factors affecting on education expenditure as measure of quality of children by using the Households’ Income and Expenditure survey dataset over 2010-2014 and utilizing Tobit models. The result of Tobit shows that with addition of one person to the number of children, amount of education expenses per child reduces about 0.0064 billion Rial. But the effect of increasing one unit in the years of education of the head and mother of the household increases the educational expenditures by as much as 0.038 and 0.0548 billion Rial respectively. Therefore Becker’s theory of child quality-quantity tradeoff is confirmed, so the household has tendency increase educational expenditure per child and improve the quality of child by decreasing the number of children. Therefore, given the increasing quality of children, the development of production infrastructure for employing high-quality labor is an important step in increasing labor productivity and economic development in macro-level.
Hassan Abdi, Jamal Khosravi, Parviz Mohammadzadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 33 (10-2018)
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of physical capital, human capital and social capital on the entrepreneurship level of individuals, using structural equations model and order logit model in Shahid Salimi industrial town of Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected form the population. The empirical results show that human capital (level of education) and physical capital have negative and significant impact on the entrepreneurship level of individuals. But, human capital (level of experience) and social capital have positive and significant impact on the entrepreneurship level of individuals. In addition, attitudes, self-efficacy and expected entrepreneurial benefit have positive and significant effects on the entrepreneurship level of individuals.
Mohammad Amin Kouhbor, Majid Aghaei, Mahdieh Rezagholizadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 34 (12-2018)
Abstract
Considering the health importance in development process of countries, this study investigates factors affecting various types of dental care services participation and related expenditures as one of the most important aspects of oral health. For this reason, a sample of almost 40000 Iranian households in 2016 is selected and the impact of the mentioned factors analyzed using Heckman’s two-stage model. Results indicate that household’s income and education are two importance factors that affect the choice of dentist services and their related expenditure especially in Luxury dental services such as orthodontics and Gum regenerations. Income elasticity of root canal, Inspection and dental extraction are computed 1.04 and 0.0004 respectively. Finally, insurance coverage elasticity of root canal is 0.6, while the same elasticity for inspection is computed about 0.1 and -1 for dental extraction.
Hadi Keshavarz,
Volume 10, Issue 35 (3-2019)
Abstract
The labor market, as one of the four markets, plays an important role in economic growth and development. So review developments in the labor market because of its close relationship with developments in other sectors is of great importance. This study tries to examine the dynamics of the labor market by adjusting for a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the Iranian economy. After the model was solved, the obtained equations were linearized and their parameters were estimated using the economic data of Iran (2005-2017) by the Bayesian method. Comparing the model's moments with the economic momentum indicates the success of the model in real-world simulation (production, consumption, investment, unemployment, and participation rate). Impulse Response Functions Survey shows that participation rates are consistent with cyclic behavior. On the other hand, in response to shocks (monetary, oil revenues, government expenditures, and public sector employment), increased employment, but the unemployment rate has changed slightly due to the change in the participation rate and the change in the size of the active population, which represents the sustainability of the unemployment rate.
Ali Akbar Bajelan, Saeed Karimi Potanlar, Ahmad Jafari Samimi,
Volume 10, Issue 35 (3-2019)
Abstract
The purpose of current paper is to survey the asymmetric effects of inflation's positive and negative shocks on inflation uncertainty in short-run and long-run. For this end, first, the Ball model (1992) has been extended through the decomposition of inflation shocks to money demand's positive and negative shocks and money supply's positive and negative shocks. Then, through using nonlinear autoregressive distribution lag model and time series data of Iranian economy from 1978 to 2017 the positive and negative effects of inflation on inflation uncertainty, which is from the exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model, has been analyzed. The results of the study show that the effects of the inflation's positive shocks on inflation uncertainty in short-run and long-run are positive and significant. In contrast, the negative shocks have not any effects on inflation uncertainty in short-run and long-run. In other words, the rise in inflation causes an increase in inflation uncertainty in Iran; whereas, decrease in inflation has not had effects on inflation uncertainty.
