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The Impact of Change in Iran's Subsidies System on the Quantitative and Price Variables of Domestic Production and Employment (by Using a CGE Model)
Hiva Rahiminia, Beitollah Akbari Moghadam, Mohamad Reza Monjazeb,
Volume 6, Issue 19 (3-2015)
Abstract

Social and economic impact of change in the subsidies payment policy have been concern in past recent years. In this paper, a Computable General Equilibrium model is used to analyze the impact of change in subsidies payment system from indirect to direct state, on the price and quantity variables of domestic production and employment level economic sectors in two scenarios. The basic data are used in the framework of SAM year 2001. CGE model establishes the relations between accounts of SAM into a set of simultaneous nonlinear equations, by using the modern general equilibrium theory. In first scenario, indirect subsidy of manufacturing and services sectors is remove and its full payment in cash to the urban and rural households. In second scenarios, indirect subsidy of manufacturing and services sectors is remove and its direct payment to the proportions of 50. 30 and 20 percent to the households, economic sectors and Government respectively. The results show that by change in subsidy payment, composition of production and employment in economic sectors are change. The greatest decrease in domestic production and employment level and also the highest increase in the prices level is observed in the transport products. The mining sector is only sector that is face with positive production growth rate in both scenarios, and for most sector, a decline is forecast. But GDP level is face with decline to equal 2.78 percent respectively in first scenario and 3.05 percent in second scenario. In the end, with comparing two scenarios show that more the direct subsidies paid to households increase, more the domestic production of  some sector growth.


Analyzing the Impacts of Targeted Subsidies on Income Distribution and Poverty in Iran: a General Equilibrium Model of Labor Supply
Sepideh Yasharel, Magid Habibian Naghibi,
Volume 7, Issue 23 (3-2016)
Abstract

Targeted subsidies plan affects income distribution and poverty through several channels. On most of the analyzies, changes on labor supply are not considered. Increasing nominal income alone after paying cash subsidy rule can reduce labor supply in targeted subsidies. This issue may decrease effect of targeted subsidies. In this research by CGE we calculate the result of impact of energy price increase and direct cash subsidy transfer with considering labor supply decrease in the first phase of this plan. Then we use this CGE data to calculate the poverty index and income distribution. The model is calibrated based on 2001 Micro Consistent Matrix (MCM) designed by Research Institute of Planning and Management Deputy Strategic Planning and Control. The results of the model show that while the plan reduce supply of labor, it improve income distribution and poverty in Iran. The results also reveal that the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of rural deciles is more than the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of urban deciles.


Economic Impacts of Adopting Non-Price Energy Consumption Policies
Musa Khoshkalam,
Volume 8, Issue 29 (10-2017)
Abstract
Price policies are one of the most permissive policies in Iranian economic for controlling energy carrier's consumption. In addition, the non-price policies such as energy efficiency improvement are effective for controlling energy carrier's consumption. This paper assesses the economic impacts of energy efficiency improvement (in gasoline, gasoil and electric) as a non-price policy. For the purposes of this paper computable general equilibrium (CGE) model based on social accounting matrix (SAM) is used. The social accounting matrix is aggregated in 12 activities and 14 commodities. The CGE model blocks are: production block, institution block, trade block, Investment block and system constraint block. The results show that, first 10 percent improvement in energy efficiency makes the highest rebound effects (of gasoline) in the transport sector with 29.8 percent, the highest rebound effect (of gasoil) in the transport sector with 24.7% and the highest rebound effect (of electricity) in the other services sector with 24.5 percent. Second 10 percent improvement in energy efficiency causes the greatest increase in the output level of sectors (related to gasoline, gasoil and electricity) respectively, in the "transport", "transport" and "other services" by 0.62, 0.51 and 0.32 percent. Thirdly 10 percent improvement in energy efficiency increases the GDP respectively 0.17, 0.15 and 0.11 percent.

Simulated analysis of the effects of increasing the value added tax rate on the variables Macroeconomics using the ORANI-G Iran general equilibrium model
Mrs Roghayeh Soltani, Dr Roya Seifipour, Dr Mir Hossein Mousavi, Dr Saman Ziaee,
Volume 13, Issue 49 (12-2022)
Abstract
Applying a favorable tax system has important conditions such as justice and efficiency, therefore, consumption tax and income tax will comply with the principles of benefit and ability to pay. In this regard, value added tax is known as the most important innovation of the 20th century in terms of tax collection on consumption. Since increasing government revenue is one of the important goals of imposing this type of tax, the government has tried to determine the rate of this type of tax effectively and efficiently. Disproportionate increase in value added tax rates can have negative social effects on inflation, economic growth, income distribution, and general well-being in society. It may also have disruptive effects on other variables and sectors of Iran's economy. To manage the rate increase, one approach is to simulate and examine its consequences and effects on macroeconomic variables in the form of a multi-regional calculable general equilibrium model (MRCGE). Three different scenarios were applied and examined to simulate the shock effects of the increase in the value-added tax rate (12% , 15% , and 20 %) on four macro variables of Iran's economy: inflation, gross domestic product, consumption, and investment.  The simulations were conducted at the country level using a multi-regional calculable general balance model, known as the ORANI-G Iran model, using the 2016 input-output table and regional accounts of the country. The results indicate that the effect of increasing the tax rate on value-added will increase inflation and investment and decrease GDP and consumption.
 
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