Hassan Khodavaisi, Abolgasem Golkhandan, Majid Babaei Agh Esmaili,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (6-2019)
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of corruption on the military burden of developing countries during the 2000-2015 period. To achieve this goal, a general model of military expenditures , two indexes of corruption including corruption perceptions and control of corruption, Panel Co-integration analysis and two-stage system generalized method of moment estimator (SGMM), has been used. The results of the estimation of the research model show that the effect of corruption on the military burden of the studied countries is positive and significant. According to other results, civilian spending (as an opportunity cost of military spending) and democracy have had a negative and significant impact on the military burden of developing countries. . Population as a social variable has a positive and significant effect on the military burden of developing countries, which indicates that defense is a public good. Per capita income and lagged military expenditure also have a positive and significant effect on the military burden of the studied countries. The average military burden of the countries of the world has also had a positive and significant impact on the military burden of developing countries, which indicates a rivalry of arms.
Ali Akbar Gholizade, Maryam Noroozonejad,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (6-2019)
Abstract
This paper studies the relationship between housing prices and business cycles in Iran. Since housing has a dual nature, that is, both private and capital nature, it can play an important role in investment costs and economic growth and incite other manufacturing sectors in the country. In this paper, housing prices and business cycles have been used to measure housing as a collateral, which is included in corporate credit constraints as well as a shock based on observations in housing price fluctuations. In order to investigate the relationship between housing prices, investment and economic fluctuations in Iran, seasonal data for the period 1991-2016 was used. To evaluate this dynamic, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model has been used. The results show a movement between housing prices and business investments influenced by the dynamics of housing prices in the macroeconomic. The results also indicate that the inclusion of housing prices as a collateral could be a factor in increasing the asset value of firms and, consequently, borrowings and future investments that lead to a move between housing prices and Investment and economic fluctuations in the country.
Mohammad Reza Monjazeb, Leyla Dehgani,
Volume 10, Issue 37 (10-2019)
Abstract
Life insurance is one of the most important economic instruments. Considering the important role of life insurance, this study investigates the life insurance capability in Iran. For this purpose, the Panel ARDL model has been used. Then, for the period 1990-2016, suitable models for the first group (Iran with the leading countries in the industry), the second group (Iran with the countries that were close to Iran in premiums) and the group Third (countries in two groups) were estimated. Based on models, the fitted value of life insurance premiums per capita in Iran is analyzed and compared as the potential or optimal level in each groups. The results showed that in each group, the actual life insurance premiums per capita in Iran are significantly lower than the optimal level. The capacity level of life insurance in Iran compared with first group is 46%, and compared with second group is about 42% and compared with third group is about 44%. The results indicate that Life insurance in our country has a high potential, and a large part of the insurance capacity in our country has not yet been fully acquired.
Mohsen Mehrara, Ghasem Elahi,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (12-2019)
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of education and work experience on earning. For this purpose, Mincer’s wage equation, quantile regression estimation method and the microdata from Iranian survey of household income and expenses in 2016 have been used. Estimation results show that education returns are positive in all income quantiles, and education in lower-income quantiles has a stronger positive effect than in higher-income quantiles. Also, the average experience have a positive effect on the earnings of individuals, with a stronger effects in low-income quantiles than high-income quantiles. Gender coefficients show that female earnings in all income quantiles are much lower than males, but this negative effect was much bigger in lower-income quantiles, implying gender-based discrimination against women in low-income quantiles. According to Machado and Mata's decomposition, gender discrimination (against females) was estimated, -30% in the first decile, and -4.5% in the ninth decile. Women's education has narrowed the gap somewhat on behalf of women. According to the results, education efficiency in Iran is far lower than many other countries in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to reform educational structures, in particular to guide them towards labor market needs and economic benefits.
Ali Falahati, Soheyla Nazari, Maryam Poshtehkeshi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (3-2020)
Abstract
Natural resource rent affects countries’ economies through various channels. Revenues from the natural resources sales are expected to boost countries' economic growth, but the economic experience of recent decades reveals the numerous economic problems in these countries, the most important of which may be the increase in the shadow economy size. Moreover, the institutions specify the significant economic axes like resources and assets distribution in the community, so that the level of institutional quality brings about the optimal resource directing and their allocation through economic stability and affects the shadow economy volume by increasing economic stability and reducing uncertainty. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of natural resource rent and institutional quality on the shadow economy in 87 countries with high and low inflation rates from 2000 to 2018. The analysis method was system generalized-method of moments (System GMM). Smart PLS software was used to estimate the shadow economy. The results indicated that in both low-inflation and high-inflation countries, the increase in institutional quality has reduced the size of the shadow economy, and the rent of natural resources has had a positive relationship with the volume of the shadow economy
Hoda Zobeiri, Mani Motameni,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (6-2020)
Abstract
Due to pension fund problems in Iran, the multi-pillar social insurance system has been released in 2017. According to this, the first pillar is regarding to low income groups and finance through the public fund. The second pillar is defined benefit and finance pay as you go. The third pillar is defined contribution and fully funded finance. Contributions are transferred to the individual account. The pension fund directors supposed to investments the accounts and to return the Contribution fund and its returns in retirement time. The main issue is that the old age pensions are not guaranteed in this plan and face with financial risk and inflation. Due to high inflation of Iran’s economy, the main challenge of third pillar plan is the inflation. This paper is main to inflation hedging in defined contribution pension plan by Investing in Tehran Stock-Exchange. By using NARDL model and 133 monthly data up to 2020 the results show that TSE index can hedge the inflation.
Majid Maddah, Mahla Sinaeyan,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (6-2020)
Abstract
Money Laundering (ML) reduces the confidence of investors to the financial market, worsen political instability and deviates resources allocation to unproductive sectors by weakening of financial institutions credit. In the ML, illegal resources are entered into the legal economy secretly and outside formal control whereby it has hidden nature. The aim of this paper is to study the different sizes ML and its changes in Iranian economy in the context of latent variables literature using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) over the period 1360 to 1396. According to the results from paper firstly, drug trafficking and theft crimes have a positive and significant effect on ML trend. Besides that, economic conditions influence an individual’s motivation to enter illegal activities. Secondly, ML growth is associated with decreasing economic growth and increasing the volume of cash that waste economic stability. Thirdly, ML has an upward trend which based on it can be anticipated that in spite of crimes growth, especially drug trafficking, the increasing trend of ML will continue.
Seyed Ali Naseri, Farkhondeh Jabal Ameli, Sajad Barkhordary Dorbash,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (10-2020)
Abstract
Systemic risk arises from simultaneous movement or correlations between market segments; Thus, systemic risk occurs when there is a high correlation between the risks and crises of different market segments or institutions operating in the economy, or when the risks of different segments in a market segment or a country are related to other segments and other countries. This paper presents a measure of systemic risk calculation to effectively describe the systemic importance of each financial institution in a system. The DCC-GARCH methodology with normal and t-student distributions has been used to examine the correlation of time-varying banks. The results of this section show that the application of DCC-GARCH-student-t model is preferable to DCC-GARCH-normal model. In order to investigate the presence of leverage effect, GJR-GARCH model was used and the results of estimation showed the presence of asymmetry and the absence of leverage effect in the data. In the study of dynamic conditional correlation between selected banks, it is also observed that α_C ,β_C are not significant for both estimation cases. Therefore, in both cases, it is estimated based on the normal distribution and t-student α_C=β_C=0 and the conditional correlation becomes constant. Based on the results of shapley value and in order to allocate the total risk between the banks in the sample, Parsian, Mellat, EN, Tejarat and Saderat banks have the most systemic importance for the period of June 17, 2009 to May 7, 2019.
